TY - JOUR A1 - Baldofski, Stefanie A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Lehmann, Andreas A1 - Breitfeld, Stefan A1 - Garbe, L.-A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the anthropogenic marker isolithocholic acid in water JF - Journal of Environmental Management N2 - Bile acids are promising chemical markers to assess the pollution of water samples with fecal material. This study describes the optimization and validation of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the bile acid isolithocholic acid (ILA). The quantification range of the optimized Assay was between 0.09 and 15 mg/L. The assay was applied to environmental water samples. Most studies until now were focused on bile acid fractions in the particulate phase of water samples. In order to avoid tedious sample preparation, we undertook to evaluate the dynamics and significance of ILA levels in the aqueous phase. Very low concentrations in tap and surface water samples made a pre-concentration step necessary for this matrix as well as for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Mean recoveries for spiked water samples were between 97% and 109% for tap water and WWTP influent samples and between 102% and 136% for WWTP effluent samples. 90th percentiles of intra-plate and inter-plate coefficients of variation were below 10% for influents and below 20% for effluents and surface water. ILA concentrations were quantified in the range of 33-72 mg/L in influent, 21-49 ng/L in effluent and 18-48 ng/L in surface water samples. During wastewater Treatment the ILA levels were reduced by more than 99%. ILA concentrations of influents determined by ELISA and LC-MS/MS were in good agreement. However, findings in LC-ELISA experiments suggest that the true ILA levels in concentrated samples are lower due to interfering effects of matrix compounds and/or cross-reactants. Yet, the ELISA will be a valuable tool for the performance check and comparison of WWTPs and the localization of fecal matter input into surface waters. KW - ELISA KW - LC-MS/MS KW - Bile acids KW - Fecal marker KW - Surface water KW - Wastewater PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.023 SN - 0301-4797 VL - 182 SP - 612 EP - 619 AN - OPUS4-37668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Fettig, I. A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Fisicaro, P. A1 - Alasonati, E. T1 - Determination of tributyltin in whole water matrices under the European water framework directive JF - Journal of Chromatography A N2 - Monitoring of water quality is important to control water pollution. Contamination of the aquatic systemhas a large effect on human health and the environment. Under the European Water Framework Directive(WFD) 2000/60/EC and the related directive on environmental quality standards (EQS) in the field of waterpolicy 2008/105/EC, the need for sensitive reference methods was highlighted. Since tributyltin (TBT) isone of the WFD listed priority substances a method was developed which is capable to qualify and quantifythe pollutant at the required low WFD EQS of 0.2 ng L⁻¹ in whole water bodies, i.e. in non-filtered watersamples with dissolved organic carbon and suspended particulate matter. Therefore special attention waspaid on the interaction of TBT with the suspended particulate matter and humic substances to obtain acomplete representation of the pollution in surface waters. Different water samples were investigatedvarying the content of organic dissolved and suspended matter. Quantification was performed usingspecies-specific isotope dilution (SSID) and gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (GC-ICP-MS). Different sample treatment strategies were evaluated and compared. Theprocess of internal standard addition was investigated and optimized, hence the equilibrium betweeninternal standards and matrix is of primary importance to perform accurate SSID. Samples spiked at EQSlevel were analyzed with a recovery between 95 and 105 %. Additionally real surface water samples wereinvestigated and the TBT concentration for the whole water body was determined and compared withconventional routine analysis method. KW - Tributyltin (TBT) KW - Environmental quality standard (EQS) KW - Isotope dilution KW - Humic acid KW - Surface water KW - Suspended particulate matter PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.068 SN - 0021-9673 VL - 1459 SP - 112 EP - 119 AN - OPUS4-36930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -