TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Polatidis, E. A1 - Čapek, J. A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Understanding the impact of texture on the micromechanical anisotropy of laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 N2 - The manufacturability of metallic alloys using laser-based additive manufacturing methods such as laser powder bed fusion has substantially improved within the last decade. However, local melting and solidification cause hierarchically structured and crystallographically textured microstructures possessing large residual stress. Such microstructures are not only the origin of mechanical anisotropy but also pose metrological challenges for the diffraction-based residual stress determination. Here we demonstrate the influence of the build orientation and the texture on the microstructure and consequently the mechanical anisotropy of as-built Inconel 718. For this purpose, we manufactured specimens with [001]/[011]-, [001]- and [011]/[111]-type textures along their loading direction. In addition to changes in the Young’s moduli, the differences in the crystallographic textures result in variations of the yield and ultimate tensile strengths. With this in mind, we studied the anisotropy on the micromechanical scale by subjecting the specimens to tensile loads along the different texture directions during in situ neutron diffraction experiments. In this context, the response of multiple lattice planes up to a tensile strain of 10% displayed differences in the load partitioning and the residual strain accumulation for the specimen with [011]/[111]-type texture. However, the relative behavior of the specimens possessing an [001]/[011]- and [001]-type texture remained qualitatively similar. The consequences on the metrology of residual stress determination methods are discussed. KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Tensile testing KW - Diffraction PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555840 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07499-9 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 2022 IS - 57 SP - 15036 EP - 15058 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-55584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - González-Doncel, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Dislocation substructures in pure aluminium after creep deformation as studied by electron backscatter diffraction N2 - In the present work, electron backscatter diffraction was used to determine the microscopic dislocation structures generated during creep (with tests interrupted at the steady state) in pure 99.8% aluminium. This material was investigated at two different stress levels, corresponding to the power-law and power-law breakdown regimes. The results show that the formation of subgrain cellular structures occurs independently of the crystallographic orientation. However, the density of these cellular structures strongly depends on the grain crystallographic orientation with respect to the tensile axis direction, with <111> grains exhibiting the highest densities at both stress levels. It is proposed that this behaviour is due to the influence of intergranular stresses, which is different in <111> and <001> grains. KW - Creep KW - Pure aluminium KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Cellular structures KW - Power law and power-law breakdown PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576722005209 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 55 SP - 860 EP - 869 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Copenhagen AN - OPUS4-55200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Rychlowski, L. A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Winkelmann, A. T1 - Crystallographic analysis of the lattice metric (CALM) from single electron backscatter diffraction or transmission Kikuchi diffraction patterns N2 - A new software is presented for the determination of crystal lattice parameters from the positions and widths of Kikuchi bands in a diffraction pattern. Starting with a single wide-angle Kikuchi pattern of arbitrary resolution and unknown phase, the traces of all visibly diffracting lattice planes are manually derived from four initial Kikuchi band traces via an intuitive graphical user interface. A single Kikuchi bandwidth is then used as reference to scale all reciprocal lattice point distances. Kikuchi band detection, via a filtered Funk transformation, and simultaneous display of the band intensity profile helps users to select band positions and widths. Bandwidths are calculated using the first derivative of the band profiles as excess-deficiency effects have minimal influence. From the reciprocal lattice, the metrics of possible Bravais lattice types are derived for all crystal systems. The measured lattice parameters achieve a precision of <1%, even for good quality Kikuchi diffraction patterns of 400 x 300 pixels. This band-edge detection approach has been validated on several hundred experimental diffraction patterns from phases of different symmetries and random orientations. It produces a systematic lattice parameter offset of up to ±4%, which appears to scale with the mean atomic number or the backscatter coefficient. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Lattice parameters KW - Radon transform PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527076 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576721004210 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 54 IS - Pt 3 SP - 1012 EP - 1022 AN - OPUS4-52707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Bala, P. T1 - Refined Calibration Model for Improving the Orientation Precision of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Maps N2 - For the precise determination of orientations in polycrystalline materials, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) requires a consistent calibration of the diffraction geometry in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the present paper, the variation of the projection center for the Kikuchi diffraction patterns which are measured by EBSD is calibrated using a projective transformation model for the SEM beam scan positions on the sample. Based on a full pattern matching approach between simulated and experimental Kikuchi patterns, individual projection center estimates are determined on a subgrid of the EBSD map, from which least-square fits to affine and projective transformations can be obtained. Reference measurements on single-crystalline silicon are used to quantify the orientation errors which result from different calibration models for the variation of the projection center. KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi diffraction KW - Projection center KW - Orientation precision PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509342 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122816 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 2816 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Winkelmann, A. T1 - Manual measurement of angles in backscattered and transmission Kikuchi diffraction patterns N2 - A historical tool for crystallographic analysis is provided by the Hilton net, which can be used for manually surveying the crystal lattice as it is manifested by the Kikuchi bands in a gnomonic projection. For a quantitative analysis using the Hilton net, the projection centre as the relative position of the signal source with respect to the detector plane needs to be known. Interplanar angles are accessible with a precision and accuracy which is estimated to be ≤0.3o. Angles between any directions, e.g. zone axes, are directly readable. Finally, for the rare case of an unknown projection-centre position, its determination is demonstrated by adapting an old approach developed for photogrammetric applications. It requires the indexing of four zone axes [uvw]i in a backscattered Kikuchi diffraction pattern of a known phase collected under comparable geometric conditions. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - EBSD KW - Angle measurement KW - Gnomonic projections KW - Kikuchi patterns PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507625 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720000692 VL - 53 SP - 435 EP - 443 AN - OPUS4-50762 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Eliezer, D. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Novel approach to image hydrogen distribution and related phase transformation in duplex stainless steels at the sub-micron scale N2 - The effect of electrochemical charging of hydrogen on the structure of a lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101® (EN 1.4162, UNS S32101) was examined by both Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron back-scatter diffraction. The goal is to correlate hydrogen concentration and induced structural changes. Chemical and structural characterizations were done for the same region at the sample's surface with sub-micron spatial resolution. Regions of interest were varying in size between 50 × 50 μm and 100 × 100 μm. The results show a phase transformation of austenite to mainly a defect-rich BCC and scarcely a HCP phase. The phase transformation occurred in deuterium rich regions in the austenite. KW - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - EBSD KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking KW - Data fusion KW - Lean duplex stainless steel PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.016 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 42 IS - 39 SP - 25114 EP - 25120 AN - OPUS4-42022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendt, U. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Heyse, H. T1 - Effect of crystal orientation on imaging contrast and sputter results during focused ion beam milling of Cu studied by FIB, EBSD, SEM, and AFM N2 - During focused ion beam microscopy (FIB) of crystalline materials imaging contrast and milling result are effected by orientation of the crystals with respect to the incident ion beam. This is due to the possibility of ion channeling along preferred crystal directions which effects the depth at which interaction between ions and specimen atoms takes place. As a result of channeling emission of ion induced secondary electrons (iiSE) and secondary ions (SI) as well as the sputter rate decreases. Theoretical channeling orientations and critical angles can be calculated. These effects have been studied quantitatively for polycrystalline recrystallized Cu as a typical model case. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - FIB KW - AFM KW - Crystal orientation PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927606061812 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 12 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 1302 EP - 1303 AN - OPUS4-38027 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Investigation of the competitive grain growth during solidification of single crystals of nickel-based superalloys N2 - The competitive growth of columnar grains in a single-grain selector, which is used for directional solidification of single-crystal blades from nickel-based superalloys, has been investigated by electron backscattered diffraction and local X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been found that the competitive grain growth in a starter block is determined by the crystallographic factor: rapidly growing grains with the axial orientation close to the [001] direction dominate in this part of the casting. For the competitive grain growth in a helicoidal separator, the geometric factor (the position of a grain at the input of the separator) is also important. The results obtained suggest that an appropriate geometry of the single-grain selector was chosen. In addition, the distribution of the orientations of columnar grains obtained by electron backscattered diffraction, can be used for approximate estimation of the yield of suitable (i.e., with the deviation of the axial orientation from the [001] direction within a specified tolerance) single-crystal blades. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Single crystal KW - Growth competition KW - Nickel alloy PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063774506040298 SN - 1063-7745 SN - 1562-689X VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - 710 EP - 714 AN - OPUS4-38028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glowacka, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Swiatnicki, W. A. T1 - EBSD study of corrosion fatigue of austenitic-ferritic steel N2 - Fatigue crack propagation investigations have been performed in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel H22N5M3 in air and during hydrogen charging, using various frequencies of loading. Strong differences of crack propagation velocity depending on the test conditions were noticed. Lower frequency with applied hydrogen charging led to the huge increase of crack propagation velocity compared to the tests performed in air. To understand such a behaviour in each case and characterize crack mode, the samples were observed using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). It was shown that in air, the fatigue crack propagation involved plastic deformation and the resulting cracks had ductile character. The presence of hydrogen led to more brittle mode of cracking. This effect was also connected with frequency of loading: lower frequency, which assured longer time for hydrogen-crack tip interaction, resulted in the highest crack propagation velocity and the brittle cracking mode with lower amount of plastic deformation. The performed observations indicated that the path of the crack went mostly transgranularly through both austenite and ferrite phases. Phase and grain boundaries were not the preferred paths for crack propagation. KW - Hydrogen KW - Embrittlement KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Steel PY - 2006 SN - 1733-3490 SN - 0004-0770 SN - 0860-7052 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reith, F. A1 - Fairbrother, L. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Wilhelmi, O. A1 - Clode, P. L. A1 - Gregg, A. O. A1 - Parsons, J. E. A1 - Wakelin, S. A. A1 - Pring, A. A1 - Hough, R. A1 - Southam, G. A1 - Brugger, J. T1 - Nanoparticle factories: Biofilms hold the key to gold dispersion and nugget formation N2 - Biofilms living on gold (Au) grains play a key role in the biogeochemical cycle of Au by promoting the dispersion of Au via the formation of Au nanoparticles as well as the formation of secondary biomorphic Au. Gold grains from Queensland, Australia, are covered by a polymorphic, organic-inorganic layer that is up to 40 μm thick. It consists of a bacterial biofilm containing Au nanoparticles associated with extracellular polymeric substances as well as bacterioform Au. Focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning through the biofilm revealed that aggregates of nanoparticulate Au line open spaces beneath the active biofilm layer. These aggregates (bacterioform Au type 1) resulted from the reprecipitation of dissolved Au, and their internal growth structures provide direct evidence for coarsening of the Au grains. At the contact between the polymorphic layer and the primary Au, bacterioform Au type 2 is present. It consists of solid rounded forms into which crystal boundaries of underlying primary Au extend, and is the result of dealloying and Ag dissolution from the primary Au. This study demonstrates that (1) microbially driven dissolution, precipitation, and aggregation lead to the formation of bacterioform Au and contribute to the growth of Au grains under supergene conditions, and (2) the microbially driven mobilization of coarse Au into nanoparticles plays a key role in mediating the mobility of Au in surface environments, because the release of nanoparticulate Au upon biofilm disintegration greatly enhances environmental mobility compared to Au complexes only. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Gold KW - Electron backscatter diffraction PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1130/G31052.1 VL - 38 IS - 9 SP - 843 EP - 846 PB - Geological Society of America AN - OPUS4-37995 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Interphase boundary characterization in duplex steel and iron meteorites using EBSD technique N2 - The properties of materials are mainly described by the orientation distribution of the crystalline phases in a material. Beside the so considered anisotropy also the grain as well as phase boundaries are of extreme importance for a whole string of properties, e.g. the strength of a material. On the example of the interface between fcc and bcc iron the discovered and derived models are discussed. Although the common models are based on the crystal lattice description, the atomic configuration on the interface is analysed. Since experimentally a wide spread of orientations data appears the consideration of the frequency distribution is proposed to find at least the main orientation relationship between fcc and bcc. High-indexed pole figures as well as the Euler subspace are introduced in order to increase the accuracy and to compare different measurements. For the sake of simplicity EBSD measurements on iron meteorites are used since they commonly consist of large fcc single crystals which transformed to a low and very specific number of bcc grains. In special cases the described procedure could also be used for steels. KW - Orientation relationships KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Steel KW - Iron meteorites KW - Kurdjumov-Sachs KW - Nishiyama-Wassermann PY - 2006 SN - 1733-3490 SN - 0004-0770 SN - 0860-7052 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 22 AN - OPUS4-38030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Glowacka, A. A1 - Wozniak, M. J. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Swiatnicki, W. A. T1 - Hydrogen induced phase transformations in austenitic-ferritic steel N2 - The hydrogen influence on the microstructure of the austenitic-ferritic Cr22-Ni5-Mo3 stainless steel was investigated. Cathodic hydrogen charging was performed electrochemically from aqueous solution of 0.1M H2SO4 with hydrogen entry promoter addition. The aim of this study was to reveal microstructural changes appearing during the hydrogen charging and particularly to clarify the occurrence of phase transformations induced by hydrogen. The specific changes in both phases of steel were observed. In the ferritic phase, strong increase of dislocation density was noticed. Longer time of hydrogen charging leaded also to the strips and twin plates formation in ferrite phase. In the austenitic phase, the generation of stacking faults, followed by the formation of α' martensite was remarked. KW - Steel KW - Hydrogen KW - Embrittlement KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - SEM PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.112.133 SN - 1662-9779 VL - 112 SP - 133 EP - 140 AN - OPUS4-38031 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Geist, V. T1 - A new method for the investigation of orientation relationships in meteoritic plessite N2 - The orientation relationship (OR) between the bcc and fcc phase in the plessite microstructure of the iron meteorites Watson, Agpalilik and Gibeon has been analysed in a scanning electron microscope using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). A very strong OR exists, independently on the analysed plessite type and the observed spreading of single orientation data. The agreement between the experimental orientation distribution and existing models varies for each meteorite. The black plessite in the Agpalilik corresponds to the Nishiyama-Wassermann model whereas the Duplex plessite of the Gibeon meteorite shows an OR close to the Kurdjumov-Sachs model. The Watson meteorite is strongly deformed so that a general OR is difficult to determine due to the blurred experimental orientation distribution. KW - Meteorite KW - Orientation relationship KW - Steel KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kurdjumov-Sachs KW - Nishiyama-Wassermann PY - 2004 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200310193 SN - 0023-4753 SN - 0232-1300 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 343 EP - 352 AN - OPUS4-38032 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Irrational orientation relationship derived from rational orientation relationships using EBSD data N2 - The determination of the orientation relationship (OR) between α-Fe matrix (bcc) and γ-Fe precipitates (fcc) is discussed using orientation data collected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The comparatively low accuracy of EBSD is compensated by the high number of measurements what allows a general statement regarding to the mean OR existing in a sample. The representation and discussion is realized on a part of the Bain zone in a {001} pole figure. A discussion of some selected rational OR which are commonly used for the phase boundary characterization between α and γ shows that the pole figures describing a transformation from γ → α are different to those for α → γ. A technique is proposed based on at least three misorientation angles between the experimental OR to the rational OR's as reference. For the misorientation angle distribution a refinement is applied to extract the mean values. They are used to detect the mean OR, what is also possible for only a few or even a single precipitate if the number of measurements describing the phase boundary is sufficiently high. KW - Orientation mapping KW - Orientation relationship KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kurdjumov-Sachs KW - Nishiyama-Wassermann KW - Misorientation PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711058 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 61 EP - 73 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-38009 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Gholinia, A. A1 - Konijnenberg, P. T1 - On the capability of revealing the pseudosymmetry of the chalcopyrite-type crystal structure N2 - The tetragonal crystal- structure type of chalcopyrites (chemical formula AIBIIICVI2) is a superstructure of sphalerite type. The c/a ratio differs generally from the ideal value 2, i.e., the crystal structure is pseudocubically distorted. For CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 thin films, simulations demonstrate that it is theoretically possible to reveal the tetragonality in electron backscatter-diffraction (EBSD) patterns for CuGaSe2, whereas it may not be possible for CuInSe2. EBSD experiments on CuGaSe2 thin films using the ”Advanced Fit” band-detection method show that it is possible to extract accurate misorientation-angle distributions from the CuGaSe2 thin film. Pole figures revealing the texture of the CuGaSe2 thin film are shown, which agree well with X-ray texture measurements from the same layer. KW - Pseudosymmetry KW - Chalcopyrite KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Pattern simulation KW - Pattern matching KW - Sphalerite PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711082 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 234 EP - 239 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-38003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Progress in dynamic EBSD pattern simulation N2 - EBSD is nowadays a common technique for the characterization of crystalline microstructures in scanning electron microscopy. The diffraction patterns are often interpreted by superimposing individual Kikuchi bands which are geometrically described by band edges derived from Braggs law. For the typically very simple crystal structures of technically applied materials, such a simplification of the Kikuchi pattern interpretation works sufficiently well, especially for orientation determinations as a main application of EBSD. The more complex crystal structures, however, are a challenge for EBSD indexing routines which in such cases often fail unpredictably. The use of only the intensities of single reflectors for a description of the Kikuchi band intensity and as a cut-off criterion for a pre-selection of the strongest bands are not satisfactory. Often the result will match too many phases, or there are certain deviations in the intensity prediction which must be adapted manually. This is already problematic if one is absolutely sure that the patterns are originating from the expected phase and it becomes a very questionable procedure for an unknown phase. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Dynamical simulation KW - Geometrical model KW - Kinematic approach KW - Intensity PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927610063324 VL - 16 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 62 EP - 63 PB - Microscopy Society of America AN - OPUS4-38000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sitzman, S. D. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Nowell, M. M. T1 - EBSD Pattern Quality and its Use in Evaluating Sample Surface Condition N2 - Modern EBSD systems perform diffraction pattern “quality” (PQ) calculations, essentially measurements of the contrast of the brighter bands in the pattern above background, for every pattern analyzed. Since the calculations are independent of EBSD indexing, data are generated from all points on the analyzed sample surface, regardless of indexability or the state of the material beneath. EBSD maps generated from PQ data are like microstructurally sensitive SEM images, collected at EBSD speeds and grid resolutions, with contrast arising from phase density, crystal structure, crystallographic orientation, grain boundary location, near-surface plastic strain, coating density/thickness, and to some extent topography. Grain boundaries and other aspects of sample microstructure are readily revealed, so the PQ map is a very useful characterization tool in its own right, and serves as a reference for EBSD maps generated from indexing-derived data, such as orientation, grain boundary character, phase distribution and strain maps. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Sample preparation KW - Pattern quality PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761005467X VL - 16 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 698 EP - 699 PB - Microscopy Society of America AN - OPUS4-37997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Payton, E. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Advanced EBSD Pattern Interpretation through Iterative Post-Processing N2 - Since the BSE signal depends on many factors, like the chemistry of the phase and the acceleration voltage, the size and position of the detector array is (slightly) different from phase to phase so that an (iterative) post-processing of the stored patterns is highly recommended. The derived BSE signal can be used for phase assignment in high resolution and high speed maps when EBSD fails and/or EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) needs too much time for a suitable and parallel signal acquisition. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Phase identification KW - Microstructure KW - SEM PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613005631 VL - 19 IS - Suppl. 2 SP - 728 EP - 729 AN - OPUS4-37986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heide, K. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Völksch, G. A1 - Heide, G. T1 - Boracite Mg3[B7O13Cl] from the Zechstein salt deposits N2 - Among the borates in the Middle European Zechstein Salt Succession boracite Mg3[B7O13Cl] is the most common mineral in quantity and local distribution. An exceptional enrichment is observed in Stassfurt Serie Z2) in the Stassfurth seam K2H. Boracite is to be found in two varieties: individual crystals in cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit on the one hand and fibrous crystals so-called “stassfurtite” on the other hand. The formation conditions such widely spread borates in the salt succession are ambiguous in two respects. First of all the synthetic formation of boracites is to be made by hydrothermal or melt conditions. Both processes can be suspended for the salt succession. Furthermore the cubic modification is stable above 265°C for the Mg-boracite. The cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit could be used as a geothermometer, but such conditions can be exclude by the paragenetic minerals, esp. carnallite (MgKCl3 x 6H2O). The chemical composition of orthorhombic, pseudo-cubic boracite depends on the location. Pure Mg-boracite in hexahedral habit and in fibrous habit, so-called “stassfurtite”, occurs in the North Harz region, whereas the Fe-, Mn-, Mg-boracite appears in the South Harz region. Until now the source of boron, the time of formation of crystals, but also the reasons for the differences in habit of the single hexahedral crystals are still unclear. The formation during a diagenetic/metamorphic process is evident. However, the preferred formation in Stassfurt seam could be an indication for the boron enrichment in an early diagenetic process. Furthermore permit the determination of the thermal stability and the volatile content of crystals conclusions to the chemical composition of the fluid. The observed variation suggests that the condition of crystal growth as well as the chemical composition of fluid repeatedly changed over the time. Randomly occuring xenomorpheous anhydrite and magnesite inclusions within single boracite crystals have been interpreted as an indication to factors of chemical milieu during the formation of crystals. The reversible phase transition temperature of the boracite is a linearly function of the iron and manganese content and varies from 265°C for Mg-boracite to 330°C for Fe(Mn)-boracite. The thermal decomposition of boracite is determined by two processes. The decomposition started with a boron-chlorine release (BOCl?), having a maximum rate at 1050°C. Additionally to this release one observes a simultaneous emission of H2O, HCl, HF, CO2 , N2 , SO2 , H2 , and hydro carbons. The results give evidence for the aged approach of a secondary formation of boracite within the complete Stassfurt seam, possibly in connection with the formation of salt diapirs in the Jura and Cretaceous period. The wider environmental distribution of borates is an indication of chemical transport processes within the salt succession. This should be a more important issue in the discussion about the utilisation of salt diapirs for the storage of nuclear waste. KW - Borate KW - Boracite KW - Thermal behaviour KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.2013.1633 VL - 228 SP - 467 EP - 475 PB - Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München AN - OPUS4-37982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Payton, E. T1 - Messengers from Space: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigation N2 - The macro- and microstructure of iron meteorites provide valuable insights into both the inner structure of our planet and the history of our solar system. High speed collision events in the asteroid belt send the meteorites careening toward Earth. The collisions produce unique deformation microstructures. With cooling rates on the scale of a few degrees per million years, iron meteorites can consist of crystal sizes on the order of meters prior to the collision events. These extremely slow cooling rates result in phase transformations occurring at conditions near thermodynamic equilibrium. Preserving meteorite fragments is important for future studies of phase transformations, material behavior at high strain rates, and the origin of the universe. KW - Meteorite KW - Phase identification KW - Hibbingite KW - Orientation relationship KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy KW - EDX PY - 2013 IS - 3 SP - 2 EP - 4 PB - GIT Verlag AN - OPUS4-37981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -