TY - GEN A1 - Igartua, A. A1 - Fdez-Pérez, X. A1 - Illarramendi, I. A1 - Luther, R. A1 - Rausch, J. A1 - Woydt, Mathias ED - Carmo, J. P. ED - Ribeiro, J. E. T1 - Biolubricants and triboreactive materials for automotive applications N2 - The text deals with passenger car motor oils (PCMO) with reduced metal-organic additives. KW - Biolubricants KW - Passenger car motor oils (PCMO) KW - Automotive KW - Tribology PY - 2012 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-464317 SN - 978-9-53510-698-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.5772/46852 SP - 119 EP - 146 PB - INTECH CY - Rijeka, Croatia AN - OPUS4-46431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Christoph, Gabriele A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Berger, Wolfgang ED - Rauch, S. ED - Morrison, G.M. T1 - Assessment of total petrol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mobility in soils using leaching tests N2 - The risk assessment of total petrol hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), two of the most frequent soil and water contaminants, has to include their exposure pathways, especially the soil groundwater pathway. Threshold values have to be aquired for the amendment to the German Federal Soil Protection Contaminated Sites Ordinance. For this purpose, a batch experiment with a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 2 L/kg was developed. Aim of this work was to verify the robustness of this leaching procedure for TPH and PAH in different soil types against varying test conditions. Also, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was tested as alternative sample preparation of eluates for PAH analysis. KW - TPH KW - PAH KW - SBSE KW - Liquid-liquid extraction KW - Batch tests PY - 2012 SN - 978-94-007-2539-3 SN - 978-94-007-2540-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2540-9_36 SN - 1571-4780 N1 - Geburtsname von Riedel, Maren: Kolepki, M. - Birth name of Riedel, Maren: Kolepki, M. N1 - Serientitel: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries – Series title: Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries VL - 19 SP - 393 EP - 402 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-33342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Jaunich, Matthias ED - Yao, W. ED - Renard, J. ED - Himmel, N.A. T1 - Correlation between crack propagation rate and cure process of epoxy resins KW - Fracture toughness KW - Crack resistance KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Plastics KW - Crack propagation PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-60595-091-4 SP - 277 EP - 290 PB - DEStech Publications, Inc. CY - Lancaster, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27947 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Sabel, Martin A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Unger, Brita ED - Meeks, N. ED - Cartwright, C. ED - Meek, A. ED - Mongiatti, A. T1 - ESEM-EDX analyses for the characterisation and reproduction of nineteenth-century gold tesserae N2 - Environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (ESEM-EDX) is a versatile working tool for the examination of gold tesserae as well as for the selection of suitable materials for their reproduction. In this paper, the ESEM-EDX analyses of original gold tesserae and their damage types are presented. These analytical results form the basis for further calculations of glass properties and experiments. These calculated values enable the determination of the relevant glass properties and allow us to choose the appropriate type of modern glass for further experiments. Subsequent experiments convert this knowledge into practice. By comparing the analytical results from the original glasses and the replicas the accuracy and precision will be shown. KW - Gold mosaics KW - Tesserae KW - ESEM-EDX KW - Glass analyses KW - Damage mechanism PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-904982-65-4 SP - 107 EP - 113 PB - Archetype publications Ltd. AN - OPUS4-27641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bäßler, Ralph ED - Lexow, J. ED - Kishi, T. ED - Kitagawa, M. ED - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Electrochemical studies on pitting corrosion on Cr13 steel exposed to CO2 and artificial brine with high chloride concentration N2 - Within the project COORAL (German acronym for 'CO2 purity for capture and storage') first studies on piping steels exposed to CO2 and artificial brine with high chloride concentration have been carried out. Corrosion behavior of martensitic Cr13 steel (1.4034) was investigated in a corrosive environment (artificial saline brine, T = 60 °C, CO2-flow rate 3 – 5 L/h, atmospheric pressure, exposure times from 1 h up to 14 days) using electrochemical and metallographic techniques. Different corrosion kinetics were observed as a function of exposure times and chloride concentration in the artificial brine. In CO2-saturated brine pitting corrosion was observed at free corrosion potential, whereas in the brine without addition of NaCl a stable passive layer built up. Predictions about corrosion mechanism are made and verified by means of surface analytical techniques. KW - Stainless steel KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Electrochemistry KW - Carbon dioxide PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-642-23347-0 SN - 978-3-642-23348-7 SP - 45 EP - 53 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-27393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Potential of dynamic-mechanical analysis toward a complementary material and system testing approach for structural glazing N2 - Dynamic-mechanical material analysis as a basis for a general performance exploration complemented by system testing under superimposed climatic and mechanical loading seems to be a promising interdependent test approach addressing the performance behavior of construction sealants under more realistic conditions. With this contribution an attempt is made to adapt dynamic-mechanical material analysis, which has been already successfully validated for different construction types of expansion joint systems in road and bridge engineering, to the field of construction sealants for building façades. Test results from dynamic-mechanical material analysis characterizing the temperature-dependent, deformation-dependent, and frequency-dependent behavior of structural sealant materials are presented and exemplarily discussed for three different sealant products. An attempt is made to address unknown material characteristics in the multi-dimensional loading matrix representing practical use conditions. Furthermore, the applicability of this test approach and its various complex test modes for the exploration of technological performance and especially estimation of fatigue behavior is verified in several examples. Based on this fundamental material exploration, it is planned to complement the dynamic-mechanical assessment methodology by means of system tests on a section of a structural glazing system subjected to a simplified but superimposed loading function. The technical fundamentals and the procedure proposed to develop an adequate system test mode are introduced. The motivation for these investigations is to identify the actual mechanical system behavior under load combinations and for specimens that both closer resemble reality. The objective is to achieve a consistent and interdependent test program complementary to the existing methodology. Finally, the study is meant to initiate further progress toward a performance-related methodology which considers the design, specification, material, and system selection. KW - Sealants KW - Structural glazing KW - Performance assessment KW - Material characterization KW - Dynamic-mechanical testing KW - System test method KW - Superimposed loading KW - Mechanical characteristics KW - Capability evaluation KW - Durability evaluation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8031-7557-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1545-EB N1 - Serientitel: Journal of ASTM International – Series title: Journal of ASTM International VL - 4 IS - STP1545 SP - 404 EP - 431 CY - West Conshokocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bretz, Simone A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Haindl, G. ED - Trepesch, C. T1 - Kunsttechnologische Studien über Johann Wolfgang Baumgartner, 'des Glasmahlens fürtrefflich wohl erfahren' mit einem Exkurs von Oliver Hahn zu Materialanalysen an ausgewählten Hinterglasbildern N2 - In der kunstreichen Stadt Augsburg wurde das Hinterglasgewerbe Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts eingefiihrt, setzte sich mit dem Hinterglasmaler Johann Wolfgang Baumgartner (1702 Ebbs, b. Kufstein -1761 Augsburg) in den Jahren 1733 bis 1746 fort, erfuhr ab der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, besonders zwischen 17S0 und 1800, eine wahre Blüte, um Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts langsam zu erlöschen. Augsburgs Hinterglasproduktion setzte im Vergleich zu benachbarten Städten spät ein, machte sich aber durch den umfänglichen Fernhandel einen großen Namen und die Stadt wurde zum führenden Zentrum des Handwerks. Mit seiner überzeugenden Umsetzung der grafischen Vorlagen in hintermalte Bildwerke hat Baumgartner einen entscheidenden Impuls zur Ansiedlung der Hinterglasmalerei gegeben. KW - Hinterglasmalerei KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-422-07137-7 SP - 60 EP - 73 PB - Deutscher Kunstverlag AN - OPUS4-27206 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Brock, Thomas A1 - Treisch, Nico A1 - Dielforder, Philip ED - Davis, S.E. ED - Steinberg, T.A. T1 - Fire without cause of an oxygen component with an aluminium seal N2 - It is common, even for high pressure service, for most of the components in oxygen systems to contain nonmetallic materials. The risk of an oxygen fire is low if the design of the component and its metallic and non-metallic materials are properly selected. From a safety point of view, it is obvious that a component made completely of metal with metallic seals should have a lower risk of fire. However, during a test series performed at the outdoor test site of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), “BAM Test Site Technical Safety,” an oxygen component burned out that contained metallic seals only. In the test, a bursting metallic diaphragm produces a single pressure shock at a specified oxygen pressure. In the incident, an aluminum diaphragm with a thickness of 1.5 mm was used at a burst pressure of 171 bar. At first, investigations at BAM focused on the question of whether a bursting aluminum diaphragm is able to ignite a bulk metal. Stress rupture tests were performed on this particular aluminum. A high-speed infrared camera helped reveal information on the temperature rise in the rupture zone. Furthermore, other possible ignition sources such as contamination or flow friction were considered, also. This paper discusses the results of the investigation, and it tries to answer the question of whether aluminum sheet materials increase the fire risk in oxygen components. KW - Aluminium KW - High-pressure oxygen KW - Bursting diaphragm KW - Metallic material KW - Fire risk KW - Ignition source KW - Accident research KW - Safety engineering PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8031-7547-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP20120004 VL - 13 IS - STP 1561 SP - 105 EP - 116 CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Hesse, Olaf A1 - Lehné, Siegfried A1 - Ciscato, W. ED - Davis, S.E. ED - Steinberg, T.A. T1 - Safe for oxygen but not for oxygen-enriched gas mixtures in SCUBA diving N2 - In a market study, more than 60 representative cylinder valves that are used in SCUBA diving were tested for burn-out safety according to the current standard ISO 10297 [2006, “Transportable Gas Cylinders—Cylinder valves—Specification and Type Testing,” International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland]. This standard requires that oxygen cylinder valves have to be pressure-surge tested to prove their ignition resistance. After testing, the samples are disassembled and the nonmetallic materials shall not show any traces of ignition for the valve to pass the test. This is usually done by visual inspection. The existing pass–fail criteria, however, cause problems sometimes when the test results have to be interpreted or are not sufficient to ensure a safe use of the valve. This market study reveals what changes a non-metallic material may show after pressure-surge testing. It also shows the influence of the different design geometries in the seat area on the nonmetallic materials. After testing, some nonmetallic materials do not show any distinct traces of ignition or combustion. Only a change in color, notable surface deterioration, and loss of material is visible. Occasionally, the valve is no longer gas-tight, although no traces of ignition can be detected. However, according to the standard, the valve has passed the test. This paper provides various reasons why the pass–fail criteria of the oxygen pressure surge need to be more tightened. This applies not only to the current version of the standard ISO 10297, but for any standard that requires performance of the pressure-surge test for oxygen components. PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8031-7547-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP20120005 VL - 13 IS - STP 1561 SP - 172 EP - 181 CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ciscato, W. A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Hesse, Olaf A1 - Lehné, Siegfried A1 - Kasch, Thomas ED - Davis, S.E. ED - Steinberg, T.A. T1 - Another dangerous practice in the SCUBA diving community N2 - The widely held incorrect belief in the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving community, that oxygen-enriched gas mixtures, so-called NITROX, with an oxygen content of up to 40 vol. % can be considered as regular air, has already been refuted in many papers. Now, another dangerous practice has drawn the attention. In a market study, more than 60 representative SCUBA cylinder valves were examined. Sales offices claim that all of those valves can be used for oxygen-enriched gas mixtures. The fact is that some of these cylinder valves are for air use only. By exchanging the nonmetallic materials and applying additional cleaning procedures, these air valves become so-called “oxygen clean.” Then, the valves are on sale for oxygen-enriched service. This procedure is dangerous because the labeling pretends a pseudo-safety. All of the 60 SCUBA cylinder valves were tested applying the standardized oxygen pressure surge tester at BAM. As suspected, many of the cylinder valves are not burn-out safe. In addition, different test results were received for actual new valves, for so-called new but temporarily stored valves, and for used valves. This paper reveals another dangerous practice and wants to alert the SCUBA diving community. KW - SCUBA diving KW - Pneumatic impact KW - Burn-out safety KW - Oxygen KW - NITROX KW - Modified air valves KW - Aging of diving valves KW - Oxygen compatibility PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8031-7547-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP20120007 VL - 13 IS - STP 1561 SP - 162 EP - 171 CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -