TY - JOUR A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - Bambery, K. R. A1 - Heraud, P. A1 - Kwiatek, W.M. A1 - McNaughton, D. A1 - Tobin, M.J. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wood, B. R. T1 - Monitoring UVR induced damage in single cells and isolated nuclei using SR-FTIR microspectroscopy and 3D confocal Raman imaging N2 - SR-FTIR in combination with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to investigate macromolecular changes in a population of melanocytes and their extracted nuclei induced by environmentally relevant fluxes of UVR (Ultraviolet Radiation). Living cells and isolated cellular nuclei were investigated post-irradiation for three different irradiation dosages (130, 1505, 15 052 Jm-2 UVR, weighted) after either 24 or 48 hours of incubation. DNA conformational changes were observed in cells exposed to an artificial UVR solar-simulator source as evidenced by a shift in the DNA asymmetric phosphodiester vibration from 1236 cm-1 to 1242 cm-1 in the case of the exposed cells and from 1225 cm-1 to 1242 cm-1 for irradiated nuclei. PCA Scores plots revealed distinct clustering of spectra from irradiated cells and nuclei from non-irradiated controls in response to the range of applied UVR radiation doses. 3D Raman confocal imaging in combination with k-means cluster analysis was applied to study the effect of the UVR radiation exposure on cellular nuclei. Chemical changes associated with apoptosis were detected and included intra-nuclear lipid deposition along with chromatin condensation. The results reported here demonstrate the utility of SR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to probe in situ DNA damage in cell nuclei resulting from UVR exposure. These results are in agreement with the increasing body of evidence that lipid accumulation is a characteristic of aggressive cancer cells, and are involved in the production of membranes for rapid cell proliferation. PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4an00838c SN - 0003-2654 SN - 1364-5528 VL - 139 IS - 17 SP - 4200 EP - 4209 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-31172 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kappen, P. A1 - Schiller, T. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Chemical state of chromium in sewage sludge ash based phosphorus-fertilisers N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) based P-fertilisers were produced by thermochemical treatment of SSA with Cl-donors at approximately 1000 °C. During this thermochemical process heavy metals are separated as heavy metal chlorides via the gas phase. Chromium cannot be separated under normal conditions. The risk of the development of toxic Cr(VI) during the thermochemical process was investigated. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy measurements showed that SSA and thermochemically treated SSA with CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl contain Cr(III) compounds only. In contrast, treating SSA with elevated quantities of Na2CO3, to enhance the plant-availability of the phosphate phases of the fertiliser, developed approximately 10–15% Cr(VI). Furthermore, Raman microspectroscopy showed that using Mg-carbonate reduces the risk of a Cr(VI) development during thermochemical treatment. Additionally, leaching tests showed that only a Cr–water solubility >10% is an indicator for Cr(VI) in SSA based P-fertilisers. KW - Chromium KW - Fertiliser KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.012 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 0366-7111 VL - 103 SP - 250 EP - 255 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Kidlington, Oxford AN - OPUS4-30062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Schiller, T. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Determination of phosphorus fertilizer soil reactions by Raman and synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy N2 - The reaction mechanisms of phosphate-bearing mineral phases from sewage sludge ash-based fertilizers in soil were determined by Raman and synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy. Different reaction mechanisms in wet soil were found for calcium and magnesium (pyro-) phosphates. Calcium orthophosphates were converted over time to hydroxyapatite. Conversely, different magnesium phosphates were transformed to trimagnesium phosphate. Since the magnesium phosphates are unable to form an apatite structure, the plant-available phosphorus remains in the soil, leading to better growth results observed in agricultural pot experiments. The pyrophosphates also reacted very differently. Calcium pyrophosphate is unreactive in soil. In contrast, magnesium pyrophosphate quickly formed plant-available dimagnesium phosphate. KW - Fertilizer KW - Phosphate-bearing mineral phases KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Soil KW - Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1366/13-07056 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 67 IS - 10 SP - 1165 EP - 1170 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-29268 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Determination of phosphate phases in sewage sludge ash-based fertilizers by Raman microspectroscopy N2 - The chemical form of phosphate phases in sewage sludge ash (SSA)-based fertilizers was determined by Raman microspectroscopy. Raman mapping with a lateral resolution of 5 × 5 µm² easily detected different compounds present in the fertilizers with the help of recorded reference spectra of pure substances. Quartz and aluminosilicates showed Raman bands in the range of 450-520 cm-1. Phosphates with apatite structure and magnesium triphosphate were determined at around 960 and 980 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, calcium/magnesium pyrophosphates were detected in some samples. KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphate KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1366/12-06955 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 1101 EP - 1105 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-28999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -