TY - GEN A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Correction to: Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep‑resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part II - Mechanisms of stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment N2 - The article "Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part II - Mechanisms of stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment" was originally published in the journal "Welding in the world" Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 64, issue 5, page 819-829 the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Attribution 4. 0 International License. PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01164-6 SN - 1878-6669 SP - 1 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Correction to: Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep‑resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part I - Effect of heat control on welding stresses and stress relief cracking N2 - The article "Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part I - Effect of heat control on welding stresses and stress relief cracking" was originally published in the journal "Welding in the world" Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 64, issue 5, page 807-817 the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Attribution 4. 0 International License. PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01166-4 SN - 1878-6669 SP - 1 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Wimpory, R. C. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part III - Assessment of residual stresses from small-scale to real component welds N2 - For higher operational temperatures and pressures required in petrochemical plants, the modified 13CrMoV9-10 steel was developed providing high resistance against creep and compressed hydrogen. Extreme care during the welding procedure is necessary for this steel, attributed to low toughness, high strength in as-welded state, and increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking (SRC) during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Previous research of SRC in creep-resistant steels discussed mainly thermal and metallurgical factors. Few previous findings addressed the influences of welding procedure on crack formation during PWHT considering real-life manufacturing conditions. These investigations focus on effects of welding heat control on stresses during welding and subsequent PWHT operations close to realistic restraint and heat dissipation conditions using a special 3D testing facility, which was presented in parts I and II of this contribution. Part III addresses investigations on residual stress evolution affecting crack formation and discusses the transferability of results from large-scale testing to laboratory-scale. Experiments with test set-ups at different scales under diverse rigidity conditions and an assessment of the residual stresses of the weld-specimens using X-ray (surface near) and neutron diffraction analysis (bulk) were performed. This study aims to provide a way of investigating the SRC behaviour considering component-specific residual stresses via small-scale testing concepts instead of expensive weld mock-ups. KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Residual stresses KW - Post-weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524403 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 65 SP - 1671 EP - 1685 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part II - Mechanisms of stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment N2 - Welding of 13CrMoV9-10 vanadium steel requires care due to an increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment. Previous research into the crack formation in creep-resistant steels has focused on thermal and metallurgical factors; however, little knowledge has been gathered regarding the crack formation during post weld heat treatment considering real-life restraint conditions. This work is subdivided in two parts. Part I showed that an increasing heat input during submerged arc welding under restraint led to an increasing stress level in the joint prior to the post weld heat treatment. The magnitude of stress relief cracking observed in the heat-affected zone after the post weld heat treatment is affected by the heat input. In Part II of this work, the cracks and the associated microstructure which occurred under restraint were studied. The application of a Special acoustic emission analysis indicated that the cracks formed in a temperature range between 300 and 500 °C during the post weld heat treatment. The toughness in the heat-affected zone of the restrained welds was affected by the welding heat input. Microstructural analyses of all specimens revealed accelerated aging due to precipitation of carbides during post weld heat treatment under restraint. KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506283 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 64 SP - 819 EP - 829 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part I - Effect of heat control on welding stresses and stress relief cracking N2 - The avoidance of failures during the fabrication or operation of petrochemical reactors made of creep-resistant, low-alloy steels as 13CrMoV9-10 requires still research despite over 60 years of international investigations in the field of stress relief cracking. The quality of modern base materials and filler metals leads to the fact that previously known crack causes, such as impurities of S or P, recede into the background. Rather, the causes are increasingly to be found in the fabrication process. Investigations on the influence of heat control on the stresses in welded components and thus on the stress relief cracking sensitivity under realistic manufacturing conditions are not yet available. This work is subdivided in two parts. Part 1 of this study focused on the effect of heat control during submerged arc welding on the stresses. For this purpose, a testing facility was applied, which allows to observe the forces and moments accumulating during welding or heat treatment in a component-like specimen under shrinkage restraint. The stress acting in the specimen increases with higher preheat/interpass temperatures and higher heat input. During the heat treatment, the stresses are relieved. Nevertheless, cracks are formed already during heating. The total crack length correlates with the heat input. KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506271 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 807 EP - 817 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk A1 - Hannemann, Andreas T1 - In-situ Observation of Stress Evolution and Cracking during High Strength Steel Welding N2 - Residual stresses are crucial when assessing the performance of welded components. The present work deals with the possibilities of transferring the real-life boundary conditions of welding, which influence the residual stress, into the laboratory. The possibilities of a test system with a load capacity of 2 MN specifically developed for online monitoring of stress formation and cracking are shown. Due to the structural design, global process, geometry and material-dependent stresses are induced, which can be quantified in-situ during welding and post weld heat treatment. Examples are presented how the conditions to be found during production are simulated in the laboratory. It is shown how welding residual stresses in high-strength steels are affected by the heat control. Elevated working temperatures significantly increase the tensile residual stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The effect of mechanical stresses resulting from welding on stress relief cracking is demonstrated by the example of a creep resistant steel. Reheat cracks were monitored online during post weld heat treatment. T2 - Visual-JW 2019 & WSE 2019 The 5th International Symposium on Visualization in Joining & Welding Science through Advanced Measurements and Simulation & The 8th International Conference of Welding Science and Engineering CY - Osaka, Japan DA - 21.11.2019 KW - Residual stress KW - Restraint KW - Welding KW - Large-scale test KW - Reheat cracking PY - 2019 SP - 83 EP - 84 PB - SEIEI Printing Co., Ltd CY - Osaka, Japan AN - OPUS4-49773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Schaupp, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relaxation cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel N2 - Over the past years economic and environmental considerations have led to a markedly increased demand for efficiency and flexibility in petrochemical plants. The operational temperatures and pressures required today can only be achieved by using new creep-resistant grades of steel. The modified 13CrMoV9-10 vanadium steel shows a good resistance against creep and compressed hydrogen and has been in use for the construction of petrochemical reactors since the mid-1990s. Nevertheless, processing of this type of steel requires extreme care during the welding procedure. This is due to its low toughness and high strength in the welded state when not post weld heat treated combined with increased susceptibility to cracking during stress relaxation. Previous research into crack formation in creep-resistant steels has largely focused on thermal and metallurgical factors; however, little knowledge has been gathered regarding the influence of the welding procedure on crack formation during post weld heat treatment considering real-life manufacturing conditions. In this work, the influence of heat control on the mechanical properties has been investigated by simulating the real-life manufacturing conditions prevailing during the construction of petrochemical reactors using a special 3-D testing facility. The stresses resulting from preheating, welding, dehydrogenation heat treatment and the final post weld heat treatment were measured during experiments under varied heat control. In all experiments stress relief cracks formed during post weld heat treatment could be observed. The total crack lengths correlated with the stresses due to welding. The application of a special acoustic emission analysis indicated that the cracks formed during post weld heat treatment in a temperature range between 300 °C and 500 °C. In comparison to small scale samples welded without additional shrinkage restraint, the toughness of the restrained welds was significantly decreased. SEM and TEM analyses of all samples revealed accelerated aging due to early precipitation of special carbides during post weld heat treatment under component relevant restraint. T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting: Commission II-A CY - Miami, FL, USA DA - 12.03.2019 KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Dixneit, Jonny A1 - Hannemann, Andreas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas ED - Neu, Richard W. ED - Totten, George E. T1 - From the field to the lab: Real scale assessment of stresses in welded components N2 - Residual stresses are crucial when assessing the performance of welded components. The present work deals with the possibilities of transferring the real-life boundary conditions of welding, which influence the residual stress, into the laboratory. The possibilities of a test system specifically developed for this purpose with a maximum capacity of 2 MN are shown. Due to the structural design, global process, geometry and material-dependent stresses are induced, which can be simulated and quantified within the system. Additionally, X-ray diffraction can be applied to determine the resulting local residual stress distribution precisely with high spatial resolution. Two examples are presented how the conditions to be found during production are simulated in the laboratory. It is shown how welding residual stresses in high-strength steels are affected by the heat control. It was possible to clarify why elevated working temperatures significantly increase the bending stresses in the welded joint and therefore the tensile residual stresses in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The effect of a heat treatment applied under mechanical stress resulting from welding is demonstrated by the example of a creep resistant steel. Reheat cracking is significantly increased in this case compared to small scale laboratory based tests. KW - Residual stress KW - Welding KW - Large-scale test KW - Creep resistant steel KW - High strength steel PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20170111 SN - 2379-1365 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 574 EP - 593 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conchohocken AN - OPUS4-46662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Schmitz-Niederau, M. T1 - Multi-axial load analysis of thick-walled component welds made of 13CrMoV9-10 N2 - A 20 mm thick heat resistant 13CrMoV9-10 steel was welded using a multi-pass submerged arc tandem setup on a 3-D testing facility designed to prevent shrinkage both during the welding and the subsequent cooling to room temperature. The effects of variations in pre-heating and interpass temperatures on the local stresses were monitored by in situ measurement of reaction forces and bending moments during welding and the subsequent dehydrogenation heat treatment. The austenite to bainite transformation and its effects on the overall loads were monitored through the use of a high sampling rate. Increasing the pre-heating and interpass temperatures led to a rise in reaction forces and bending moments. The bending moments originated from the eccentric force transmission over the backing, with a concomitant risk of fracture, especially in the critical root zone. Although the pre-heating and interpass temperatures had a strong effect on the reaction forces, their effect on the bending moments upon cooling to room temperature was negligible. KW - Component welding KW - Clamping KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Heat input KW - Reaction force KW - Reaction moment PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.008 SN - 0924-0136 SN - 1873-4774 VL - 213 IS - 7 SP - 1234 EP - 1240 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Lausch, Thomas T1 - Diffusible hydrogen content depending on welding and cooling parameters KW - MAG welding KW - Hydrogen KW - Measurement KW - Cold cracking KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Cooling rate PY - 2012 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 56 IS - 11/12 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-27677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -