TY - GEN A1 - Ertel, Jens-Peter A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst ED - Bullock, P. ED - Verbeek, G. ED - Paikowsky, S. ED - Tara, D. T1 - Impulse Response Measurement for Pile Integrity Testing Using a Shaker as Excitation Source and Regularized Deconvolution T2 - Stress Wave Theory and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations, 10th International Conferenece N2 - Concrete piles are used as a foundation when the load capacity of the soil is insufficient or when the sustainable soil is found at a higher depth. Among other impact factors, the load capacity depends on the pile’s integrity and length. Therefore, verifying these parameters using adequate methods is recommended. The most common procedure is the low-strain integrity test using the hammer impact method. Developed and established in the 1970s, this method uses stress waves induced by a hammer impact at the pile head and its reflections at impedance changes (length, defects, geometry changes) to estimate the length and defect locations. Although this method is widely used due to its low cost and fast conduction in situ, one disadvantage is its inability to classify the exact type of defect, i.e., crack, change in diameter, or concrete quality. Furthermore, very long and slender piles are difficult to test and small defects cannot be detected. In addition, it is necessary for the test engineer to hold a high level of experience and expertise in this field. The European Union–funded PileInspect project (2013–2016) aimed to compensate for these disadvantages by using a low-cost shaker as the excitation source and sophisticated artificial intelligence algorithms for damage detection (higher-order spectra method). Because this technology lacks the capacity to localize damages and verify the pile length, an additional impulse response (IR) measurement technique was developed using vibrational excitation and regularized deconvolution to extract the depth information from the data in a similar manner as the hammer method. Simulations and subsequent experiments conducted at a test facility on 90-cm-diameter bored piles 11 m in length and containing cracks at approximately 4 m below the pile head confirmed the capacity to determine the pile length. Damage diagnosis and localization, however, are more difficult than for the hammer method. Although the damaged piles could be distinguished from the intact piles, in a blind test, this method might lead to misinterpretations caused by perturbations arising from the deconvolution process. The results also indicated that the low-cost shaker used for these measurements might be inappropriate for the transferal of sufficient energy. Although the IR method cannot compensate for the disadvantages of the hammer method by itself, it may enable the possibility of using long and fully controllable and repeatable signals (chirp, synthetic impacts, even noise, etc.) for pile integrity testing in the future. KW - Pile integrity testing KW - L-curve KW - Tikhonov regularization KW - NDT PY - 2019 SN - 978-0-8031-7667-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161120170162 VL - 1611 SP - 184 EP - 204 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohoken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-48794 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Girard, L. A1 - Tung, S. A1 - Woydt, Mathias A1 - Bachelder, D. ED - Totten, G. E. ED - Shah, J. S. ED - Forester, D. R. T1 - Automotive engine lubricants T2 - Fuels and lubricants handbook - Technology, properties, performance, and testing N2 - In 2003, ASTM Manual 37, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance and Testing, featured a chapter discussing automotive lubricants, including engine oils, automatic transmission fluids, manual transmission fluids, gear lubricants, and greases. This chapter, by Schwartz, Tung, and McMillan, surveyed all of these classes of lubricants, up to its publication in 2003. More recently, the period between 2003 and 2010 has been addressed as part of a book copublished by ASTM and SAE International (coeditors Simon Tung and George Totten), where Fox surveyed the development of engine oil specifications that emerged during those years. This chapter surveys the evolution of engine oil design and testing since 2002 and concludes with insights into future directions offered by recent tribological research. Our objective is to provide a reader new to the field with an understanding of the following: - Engine oil composition and formulation - North American engine oil specification development, and an outline of emergent European specifications - How emergent specifications and legislative requirements are linked to the introduction of new engine hardware - How tribological innovation can contribute to future enhancements in engine efficiency In parallel, we will provide several tables comparing groups of contemporaneous specifications. KW - Engine oil design KW - Engine oil testing PY - 2019 UR - https://www.astm.org/mnl3720160034.html SN - 978-0-8031-7089-6 SN - 978-0-8031-7090-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/mnl3720160034 SP - 753 EP - 863 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA ET - 2 AN - OPUS4-53977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Katzenbach, R. A1 - Hillmann, S. A1 - Schallert, M. A1 - Unseld, H. A1 - Willmes, M. ED - Bullock, P. ED - Verbeek, G. ED - Paikowsky, S. ED - Tara, D. T1 - A Framework for Nondestructive Testing Used in Foundation Reuse Projects T2 - Stress Wave Theory and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations, 10th International Conferenece N2 - The reuse of existing foundations is considered in various construction Projects to save time and costs while avoiding unnecessary interference with other underground objects. Because the design and as-built drawings might not be complete and questions may arise regarding the condition of the foundations, a detailed investigation is a prerequisite for the planning process in most cases. Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques are a core part of this endeavor. The processes and procedure for foundation reuse planning are not yet standardized, and the possibilities and limitations of NDT methods are not known to many planners and stakeholders. The German research Project REFUND (2014–2016) has developed charts for the planning and Investigation process that consider available standards and the current state of the art in NDT. These charts are separately available for single and strip, slab, and pile foundations. Available NDT methods have been compiled and evaluated for specific tasks at these foundation types, including their respective limitations. The procedures have been successfully tested in two real-world projects. The results from these projects enable planners to improve the reliability of the process while potentially saving significant resources. This paper discusses the procedures for pile foundations and demonstrates the use of various NDT methods in a project on the reuse of electrical tower foundations. KW - Foundation reuse KW - Pile integrity testing KW - Parallel seismic PY - 2019 SN - 978-0-8031-7667-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161120170159 VL - 1611 SP - 238 EP - 253 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohoken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-48795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stajanca, Pavol A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Kalli, K. ED - Brambilla, G. ED - O'Keeffe, S. T1 - Investigation of bare and tight-buffered optical fibers towards distributed humidity sensing T2 - Proceedings of SPIE N2 - Humidity is one of principal environmental parameters that plays an important role in various application areas. Using measurement of strain induced in an optical fiber by a water swellable coating represents a promising approach for realization of distributed humidity sensing (DHS). In this work, humidity and temperature response of four different commercial PI-coated fibers and four tight-buffered (TB) fibers is investigated with the aim of evaluating their potential for development of DHS in context of water ingress sensor for high-voltage power cable splices. PI-coated fibers exhibited close-to-linear humidity and temperature response. While the temperature response is relatively coating-independent, magnitude of humidity response was broadly correlated to the relative fiber-to-coating thickness ratio. In contrast, both humidity and temperature response of TB fibers is strongly influenced by buffer type, with Leoni TB900L fiber with Hytrel buffer exhibiting largest humidity and temperature sensitivity. While the response of tight-buffered fibers is generally nonlinear, roughly three-times higher humidity response can be achieved with TB900L compared to the most sensitive PI-coated fiber. Using the TB fiber can be, therefore, advantageous for simpler water detection applications, such as one targeted in this study, when larger sensitivity is more important than the linear response of the sensor. KW - Distribute fiberoptic sensor KW - Distributed humidity sensing KW - Water ingress detection KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Tight-buffered fibers KW - Polyimide-coated fibers PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-51063-124-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2539819 VL - 11199 SP - 111991X-1 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, Washington, USA AN - OPUS4-49207 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -