TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - Plasma functionalization and reorientation of macromolecules at polymer surfaces JF - Surface and coatings technology KW - Plasma KW - Polymer KW - Monolayer KW - Einschichtsystem KW - NEXAFS KW - Spektroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalyse PY - 1995 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 74-75 SP - 664 EP - 669 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Plasma bromination of graphene for covalent bonding of organic molecules JF - Plasma chemistry and plasma processing N2 - Plasma-chemical bromination applied to graphitic materials, in particular to highly ordered pyrolytic graphite is reviewed. The resulting bromination efficiency of the plasma-chemical treatment was subject of systematic process optimization. The plasma of elemental bromine vapour produced bromine concentrations on graphene surfaces of more than 30 % Br/C using either inductively or capacitively coupled low-pressure radio-frequency plasmas. Plasma brominated graphite surfaces have been studied by Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The introduction of bromine into graphene-like graphite layers and its binding situation were investigated. To study the physical effect of the plasma bromination process, Kr plasma was also used because of its chemical inertness but similar atomic mass. Covering the samples with a Faraday cage or with a LiF window should help to differentiate between physical, chemical and radiation effects of the plasma. Bromination was assigned to radical or electrophilic addition of bromine onto fully substituted aromatic double bonds (sp² C) with exothermal reaction enthalpy. Low bromination shows a strong decay of aromatic double bonds, higher bromination percentage let disappear all aromatic rings. The formed C–Br bonds were well suited for efficient grafting of organic molecules by post-plasma wet-chemical nucleophilic substitution. This grafting onto the graphene surface was demonstrated using aminosilane and different diamines. The bromination of double bonds changes the hybridization of carbon atoms from plane sp² to tetrahedral sp³ hybridization. Thus, the plane topography of graphene is destroyed and the conductivity is lost. KW - Graphene KW - Bromination KW - Grafting of diamines KW - Plasma KW - Organic graphting PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-013-9509-x SN - 0272-4324 VL - 34 SP - 621 EP - 645 PB - Plenum Publ. Corp. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-30575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Mix, Renate A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Joshi, Ranjit A1 - Wettmarshausen, Sascha T1 - New Plasma Techniques for Polymer Surface Modification with Monotype Functional Groups JF - Plasma processes and polymers N2 - The production of chemically-defined plasma polymers and the introduction of monotype functional groups onto polymer surfaces are described. One method is to lower the energetic level of low-pressure plasmas. Pressure- and plasma-pulsed plasmas were successfully tested for the production of chemically-defined plasma polymers by increasing the monomer supply during the plasma-off period. Well-defined ultra-thin polymer films with regular structure were deposited from atmospheric plasmas by electrospray techniques. Post-plasma wet-chemical processing was also applied, as were gas/liquid-based aerosols and underwater plasmas. KW - Plasma KW - Polymer-Oberflächenfunktionalisierung KW - Macromolecular plasma KW - Monotype functional groups KW - Plasma bromination KW - Plasma treatment KW - Pressure-pulsed plasma KW - Underwater plasma PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200700145 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 407 EP - 423 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-17742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wigan, L. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - Barrier properties of plasma and chemically fluorinated polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate JF - Surface and coatings technology N2 - The functionalization, perfluorination or an coating of polypropylene (PP) and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces in different plasma atmospheres and in an F[2] + N[2] gas mixture were investigated. The aim of this work was to form a barrier layer against solvent and fuel permeation. Typical test solvents were n-pentane, toluene, tetrachloroethylene and mixtures of n-pentane and methanol. The permeation was gravimetrically measured. The permeation of the solvent mixtures was analyzed by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The permeation of the solvent mixtures through the plasma-modified polymer samples was associated with increased absorption of polar solvent components in the polymer film. The thickness of the plasma-fluorinated PP surface layer was 10-100 nm and that of chemically fluorinated PP about 5000 nm. Nearly the same barrier efficiency was measured for both plasma- and chemically fluorinated samples. T2 - International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering No. 4 CY - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany DA - 1994-09-19 KW - Plasma KW - Fluor KW - Plasmapolymer KW - Sperrschicht KW - Permeation PY - 1995 UR - http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3158319 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 74-75 IS - 1-3 SP - 910 EP - 918 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaft, M. A1 - Nagli, L. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Groisman, Y. T1 - Doubly ionized ion emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in air JF - Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry N2 - The emission from doubly ionized species in laser-induced plasmas has not been properly investigated before since most analytical measurements were made at relatively long delays. This work proves that doubly ionized species, such as boron (B) III and iron (Fe) III, can exist during the first 150–200 ns of the plasma lifetime in plasmas produced in air by typical lasers with irradiances of 109 1011 W/cm². The emission from these ions was detected using both the double- and single-pulse excitations. The sum of the second ionization potential and the energy of corresponding excited states is approximately 30 eV. The presence of doubly charged ions in the early plasma was additionally confirmed by computer simulations using a collision-dominated plasma model. The Emission from doubly ionized species may be used for analytical purpose. For example, in the spectrum from a B–Fe ore, the B III analytical line at 206.6 nm is free from Fe spectral interference thus enabling the online laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sorting of ores into three products with high, medium, and low B2O3 contents. KW - Plasma KW - Double ionization KW - Boron KW - Iron KW - Online KW - Sorting PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4847-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 400 IS - 10 SP - 3229 EP - 3237 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Gähde, J. A1 - Guo, L. T1 - Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) and Its Use in analysis of Plasma-Modified Surface JF - Journal of applied polymer science KW - Plasma KW - IR KW - Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) KW - Surface modification PY - 1999 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 71 SP - 1231 EP - 1237 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-6985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Shabanov, Sergej V. T1 - Geometrical effects in data collection and processing for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy JF - Journal of quantitative spectroscopy and radiative transfer N2 - Data processing in the calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is usually based on the solution of the radiative transfer equation along a particular line of sight through a plasma plume. The LIBS data processing is generalized to the case when the spectral data are collected from large portions of the plume. It is shown that by adjusting the optical depth and width of the lines the spectra obtained by collecting light from an entire spherical homogeneous plasma plume can be leastsquare fitted to a spectrum obtained by collecting the radiation just along a plume diameter with a relative error of 10−11 or smaller (for the optical depth not exceeding 0.3) so that a mismatch of geometries of data processing and data collection cannot be detected by fitting. Despite the existence of such a perfect least-square fit, the errors in the line optical depth and width found by a data processing with an inappropriate geometry can be large. It is shown with analytic and numerical examples that the corresponding relative errors in the found elemental number densities and concentrations may be as high as 50% and 20%, respectively. Safe for a few found exceptions, these errors are impossible to eliminate from LIBS data processing unless a proper solution of the radiative transfer equation corresponding to the ray tracing in the spectral data collection is used. KW - Plasma KW - LIBS KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.09.018 SN - 0022-4073 SN - 1879-1352 VL - 204 SP - 190 EP - 205 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-42287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Shabanov, Sergej V. T1 - Chemistry in laser‑induced plasmas at local thermodynamic equilibrium JF - Applied physics A N2 - The equation of state for plasmas containing negative and positive ions of elements and molecules formed by these elements is modeled under the assumption that all ionization processes and chemical reactions are at local thermal equilibrium and the Coulomb interaction in the plasma is described by the Debye–Hückel theory. The hierarchy problem for constants of molecular reactions is resolved by using three different algorithms for high, medium, and low temperatures: the contraction principle, the Newton–Raphson method, and a scaled Newton–Raphson method, respectively. These algorithms are shown to have overlapping temperature ranges in which they are stable. The latter allows one to use the developed method for calculating the equation of state in combination with numerical solvers of Navier–Stokes equations to simulate laser-induced Plasmas initiated in an atmosphere and to study formation of molecules and their ions in such plasmas. The method is applicable to a general chemical network. It is illustrated with examples of Ca–Cl and C–Si–N laser-induced plasmas. KW - Plasma KW - LIBS KW - Plasma modeling PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2129-9 SN - 1432-0630 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 124 IS - 10 SP - 716, 1 EP - 21 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-46112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Retzko, Iris A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Time-of-flight-SIMS and XPS characterization of metal doped polymers JF - Applied surface science N2 - Organic thin films with defined chemical structures and physical properties are required for various applications. Plasma polymerization is of technological interest, since the deposition of plasma polymers is possible on any material of any shape in the desired thickness. We report on the TOF-SIMS (TOF: time-of-flight) and XPS investigations of pulse plasma ‘poly(acetylene)’ and alkali metal doped pulse plasma ‘poly(acetylene)’ films. The combination of TOF-SIMS and XPS supplies detailed information on the surface chemistry of these films. Application of both methods provides the possibility for cross-checking certain results. Moreover the different sensitivities of the methods can be utilized. According to the TOF-SIMS and XPS data it can be concluded that the interaction of alkali metals with plasma ‘poly(acetylene)’ results in electrovalent bonds of the type Me?+–C?- between carbon and metal. Furthermore carbon–oxygen–metal interactions were observed. These interactions are of the type C=O?-cdots, three dots, centeredMe?+ and/or C–O?-–Me?+. KW - SIMS KW - TOF-SIMS KW - XPS KW - Plasma KW - Polymer KW - Poly(acetylene) PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00769-9 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 203-204 SP - 575 EP - 579 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-2271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grytsenko, K.P. A1 - Lytvyn, P. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Schrader, S. T1 - Influence of plasma discharge on the structure of polytetrafluoroethylene film and step coverage on polymer substrate JF - Materials science and engineering C N2 - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films have been deposited onto polycarbonate (PC) substrates from the products of PTFE evaporation, activated by a cloud of accelerated electrons. A 40.68 MHz glow discharge was used during the deposition process. The polymer films have been characterised by XPS, FTIR and AFM. The use of the low power plasma during film growth led to the formation of PTFE films with modified structure. Films are amorphous and contain more cross-links, but in general, the structure of their macromolecules is still linear. An increase of RF-power leads to the formation of films with large amount of double bonds and enhanced internal stresses. Deposition of PTFE on PC without plasma treatment led to the formation of PTFE clusters up to 50 nm in diameter. The RMS roughness of the films, deposited without plasma, was about 4 nm, while the films deposited with plasma treatment had a roughness of 1.5 nm. The use of plasma has an additional effect if a PTFE coating is deposited on the PC substrate with submicrometer-sized steps. Without plasma the steps retain a rectangular shape. Deposited with the RF-discharge the PTFE layers resemble plasma-polymerised films. Under certain conditions the deposited films can fill trenches in the substrate like a wetting liquid, while under other conditions they avoid trenches and grow in between them. KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene KW - PTFE KW - Vacuum deposition KW - Plasma KW - Discharge KW - Film PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2006.09.029 SN - 0928-4931 SN - 1873-0191 VL - 27 IS - 5-8 SP - 1227 EP - 1231 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-14014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gähde, J. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Fischer, T. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Reactions of polymer analogous model substances with metals and oxides JF - Progress in colloid & polymer science KW - Modellverbindung KW - Al202 KW - Chrom KW - Orientierung, molekular KW - Chemical interaction KW - Model compounds KW - Al2O3 and chromium KW - Molecular orientation KW - Formation of complexes KW - Plasma PY - 1996 SN - 0340-255x SN - 1437-8027 VL - 101 SP - 194 EP - 198 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hinze, A. A1 - Klages, C.-P. A1 - Zänker, A. A1 - Thomas, M. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - ToF-SIMS imaging of DBD-plasma-printed microspots on BOPP substrates JF - Plasma processes and polymers N2 - Imaging ToF-SIMS has been applied to characterize the surface chemistry variations across small areas produced by a DBD-type plasma printing technique on a BOPP substrate using pure nitrogen and a nitrogen-hydrogen gas mixture. CH4N+ and CNO- secondary ions are detected with high yields remote from the discharge region. They are discussed to be due to surface modifications of the substrate by metastable gas-phase species. On the other hand, surface species exist that are preferentially formed by reactions of the substrate with short-lived species which are only present close to the plasma discharge region. A C3H8O+ secondary fragment ion is assumed to be a key fragment of such a surface species. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Plasma KW - Polymer KW - Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) KW - Plasma printing KW - Polymer modification KW - Surface modification KW - Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) imaging PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200700138 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 460 EP - 470 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-19342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus T1 - Radikalidentifizierung auf Polymeren nach Plasmabehandlung JF - Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis N2 - Radikale bilden den Ausgangspunkt für Reaktionen chemisch inerter Polymere. So kann der Einbau funktioneller chemischer Gruppen in eine Polymeroberfläche über Reaktionen mit funktionsgruppentragenden Partnern erfolgen, wenn die Oberfläche, die Reaktionspartner oder beide über Radikalcharakter verfügen. Dabei bestimmt die Reaktivität und Dichte der Radikale auf der Polymeroberfläche die Effizienz des Funktionalisierungsprozesses entscheidend mit. Nach dessen Abschluß erlangen nicht-abgesättigte Radikale, d. h. solche, die nicht an der Kopplungsreaktion teilgenommen haben, besondere Bedeutung. Sie können noch mit Luftsauerstoff zu Peroxiden reagieren und anschließend zu einer (unbeabsichtigten) Sekundärfunktionalisierung der Oberfläche mit allen denkbaren Arten sauerstoffhaltiger Gruppen führen. Aus diesen Gründen gewinnt der Nachweis von Radikalen auf Polymeroberflächen für derzeit in der Entwicklung befindliche Ansätze der hocheffizienten und/oder hoch einheitlichen Oberflächenfunktionalisierung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Es werden daher wichtige Verfahren zur Quantifizierung von Oberflächenradikalen vorgestellt. Ferner wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Ausrüstung von Polymeroberflächen mit Radikalen vorgestellt, die dann ihrerseits Ausgangspunkt von Funktionalisierungsreaktionen sein können. KW - Polymere KW - Radikale KW - Plasma KW - Oberflächenanalyse PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/vipr.200400221 SN - 0947-076X SN - 1522-2454 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 118 EP - 125 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-5545 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Adhesion promotion of thick fire-retardant melamine polymer dip-coatings at polyolefin surfaces by using plasma polymers JF - Journal of adhesion science and technology N2 - Melamine and melamine resins are widely used as fire retardants for polymer materials used in pharmaceutical, plastic, textile, rubber, and construction industry. Melamine-based flame retardants act by blowing off intumescent layers, char formation, and emission of quenching ammonia gas and diluent molecular nitrogen. Special advantages are: low cost, low smoke density and toxicity, low corrosive activity, safe handling, and environmental friendliness. Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (mPMF) was used as thick (≥40 µm) fire-retardant coating for plasma pretreated polymers. A combined low-pressure plasma pretreatment consisting of oxygen plasma exposure followed by deposition of thin poly(allylamine) (ppAAm) and poly(allyl alcohol) (ppAAl) plasma polymers as adhesion promoters have improved the adhesion of thick mPMF coatings strongly. Chemical structure and composition of deposited polymer films were characterized by infrared-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After peeling, the peeled layer surfaces were also investigated for identification of the locus of failure and their topography using optical microscopy and XPS. Often the adhesion promotion was so efficient that the peeling of coating was not possible. Thermal properties of plasma polymers and dip-coating films were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Significant improvement of fire-retardant properties of coated polymers was confirmed by flame tests. KW - Adhesion KW - Thick melamine layers KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Dip-coating KW - Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyethylene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Fire retardant KW - Melamine resin KW - Polymer KW - Plasma PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.943339 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 28 IS - 21 SP - 2113 EP - 2132 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-31485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Cured melamine systems as thick fire-retardant layers deposited by combination of plasma technology and dip-coating JF - Journal of adhesion science and technology N2 - Melamine and melamine resins are widely used as fire-retardants for polymer building materials. Cured melamine systems are used in heat-sensitive items, such as furniture and window frames and sills. In this work, differently cured methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (cmPMF) resins were used as fire-retardant coverage for poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(ethylene) (PE) building materials. Such polymer layers should have several tenths of micrometers thickness to produce sufficient fire retardancy. These thick layers were produced by dip-coating. To promote sufficient adhesion of such thick coating to the polyolefin substrates, also in the case of high temperatures occurring at fire exposure, the polymer substrates were firstly coated with a few hundred nanometer thick adhesion-promoting plasma polymer layer. Such thin plasma polymer layers were deposited by low-pressure plasma polymerization of allyl alcohol (ppAAl). It was assumed that the hydroxyl groups of ppAAl interact with the melamine resin; therefore, ppAAl was well suited as adhesion promoter for thick melamine resin coatings. Chemical structure and composition of polymer films were investigated using infrared-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Peel strengths of coatings were measured. After peeling, the peeled polymer surfaces were also investigated using optical microscopy and XPS the layers for identification of the locus of peel front propagation. Thermal properties were analyzed using TGA (thermo-gravimetric analyses). Finally, the fire-retardant properties of such thick coated polymers were evaluated by exposure to flames. KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Dip-coating KW - Curing KW - Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyethylene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Polymer KW - Plasma KW - Melamine resin KW - Fire retardant PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.995911 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 29 IS - 9 SP - 807 EP - 820 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-32795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Farouk, M. A1 - Moustapha, M.E. T1 - Plasma deposition of adhesion-promoting polymer layers onto polypropylene for subsequent covering with thick fire retardant coatings JF - Journal of adhesion science and technology N2 - Melamine resins were used as 50-µm-thick fire retardant coatings for polypropylene (PP). Preceding deposition, low-pressure plasma polymer films of allyl alcohol were coated onto PP to improve the adhesion between PP and melamine resin coatings. The efficiency of such fire retardant coatings was confirmed by flame tests. The plasma-deposited polymer and the dip-coated melamine resin films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesion of coatings was measured using a 90° peel test with a doubled-faced adhesive tape. To detect the locus of failure, the peeled layer surfaces were inspected using optical microscopy and XPS. Thermal properties of PP thick melamine resin-coated films were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. KW - Polymer KW - Plasma KW - Polypropylene KW - Fire retardant KW - Melamine precursors KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Allyl alcohol KW - Flame retardants KW - Curing PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2015.1033878 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 29 IS - 14 SP - 1522 EP - 1533 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-33112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mozetic, M. A1 - Ostrikov, K. A1 - Ruzic, D.N. A1 - Curreli, D. A1 - Cvelbar, U. A1 - Vesel, A. A1 - Primc, G. A1 - Leisch, M. A1 - Jousten, K. A1 - Malyshev, O.B. A1 - Hendricks, J.H. A1 - Kövér, L. A1 - Tagliaferro, A. A1 - Conde, O. A1 - Silvestre, A.J. A1 - Giapintzakis, J. A1 - Buljan, M. A1 - Radic, N. A1 - Drazic, G. A1 - Bernstorff, S. A1 - Biedermann, H. A1 - Kylián, O. A1 - Hanus, J. A1 - Milosevic, S. A1 - Galtayries, A. A1 - Dietrich, Paul A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lehocky, M. A1 - Sedlarik, V. A1 - Stana-Kleinschek, K. A1 - Drmota-Petric, A. A1 - Pireaux, J.J. A1 - Rogers, J.W. A1 - Anderle, M. T1 - Recent advances in vacuum sciences and applications JF - Journal of physics D N2 - Recent advances in vacuum sciences and applications are reviewed. Novel optical interferometer cavity devices enable pressure measurements with ppm accuracy. The innovative dynamic vacuum standard allows for pressure measurements with temporal resolution of 2 ms. Vacuum issues in the construction of huge ultra-high vacuum devices worldwide are reviewed. Recent advances in surface science and thin films include new phenomena observed in electron transport near solid surfaces as well as novel results on the properties of carbon nanomaterials. Precise techniques for surface and thin-film characterization have been applied in the conservation technology of cultural heritage objects and recent advances in the characterization of biointerfaces are presented. The combination of various vacuum and atmospheric-pressure techniques enables an insight into the complex phenomena of protein and other biomolecule conformations on solid surfaces. Studying these phenomena at solid–liquid interfaces is regarded as the main issue in the development of alternative techniques for drug delivery, tissue engineering and thus the development of innovative techniques for curing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A review on recent advances in plasma medicine is presented as well as novel hypotheses on cell apoptosis upon treatment with gaseous plasma. Finally, recent advances in plasma nanoscience are illustrated with several examples and a roadmap for future activities is presented. KW - Vacuum KW - Surface KW - Plasma KW - Interface KW - Nanoscience PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-304884 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/15/153001 SN - 0022-3727 SN - 1361-6463 VL - 47 IS - 15 SP - 153001-1 EP - 153001-23 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-30488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Park, J. A1 - Kim, G. B. A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Kim, Y. M. A1 - Jung, D. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Kim, Y.-P. A1 - Lee, T. G. T1 - Plasma-polymerized antifouling biochips for label-free measurement of protease activity in cell culture media JF - Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical N2 - We report polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafting antifouling surfaces using a plasma copolymerized (PcP) technique to monitor protease activity in complex media. By varying the mixing ratio of the PEG and ethylenediamine (EDA) precursors, the PcP-PEG-EDA (PcP-PE) film was able to easily control surface amine density with good preservation of the internal PEG structure. We found that nonspecific protein adsorption was dramatically reduced in serum-containing media on the PcP-PE films, as opposed to that on plasma polymerized-EDA (PP-E) films without PEG. When SPR sensor chips coated with PcP-PE film were employed to detect protease activity, biotinylated luciferase probes (luciferase-peptide-biotin) on streptavidin-conjugated SPR chips enabled real-time and label-free measurement of matrix metalloproteinase activity in cell culture media. Owing to its excellent antifouling ability, this newly developed method boasts minimal nonspecific binding and can serve as a biochip platform to promote a wide range of applications in the biological field. KW - Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafting antifouling surface KW - Biochip KW - ATR-FTIR spectroscopy KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Plasma PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.123 SN - 0925-4005 VL - 281 SP - 527 EP - 534 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-46463 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reisgen, U. A1 - Schleser, M. A1 - Abdurakhmanov, A. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Measuring of plasma properties induced by non-vacuum electron beam welding JF - Physics of plasmas N2 - Electron beam plasma measurement was realised by means of DIABEAM system invented by ISF RWTH Aachen. The Langmuir probe method is used for measurement. The relative simplicity of the method and the possibility of dispersion of high power on the probe allow its application for the investigation of high-power electron beams. The key element of the method is a rotating thin tungsten wire, which intersects the beam transversely on its axis and collects part of the current by itself. The signals, which are registered in the DIABEAM as a voltage, were taken in the form of amplitude. The conversion of the probe current into the distribution along the beam radius was realised using the Abel's method. A voltage-current characteristic was built for the beam current. The local electron density as well as the electron temperature, the floating potential and the plasma potential were measured and calculated by means of this characteristic. KW - Plasma KW - Diagnostic KW - Welding PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3675874 SN - 1070-664X VL - 19 SP - 0131006-1 - 0131006-7 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-25474 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Silke T1 - Plasmaspectrochemistry in material sciences JF - Encylopedia of Analytical Chemistry N2 - Plasmas as atomization and ionization/excitation sources have been used for more than 50 years. The term plasma spectrochemistry was introduced in the 1980s and is nowadays a topic of annual reviews and different conferences such as the Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry (held in USA), the European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, and The Nordic conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry. The development of advanced materials is inherently connected with improvements in analytical chemistry, and often is the driving force for method development in plasma-based spectrometry. Besides the determination of physical characteristics such as tensile strength, density, and conductivity, the investigation of their chemical constituents down to the trace and ultra-trace levels becomes more and more important and, therefore, the demand of sensitive and precise analytical methods is growing. In some cases, the determination of the average content is a sufficient result, for instance for the characterisation of raw material or waste management. However, lately laterally resolved analysis, depth profiling of layered materials and characterization of high purity materials are of growing importance. The aim of this article is to give an introduction into plasma spectrometry and its application in materials science. A theoretical overview of the used plasma techniques and a review on applications with a special focus on direct solid sampling will be presented. KW - Material Science KW - Plasma KW - Plasmaspectrochemistry PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a9341.pub2 SP - 1 PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - Hoboken, New Jersey AN - OPUS4-47840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Safinia, L. A1 - Dantan, Nathalie A1 - Höhse, Marek A1 - Mantalaris, A. A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Towards a methodology for the effective surface modification of porous polymer scaffolds JF - Biomaterials N2 - A novel low-pressure radio-frequency plasma treatment protocol was developed to achieve the effective through-thickness surface modification of large porous poly (d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) polymer scaffolds using air or water: ammonia plasma treatments. Polymer films were modified as controls. Scanning electron micrographs and maximum bubble point measurements demonstrated that the PDLLA foams have the high porosity, void fraction and interconnected pores required for use as tissue engineering scaffolds. The polymer surface of the virgin polymer does contain acidic functional groups but is hydrophobic. Following exposure to air or water: ammonia plasma, an increased number of polar functional groups and improved wetting behaviour, i.e. hydrophilicity, of wet surfaces was detected. The number of polar surface functional groups increased (hence the decrease in water contact angles) with increasing exposure time to plasma. The change in surface composition and wettablility of wet polymer constructs was characterised by zeta potential and contact angle measurements. The hydrophobic recovery of the treated PDLLA polymer surfaces was also studied. Storage of the treated polymer constructs in ambient air caused an appreciable hydrophobic recovery, whereas in water only partial hydrophobic recovery occurred. However, in both cases the initial surface characteristics decay as function of time. KW - Scaffold KW - Polyactic acid KW - Plasma KW - Surface modification KW - Contact angle KW - Wettability hydrophilicity PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.078 SN - 0142-9612 VL - 26 IS - 36 SP - 7537 EP - 7547 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-11487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherz, Franziska A1 - Krop, U. A1 - Monks, K. A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Antikörperreinigung mit Glasmonolithen - Vereinfachung von Affinitätstrennungen mit HPLC-Systemen JF - GIT Labor-Fachzeitschrift N2 - Druckstabile Glasmonolithen ermöglichen eine schnelle und unkomplizierte Reinigung von Antikörpern, z.B. aus Serum oder Zellkulturüberständen. Die sehr gute Regenerierbarkeit lässt eine lange Lebensdauer der Säulen erwarten, was die Kosten pro Probe niedrig hält. KW - Borosilicatglas KW - Immunglobuline KW - IgG KW - Serum KW - Plasma KW - Protein A KW - Protein G KW - Affinitätschromatographie KW - Agarose KW - Carrier-Material KW - Stationäre Phase KW - Immobilisierung KW - Highspeed KW - Trennung KW - Reinigung KW - Downstream Processing PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-445330 UR - http://www.git-labor.de/forschung/materialien/antikoerperreinigung-mit-glasmonolithen SN - 0016-3538 VL - 62 IS - 3 SP - 24 EP - 25 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-44533 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shabanov, Sergej V. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Anions in laser-induced plasmas N2 - The equation of state for plasmas containing negative atomic and molecular ions (anions) is modeled. The model is based on the assumption that all ionization processes and chemical reactions are at local thermal equilibrium and the Coulomb interaction in the plasma is described by the Debye–Hu¨ckel theory. In particular, the equation of state is obtained for plasmas containing the elements Ca, Cl, C, Si, N, and Ar. The equilibrium reaction constants are calculated using the latest experimental and ab initio data of spectroscopic constants for the molecules CaCl2, CaCl, Cl2, N2, C2, Si2 , CN, SiN, SiC, and their positive and negative ions. The model is applied to laserinduced plasmas (LIPs) by including the equation of state into a fluid dynamic numerical model based on the Navier–Stokes equations describing an expansion of LIP plumes into an ambient gas as a reactive viscous flow with radiative losses. In particular, the formation of anions Cl-, C-, Si-, Cl2, Si2, C2 , CN-, SiC-, and SiN- in LIPs is investigated in detail. KW - Plasma modeling KW - Plasma KW - LIBS PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0175-8 VL - 2016 SP - Article Number: 676 PB - Applied Physics A, Springer AN - OPUS4-38771 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shelley, J.T. A1 - Stindt, Arne A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Engelhard, C. T1 - Time-resolved mass-spectral characterization of ion formation from a low-frequency, low-temperature plasma probe ambient ionization source JF - Journal of analytical atomic spectrometry N2 - New-found interest in the development of ionization sources for mass spectrometry, inspired by the advent of ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, has led to a resurgence in plasma-source development and characterization. Dielectric-barrier discharges, particularly the low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe format, have been at the forefront of this field due to their low power consumption and relatively simple design. However, better fundamental understanding of this desorption/ionization source is needed to improve the analytical capabilities of such a device. Here, we use relatively fast (2.5 ms per spectrum) time-resolved mass spectrometry to characterize the temporal reagent-ion distribution from a low-frequency LTP probe. Different voltage waveforms were found to heavily influence the discharge properties and, consequently, ion production. Ion signals from short discharge pulses, ca. 40 µs, were found to be significantly broadened, ca. 10 ms, prior to extraction into the mass spectrometer. Additionally, higher frequencies of a sine-wave LTP produced the largest flux of reagent ions, which existed for most of the voltage waveforms. Finally, temporal signals for reagent and analyte ions were measured and related to specific ionization processes: proton transfer and charge transfer. KW - Time resolved KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Time of flight KW - Dielectric barrier discharge KW - Plasma KW - Atmospheric-pressure KW - Emission-spectrometry KW - Surface treatment PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ja50318f SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 359 EP - 366 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-30404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Decker, Renate A1 - Roessner, D. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Influence of Plasma Treatment on the Molar Mass of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Investigated by Different Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Methods JF - Journal of polymer science A, polymer chemistry N2 - The influence of different types of low and atmospheric pressure plasma on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been studied in terms of changes in molar mass and molar mass distribution. Apart from a variation of plasma gases (oxygen, helium) different types of plasma (microwave, radio frequency, corona discharge) were used for the plasma surface modification. The changes in molar mass and types of functional end groups of lower molar mass products were investigated by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), whereas the high-molar mass fraction was analyzed by means of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The formation of crosslinked products during exposure to a helium plasma, which emits preponderately energy-rich and intense ultraviolet radiation, was proved by means of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF). This method combined with a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector allows detection of weakly crosslinked polymers and microgels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1639-1648, 1998 KW - Poly(ethylene terephthalate) KW - PET KW - Plasma PY - 1998 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/36482/ABSTRACT DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980730)36:10<1639::AID-POLA17>3.0.CO;2-H SN - 0360-6376 SN - 0887-624X VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 1639 EP - 1648 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-6989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - You, Yi A1 - Bierstedt, Andreas A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - Spatial, temporal, and spectral characterization and kinetic investigations of a high repetition-rate laser-induced micro-plasma in air JF - Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry N2 - Advances in laser-induced plasmas have enabled various rapid and simple analytical applications. Especially, their uses in the analyses of condensed-phase samples have drawn significant attention in the past few decades. Depending on the laser energy per pulse, various analytical goals can be achieved. Laser-induced airborne plasmas allow direct analysis of species in ambient air. Importantly, all of these applications are based on a fundamental understanding of the laser–medium interaction. Recent developments of diode-pumped solid-state lasers offer an alternative to conventional powerful, yet bulky lasers, which can specifically operate at high Repetition rates. Although these lasers deliver much lower power per pulse (mJ compared to mJ), the outstanding repetition rates offer significant improvement to meet statistical needs in some cases. In the present work, a mJ-laserinduced airborne plasma was characterized through optical emission analysis. By using a ns-timegated image detector coupled with specific bandpass filters, spatially, temporally, and spectrally resolved plasma images were recorded. Compared to conventional mJ-laser-induced plasmas, the one induced by mJ-lasers demonstrated unique features during its evolution. Specifically, measurements of the distribution of ionic and atomic species revealed distinctive energy/matter transfer processes during early ignition of the plasma. Meanwhile, dynamic investigations suggested subsequent matter transport in the later stage. KW - Laser-induced plasma KW - Plasma KW - DPSS-laser PY - 2019 UR - https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ja/c9ja00163h DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C9JA00163H SN - 0267-9477 VL - 34 IS - 8 SP - 1618 EP - 1629 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-48622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -