TY - JOUR A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Arlt, T. A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - A Review of X-Ray Imaging at the BAMline (BESSY II) N2 - The hard X-ray beamline BAMline at BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) has now been in service for 20 years. Several improvements have been implemented in this time, and this review provides an overview of the imaging methods available at the BAMline. Besides classic full-field synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), also absorption edge CT, synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR), and synchrotron X-ray refraction tomography (SXRCT) are used for imaging. Moreover, virtually any of those techniques are currently coupled in situ or operando with ancillary equipment such as load rigs, furnaces, or potentiostats. Each of the available techniques is explained and both the current and the potential usage are described with corresponding examples. The potential use is manifold, the examples cover organic materials, composite materials, energy-related materials, biological samples, and materials related to additive manufacturing. The article includes published examples as well as some unpublished applications. KW - Material science KW - Radiography KW - Refraction KW - Tomography KW - X-ray imaging PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572417 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-57241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jasiuniene, E. A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu A1 - Smagulova, D. A1 - Bhat, G. A. A1 - Cicenas, V. A1 - Zukauskas, E. A1 - Mazeika, L. T1 - Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Quality of Adhesive Joints Using Ultrasound, X-ray, and Feature-Based Data Fusion N2 - The aim of this work is to achieve reliable nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of adhesively bonded aerospace components by developing novel multidimensional data fusion techniques, which would combine the information obtained by ultrasonic and X-ray NDE methods. Separately, both NDE techniques have their advantages and limitations. The integration of data obtained from pulse echo immersion ultrasound testing and radiography holds immense potential to help improve the reliability of non-destructive evaluation. In this study, distinctive features obtained from single techniques, traditional ultrasonic pulse echo testing, and radiography, as well as fused images, were investigated and the suitability of these distinctive features and fusion techniques for improving the probability of defect detection was evaluated. For this purpose, aluminum single lap joints with brass inclusions were analyzed using ultrasound pulse echo and radiography techniques. The distinctive features were extracted from the data obtained, and images of features obtained by both techniques were fused together. Different combinations of features and fusion algorithms were investigated, considering the desire to automate data evaluation in the future. KW - Data fusion KW - Ultrasonics KW - Radiography PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565789 VL - 12 IS - 24 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-56578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan T1 - How does a Moka Pot work? 2D X-Ray video gives insights! N2 - This sequence of X-Ray images shows how one of the most common Italian moka pots actually work! The sequence starts with a completely prepared moka pot (water in the bottom part, coffee in the middle and hot plate on). During the process the water starts to boil and the steam pressure pushes the hot water through the coffee into the bassin at the top of the pot. This video sequence and additional explanations can also be found on Wikipedia. KW - X-Ray KW - Moka Pot KW - Coffee KW - Radiography KW - Espressokanne PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7003489 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55558 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, S. A1 - Juhl, A. A1 - Mascotto, S. A1 - Arlt, T. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Fröba, M. T1 - Detailed and Direct Observation of Sulfur Crystal Evolution During Operando Analysis of a Li-S Cell with Synchrotron Imaging N2 - Herein, we present a detailed investigation of the electrochemically triggered formation and dissolution processes of α- and β-sulfur crystals on a monolithic carbon cathode using operando high-resolution synchrotron radiography (438 nm/pixel). The combination of visual monitoring with the electrical current response during cyclic voltammetry provides valuable insights into the sulfur formation and dissolution mechanism. Our observations show that the crystal growth process is mainly dictated by a rapid equilibrium between long-chain polysulfides on one side and solid sulfur/short-chain polysulfides on the other side, which is consistent with previous studies in this field. The high temporal and spatial resolution of synchrotron imaging enables the observation of different regimes during the sulfur formation and dissolution process. The appearance of short-chain polysulfides after the first anodic CV peak initiates a rapid dissolution process of α-sulfur crystals on the cathode. The increase in the long-chain lithium polysulfide concentration at the cathode surface during charge results in an increased crystal growth rate, which in turn produces imperfections in α- and β-sulfur crystals. There are strong indications that these defects are fluid inclusions, which may trap dissolved polysulfides and therefore reduce the electrochemical cell capacity. KW - LiS battery KW - Radiography KW - Synchrotron Imaging PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01284 VL - 11 IS - 14 SP - 5674 EP - 5679 AN - OPUS4-51100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Paul, N. T1 - Realistic film noise generation based on experimental noise spectra N2 - Generating 2D noise with local, space-varying spectral characteristics is vital where random noise fields with spatially heterogeneous statistical properties are observed and need to be simulated. A realistic, non-stationary noise generator relying on experimental data is presented. That generator is desired in areas such as photography and radiography. For example, before performing actual X-ray imaging in practice, output images are simulated to assess and improve setups. For that purpose, realistic film noise modelling is crucial because noise downgrades the detectability of visual signals. The presented film noise synthesiser improves the realism and value of radiographic simulations significantly, allowing more realistic assessments of radiographic test setups. The method respects space-varying spectral characteristics and probability distributions, locally simulating noise with realistic granularity and contrast. The benefits of this approach are to respect the correlation between noise and image as well as internal correlation, the fast generation of any number of unique noise samples, the exploitation of real experimental data, and its statistical non-stationarity. The combination of these benefits is not available in existing work. Validation of the new technique was undertaken in the field of industrial radiography. While applied to that field here, the technique is general and can also be utilised in any other field where the generation of 2D noise with local, space-varying statistical properties is necessary. KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Image quality KW - Noise simulation KW - Radiography PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2955284 SN - 1057-7149 VL - 29 SP - 2987 EP - 2998 PB - IEEE Xplore CY - Washington, D.C. AN - OPUS4-50518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Paul, N. A1 - Schumm, A. T1 - Radiographic film system classification and noise characterisation by a camera-based digitisation procedure N2 - Extracting statistical characteristics from radiographic films is vital for film system classification and contrast sensitivity evaluation and serves as a basis for film noise simulation. A new method for digitising radiographic films in order to extract these characteristics is presented. The method consists of a camera-based setup and image processing procedure to digitise films. Correct optical density values and granularity can be extracted from the digitised images, which are equal to results obtained by standardised measurement procedures. Specific statistical characteristics of film noise are theoretically derived and subsequently verified by the obtained data, including characteristics such as Gaussianity and spatial spectral characteristics of the optical density fluctuations. It is shown that the presented method correctly measures the granularity of film noise and can therefore replace time-consuming microdensitometer measurements traditionally required for film system classifications. Additionally, the inherent unsharpness of film systems was investigated and compared with literature data. This comparison serves as another validation approach of the presented method. KW - Radiography KW - Image processing KW - Film noise KW - Film system classification KW - Digitisation PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102241 SN - 0963-8695 VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 102241 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schumacher, David T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung mit photonenzählenden und spektralauflösenden Röntgenmatrixdetektoren am Beispiel von Werkstoffverbunden N2 - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden und spektralauflösenden Detektortechnik und möglichen Anwendungsgebieten in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Dabei wurden konventionelle und photonenzählende Detektortechniken hinsichtlich der Bildqualität und Anwendbarkeit bei unterschiedlichen Prüfaufgaben verglichen und untersucht, inwiefern sich die Energieschwellwertsetzung auf die erreichbare Bildqualität und eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit bei verschiedenen radiographischen Verfahren auswirkt. Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen wurden diese Eigenschaften und deren Auswirkung auf das Messergebnis analysiert. Neben der Radiographie wurden auch dreidimensionale Verfahren wie CT und Laminographie berücksichtigt. Als eine der wichtigsten Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden Detektortechnik wurden zunächst die Energieauflösung des photonenzählenden Detektors und die Homogenität der Energieantwort über größere Detektorbereiche bestimmt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die Energieauflösung eines abgegrenzten Detektorbereichs ca. 32 % bei 60 keV beträgt und die Streuung in der Energieantwort der einzelnen Detektorbereiche ca. 12 % ausmacht, woraus sich eine Gesamtunsicherheit in der spektralen Detektorantwort von ca. 44 % ergibt. Die geringe Energieauflösung und das stark heterogene Verhalten der Detektorbereiche ergeben sich vor allem aus der Detektorelektronik, welche nur eine globale Energieschwellwertsetzung zulässt. Trotz dieser Einschränkungen konnte demonstriert werden, dass auch konventionelle radiographische Verfahren, wie Radiographie oder CT, vom Einsatz der photonenzählenden Technik profitieren. So ist es mit dieser Technik möglich, bei sehr geringen Dosisleistungen (z.B. aufgrund der Durchstrahlung großer Wandstärken von dichten Materialien) noch sehr gute Bildqualitäten zu erreichen. Die hohe Dynamik und Kontrastempfindlichkeit dieser Technik begünstigen die Inspektion von Leichtbauwerkstoffen wie Faserverbunde, was anhand von Vergleichen mit herkömmlicher Detektortechnik und anderen ZfP-Verfahren gezeigt werden konnte. Daneben konnte durch den Einsatz der Energieschwellwertsetzung der Einfluss von nicht bildzeichnender Streustrahlung im Röntgenbild um bis zu 20 % reduziert werden. Die Auswirkungen von Aufhärtungseffekten in der CT konnten sogar um bis zu Faktor 1 000 (in der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung), im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Detektortechnik, reduziert werden. Der Einsatz von photonenzählender Detektortechnik mit Röntgenblitzröhren ist hingegen nicht sinnvoll, da aufgrund der hohen Photonendichte pro Puls und einer endlichen Totzeit des Detektors in der Größenordnung der Pulsbreite eines Blitzes nur ein geringes Signal detektiert werden kann. Im Hinblick auf eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit konnte demonstriert werden, dass im Fall einer Radiographie anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung im Detektor eine materialstärkenunabhängige Diskriminierung zwischen zwei Materialien (hier: Al und Fe) erzielt werden kann. Unter Einsatz mehrerer Energiefenster und eines Verfahrens der explorativen und multivariaten Datenanalyse konnte eine materialaufgelöste CT eines Multi-Material-Phantoms erreicht werden, wobei die Schwächungskoeffizienten der enthaltenen Materialien im relevanten Energieberiech teilweise sehr dicht beieinander lagen. Neben Radiographie und CT wurde auch die Möglichkeit einer materialaufgelösten Laminographie am Beispiel eines glasfaserverstärkten Rotorblatts untersucht. Anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung war nicht nur eine eindeutige Trennung der Glasfasern von der Epoxidharzmatrix möglich, sondern auch eine signifikante Reduzierung der durch die Laminographie entstandenen Artefakte. Der damit verbundene Gewinn an Information führt zu einer verbesserten Aussagefähigkeit des Untersuchungsergebnisses, was letztendlich eine gesteigerte Betriebssicherheit zur Folge hat. N2 - This thesis investigates the properties of photon counting and energy discriminating digital detector arrays and possible applications in the field of non-destructive testing. Conventional integrating detector technology was compared with photon counting technology in terms of image quality and applicability in different inspection tasks. The impact of internal energy thresholding on material discriminability and achievable image quality was investigated for different radiological methods. The properties of photon counting detectors and their impact on the measurement result were analyzed for different applications including three-dimensional methods such as CT and laminography in addition to radiographic testing. Energy resolution is one of the most important properties of photon counting technology. Therefore, energy resolution was initially determined in addition to the homogeneity of the energy Response across the detector. It was found that the energy resolution amounts to approx. 32 % for a 60 keV monoenergetic spectrum (241Am). In combination with the variance in the response of single detector tiles of approx. 12 % the total uncertainty in the detector energy response appears to approx. 44 %. This low energy resolution and strongly heterogenous detector response result mainly from the detector electronics which only allow setting global energy thresholds. Despite these limitations it was demonstrated that even conventional single energy techniques, such as radiography or CT, benefit from photon counting technology. Thus, this technology allows to gain high quality images even at very low dose rates which might occur e.g. at high wall thickness Penetration of dense materials. The high dynamic range and high contrast sensitivity facilitate the inspection of lightweight materials such as fiber composites which was shown by comparison with integrating technology and other NDT methods. Furthermore, the use of energy thresholding enables to reduce the influence of non-imaging scattered radiation within the X-ray image by about 20 %. The impact of beam hardening artefacts in CT was reduced even up to a factor of 1 000, compared to conventional integrating detector technology. In contrast, the use of photon counting technology with x-ray flash tubes is not useful, since the high photon density within a single flash and a finite dead time of the detector only yield a very low signal. In terms of material discriminability, it was shown that due to energy thresholding a thickness Independent material separation between two materials (here: Al and Fe) can be achieved in the case of a radiography. By using more than two energy windows in combination with multivariate methods of data analysis, a material resolved CT of a multi-material phantom was performed in which six materials were separated distinctly despite very close attenuation coefficients in the relevant energy range. In addition to radiography and CT, the possibility of a material resolved laminography was investigated by means of a glass fiber reinforced wind turbine blade. In addition to a distinct separation between glass fibers and resin matrix, a significant reduction of cross artefacts that inherently arise from the laminography could be achieved. This gain in information yields a higher significance of the measurement and hence an increased reliability of the component or the whole system. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 165 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Photonenzählende Detektoren KW - Radiographie KW - Laminographie KW - Computer-Tomographie KW - Dual-Energy KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Photon counting detectors KW - Radiography KW - Laminography KW - Computed tomography KW - Dual energy PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500327 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 165 SP - 1 EP - 172 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50032 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brierley, N. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Lazaro Toralles, B. T1 - Optimized multi-shot imaging inspection design N2 - The inspection of complex-shaped components, such as those enabled by additive manufacturing, is a major challenge in industrial quality assurance. A frequently adopted approach to volumetric non-destructive evaluation is X-ray computed tomography, but this has major drawbacks. Two-dimensional radiography can overcome some of these problems, but does not generally provide an inspection that is as capable. Moreover, designing a detailed inspection for a complex-shaped component is a labour-intensive task, requiring significant expert input. In response, a computational framework for optimizing the data acquisition for an image-based inspection modality has been devised. The initial objective is to advance the capabilities of radiography, but the algorithm is, in principle, also applicable to alternative types of imaging. The algorithm exploits available prior information about the inspection and simulations of the inspection modality to allow the Determination of the optimal inspection configuration, including specifically component poses with respect to the imaging system. As an intermediate output, spatial maps of inspection performance are computed, for understanding spatially varying limits of detection. Key areas of innovation concern the defect detectability evaluation for arbitrarily complex indications and the creation of an application-specific optimization algorithm. Initial trials of the algorithm are presented, with good results. KW - Inspection design and planning KW - Optimization KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-458363 SN - 1471-2946 SN - 1364-5021 VL - 474 IS - 2216 SP - 70319, 1 EP - 25 PB - The Royal Society CY - London AN - OPUS4-45836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Schulz, M. T1 - Hydrogen in steel visualized by neutron imaging N2 - Neutron cameras allow visualizing hydrogen distributions with radiographic or tomographic imaging methods in iron and steel. The necessary contrast between hydrogen and iron stems from the high difference in the total neutron cross section of both elements. This allows e.g. the in situ measurement of hydrogen mass flow inside cm thick steel samples with a temporal resolution of 20 s using neutron radiography as well as the quantitative measurement of hydrogen accumulations at the crack’s inner surfaces in hydrogen embrittled iron samples with neutron tomography. We could detect directly gaseous hydrogen in the crack cavities and we measured the gas pressure. This new quality of the information on a micrometer scale allows new insights for the analysis of hydrogen-induced damage mechanisms. Further, this method is non-destructive and provides local information in situ and in three dimensions with a spatial resolution of 20-30 μm. In this contribution, we show examples that demonstrate the spatial and temporal resolution of the neutron radiography and tomography methods in order to visualize and quantify hydrogen accumulations at cracks. The measurements were performed at the research reactor BER II of the HZB in Berlin and at the FRM II reactor of the neutron source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in Garching. T2 - 3rd international conference on metals & hydrogen CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 29.05.2018 KW - Hydrogen KW - Neutron KW - Radiography KW - Tomography KW - Steel PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vössing, Konrad A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst ED - Faix, O. T1 - Nondestructive assessment and imaging methods for internal inspection of timber. A review. N2 - This paper reviews state-of-the-art in nondestructive testing (NDT) and semidestructive testing (SDT) methods applicable for imaging the condition of structural timber. Both NDT and SDT imaging reveal defects, damages, and decay, while the extent of wood decay can also be quantified. Combined with an appropriate data interpretation concerning the internal defects, the mechanical properties of the material can also be assessed. The possibilities and limitations of the most relevant individual NDT and SDT methods, also in combination with each other, are outlined and compared. To facilitate comparison, many observations are reported based on the same test specimen. KW - Drilling resistance KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Radar KW - Radiography KW - Sonic stress wave KW - Ultrasound KW - Non destructive testing KW - Timber structure PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0122 SN - 0018-3830 SN - 1437-434X VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 467 EP - 476 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -