TY - JOUR A1 - Ibrahim, Ahmed A. S. A1 - Bochmann, Arne A1 - Löhnert, Romy A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Wilde, Lutz A1 - Capraro, Beate A1 - Stelter, Michael A1 - Töpfer, Jörg T1 - Performance Enhancement of Ca3Co4O9‐based Transverse Multilayer Thermoelectric Generators for Low‐Power Applications N2 - Transverse thermoelectric generators (TTEG) enable conversion of thermal into electrical energy with perpendicular directions of the applied temperature gradient and the induced thermoelectric voltage. We report on the fabrication of transverse multilayer thermoelectric generators (TMLTEG) based on p‐type Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) ceramic tapes and printed silver which were conventionally sintered (CS) in air at 920°C or using pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) at 920°C and 1.5 MPa. The thermoelectric performance of TMLTEGs was evaluated using analytical calculations and simulations. The transverse thermoelectric power factor and thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit of an artificial layered structure composed of CCO and silver were calculated and simulated as functions of layers tilt angle φ and metal‐to‐ceramic thickness ratio. TMLTEG devices with various CCO layer thicknesses of 150 µm, 100 µm, or 33 µm were fabricated and cofired at 920°C in air, which exhibit power outputs of 2.3 mW, 3.2 mW, and 4.1 mW at ΔT = 160 K, respectively. TMLTEGs which were cofired using PAS show a higher power density of 16.4 mW/cm3 at ΔT = 225 K. This enhancement in power (≈ 80%) is crucial for thermoelectric modules comprising multiple TMLTEG devices. The device measurements were compared with 3D simulations. KW - Ceramic multilayer KW - Thermoelectric generator KW - Pressure-assisted sintering PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657868 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70656 SN - 0002-7820 VL - 109 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC. AN - OPUS4-65786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riechers, Birte A1 - Pekin, Thomas C. A1 - Luo, Xin-Yu A1 - Sun, Yonghao A1 - Koch, Christoph T. A1 - Derlet, Peter M. A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - Spatial distribution and connectivity of medium-range order signatures in a metallic glass probed with simulated and experimental 4DSTEM N2 - challenge. Here, we assess the statistical signature of local diffraction symmetries and their spatial distribution obtained with transmission electron microscopy in both experimentally cast Pd-based MGs and simulated binary model glasses. A detailed analysis of diffraction symmetries from the model glass shows that microstructural coarsening is dominated by icosahedra and Frank–Kasper polyhedra. While symmetries for these motifs are less significant for the laboratory-cast Pd-based glass, clear signatures of symmetry-cluster coarsening as a function of relaxation state are observed in both experiments and simulations, without any indications for crystallization. These findings give support for a qualitatively similar evolution of a glassy microstructure at the medium-range order length scale during glass relaxation. KW - Metallic glass KW - TEM KW - Molecular dynamics simulations KW - Glass structure PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657772 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186631 SN - 0925-8388 VL - 1058 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar A1 - Dufrenoy, Philippe A1 - Magnier, Vincent T1 - Rationalizing the microstructure interplay in the thermal conductivity of a metal matrix composite via 3D imaged-based finite element modeling N2 - The thermal performance of metallic brake lining materials plays a decisive role in the safety and efficiency of high-speed railway braking systems. In this study, a combined experimental–numerical methodology is developed to rationalize the influence of microstructural constituents on the effective thermal conductivity of a sintered metal matrix composite (MMC) brake lining. Laser Flash Analysis (LFA) is first employed to determine the thermal conductivity of some individual constituents as well as that of reference composites. X-ray CT (XCT) provides three-dimensional reconstructions of the microstructure that are subsequently used to generate realistic image-based finite element meshes. The unknown thermal conductivities of the graphite particles are identified through a Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU) scheme, where numerical predictions of the effective conductivity are iteratively matched to LFA measurements. These findings highlight the strong anisotropy of graphite particles and their favored orientation after compaction, which governs heat transport pathways. Moreover, the presence of intra-, inter-, and inter-connectivity porosity within and around the graphite is shown to significantly reduce the transverse conductivity, rationalizing the discrepancy between the FEM predictions and experimental values. Overall, the proposed approach demonstrates how combining LFA, XCT and FEMU enables the identification of constituent-level conductivities and provides new insights into the microstructure/thermal-property relationships of MMC brake linings. KW - Brake lining material KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Graphite particles KW - Laser flash analysis (LFA) KW - X-ray computed tomography (XCT) KW - 3D finite element model updating (FEMU) PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657756 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931026004114?via%3Dihub DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128735 SN - 0017-9310 VL - 264 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miyata, Ayana A1 - Tokuda, Shun A1 - Kuzumoto, Mako A1 - Lee, Guan-Sian A1 - Yamashita, Masataka A1 - Nishiguchi, Taichi A1 - Negoro, Masaki A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Chan, Yi-Tsu A1 - Kanamori, Kazuyoshi A1 - Urayama, Kenji A1 - Sugimoto, Kunihisa A1 - Furukawa, Shuhei T1 - One-Dimensional van der Waals Porous Fibrils Assembled from Metal–Organic Polyhedra N2 - Supramolecular systems exhibit collective functions that emerge from the hierarchical assembly of individual molecular building blocks. Metal−organic polyhedra (MOPs) are a class of functional supramolecular architectures with well-defined molecular geometry and an intrinsic cavity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in assembling MOPs into extended networks to create porous solids. However, most reported MOP assemblies are limited to three-dimensional networks, which, owing to their high-dimensional connectivity, hinder effective stress dissipation and render them brittle under mechanical stress. Here, we report the one-dimensional (1D) self-assembly of MOPs into supramolecular polymeric aerogels that combine permanent microporosity with exceptional mechanical flexibility. The reaction between amino acid-functionalized naphthalenediimide (NDI) linkers and copper salts led to the synthesis of octahedral copper-based MOPs, followed by their spontaneous self-assembly to form supramolecular gels. The corresponding aerogels converted from the gels possessed uniform 1D fibrillar networks (14.8 ± 2.2 nm in width) with intrinsic microporosity derived from individual MOP cavities. The aerogel endured 87% compressive strain without fracture, demonstrating distinct ductility. Furthermore, these fibrils in the supramolecular gels were converted to crystals after 2 weeks. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that MOPs are arranged via face-to-face interaction between octahedral MOPs to form a 1D helical chain structure. An analysis of the self-assembly process using Hansen solubility parameters unveiled that solvent conditions with high polarity and low dispersion interaction drive the formation of anisotropic assemblies. This work provides a new strategy for tailoring the mechanical properties of supramolecular materials through dimensional control of their assemblies. KW - Aerogels KW - Crystals KW - Metal organic frameworks KW - Nanofibers KW - Solvents KW - X-ray scattering KW - SAXS KW - Nanostructure KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c21654 SN - 0002-7863 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - American Chemical Society (ACS) AN - OPUS4-65776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Harrab, H. A1 - Askar, E. A1 - Franken, T. A1 - Mauss, F. T1 - Investigation of the impact of base oils on the auto-ignition behavior of hydrogen–air mixtures N2 - Using hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs) poses several challenges that have yet to be resolved. One issue is the difficulty of controlling combustion, arising from the interaction of lubricant oil during the combustion process. This study examines the effect of lubricant oil on hydrogen's ignition behavior by measuring the minimum auto-ignition temperature (AIT) using a heated constant-volume autoclave at 20 bar. AIT measurements were performed in air and stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixtures to evaluate the effect of the base oil on ignition characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that auto-ignition of a small volume of 0.2 ml in a total volume of 200 ml of base oil significantly altered the ignitability of H2, reducing the AIT of a stoichiometric H2-air mixture from 460 °C to 270 °C. Further increases in base oil volume up to 1 ml result in a further decrease in AIT in both air (260 – 240 °C) and H2-air mixtures (270 – 250 °C), indicating the need for further investigation into whether this suggests a higher risk of pre-ignition in H2 ICEs. Four common base oils – two mineral oils (Groups II and III) and two synthetic oils (Groups IV (polyalphaolefin) and V (ester)) – were tested to assess their ignition characteristics. The experimental results revealed that all four base oils exhibited similar AITs in air (260 °C) and in hydrogen–air mixtures (270 °C). However, their reactivity differed at a given temperature and pressure; the synthetic oils were less reactive than the mineral oils. Of the synthetic oils tested, the ester base oil exhibited the lowest reactivity, reflected in its longer ignition delay time. Additionally, a numerical investigation was conducted in an adiabatic, constant-volume reactor to examine the impact of base oil surrogates on H2 ignition across the temperature range. The simulated results showed that the base oil surrogates are more reactive than H2 at low temperatures. Of these tested oils, the ester showed the lowest reactivity at a given temperature and pressure, indicating its beneficial potential as a base lubricant for hydrogen engines. KW - Reactivity KW - Hydrogen KW - Pre-ignition KW - Auto-ignition temperature KW - Base oil KW - Ignition delay time PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657683 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154564 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 226 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blaeß, Carsten A1 - Boccaccini, Aldo R. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - CuO nanocrystal formation during sintering of Cu-doped bioactive silicate glass powder surfaces N2 - CuO nanocrystals were found to grow on polished, fractured, and glass powder particle surfaces of the copper-doped bioactive glass BG F3-Cu (44.8 SiO2–2.5 P2O3–35.5 CaO–6.6 Na2O–6.6 K2O–3 CaF2–1 CuO; mol%). Our results indicate that this CuO formation is driven by an inhibited Cu+/Cu2+ redox equilibrium. Since Cu2+ (CuO) is unstable during melting, a Cu+ (Cu2O) excess is frozen during cooling. Due to the limited oxygen availability, Cu + diffuses to the surface to get oxidized to Cu2+. Such oxidation, however, also occurs close beneath the melt surface during casting. As this reduces the CuO formation driving force, no CuO was found on the as-cast glass surface. The large low-temperature driving force of Cu oxidation also explains why CuO nanocrystals can easily grow during prolonged annealing well below the onset of the dominating surface crystallization of combeite during heating at 10 K/min. The minor influence of CuO surface crystal formation on sintering and overall crystallization allows for its control largely independent of the achievable densification and phase composition of the sintered BG compacts. KW - Bioactive glass KW - Copper oxide KW - surface crystals PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.03.017 SN - 0272-8842 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Yang, Fan A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Porosity prediction in laser beam welding with a multimodal physics-informed machine learning framework N2 - Laser beam welding (LBW) of metallic components is a knowledge‑intensive manufacturing process whose quality depends on the complex multi‑physics. However, its engineering application is often hindered by the occurrence of porosity defects. Achieving a thorough understanding and reliable prediction of porosity defects remains difficult because it demands robust representation and reasoning over nonlinear and hard‑to‑observe physical information. In this study, we propose an integrated multimodal physics-informed machine learning (PIML) framework with the help of multi-physical modelling and experimental data to predict the porosity defects in laser beam welding of aluminum alloys. The whole framework contains a multimodal PIML model for predicting the porosity ratio and an ML-based estimator for relevant physical information. By utilizing the scalar welding parameters and high-dimensional physical information (probability of keyhole collapses, cumulative existing time of collapses, and molten pool geometry) as inputs, the multimodal PIML model shows great superiority in predicting the porosity ratio, with a reduction of the mean square error by 45%, compared with the ML model trained only with welding parameters. The ML-based estimator constructed with an encoder‐decoder architecture can accurately reproduce the critical physical information within a timeframe of seconds. By integrating these two ML models, the proposed framework advances engineering informatics by offering a scalable, physics-knowledge‑centric solution for fast and accurate porosity prediction in LBW manufacturing. KW - Laser beam welding KW - Porosity defect KW - Physics-informed machine learning KW - Multimodal model KW - Simulation PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657589 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2026.104611 SN - 1474-0346 VL - 74 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65758 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bayat, Mehmet Emin A1 - Nandayapa, Edgar R. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Unger, Eva L. A1 - List-Kratochvil, Emil J. W. T1 - An operando spectroscopic examination of the influence of trace humidity on interdigital back contact metal halide perovskite solar cells N2 - Controlling trace humidity is vital for both the fabrication and long-term stability of metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells. Relevant humidity levels are typically below 10 ppmV, especially in glovebox-based processing and in well-encapsulated devices. Even minute amounts during fabrication can influence crystallization, introducing defects and lowering efficiency. Over time, humidity accelerates degradation of the perovskite layer and internal interfaces, ultimately reducing operational lifetime. Probing these effects at low concentrations under operando conditions is therefore essential for advancing device performance and durability. In this work, we employed a high-precision transfer standard dew point hygrometer to investigate humidity levels between 5 and 35 ppmV in non-encapsulated MHP solar cells. To permit unobstructed water migration during operation, we fabricated interdigital back contact devices. Operando measurements revealed water transport through the perovskite layer and enabled quantification of outgassing. Under trace-humidified conditions, devices exhibited initial charge-carrier quenching, followed by gradual recovery. Notably, the photocurrent response to humidified nitrogen demonstrated that the MHP layer behaves fully reversibly within the explored timescale and across the investigated humidity levels and conditions. These findings establish a systematic operando framework for examining extrinsic stressors in perovskites and highlight opportunities for assessing passivation strategies. KW - Metal halide perovskite KW - IBC solar cells KW - In operando KW - Extrinsic stressors KW - Fabrication and encapsulation KW - Trace humidity KW - Two-site Stern-Volmer KW - Charge-carrier quenching PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657560 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D6TA01295G SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-65756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pedersen, Angus A1 - Zhu, Jinjie A1 - Barrio, Jesús A1 - Parker, Joseph A1 - Hunter, Robert D. A1 - Haigh, Sarah J. A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L. A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena T1 - Contribution of Mg-templated porosity to activity and durability in Fe–N–C O 2 reduction catalysts N2 - Atomically dispersed Fe in N-doped carbon (Fe–N–C) catalysts are leading platinum-group-metal-free candidates for the O2 reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived Fe–N–C present the most promising performance; however, they possess a narrow distribution of small micropores, which limits active site accessibility. Here, to induce hierarchical porosity in Fe–N–C, we report a systematic study on MgCl2·6H2O-templated ZIF-8-derived Fe–N–C catalysts for the O2 reduction reaction. MgCl2·6H2O addition induced complete Zn removal, collapse of the ZIF-8 framework, and formation of large micro- and mesopores, with graphene-like structures. N content was markedly reduced, with conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic N species. Rotating disc electrode tests showed a progressive increase in O2 reduction activity with MgCl2·6H2O, which is strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98) to the formation of large micropores and small mesopores (1–4 nm). This introduces an indirect structure–activity design principle for Fe–N–Cs. The enhanced Fe–N–C porosity also leads to increased degradation rates under accelerated stress test conditions, which we attributed to the oxidation of disordered carbon domains and active Fe loss. This study highlights a key trade-off between porosity-driven O2 reduction activity and durability in Fe–N–C catalysts. KW - Porosity KW - Single atom KW - Oxygen reduction PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657549 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma01488c SN - 2633-5409 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65754 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelking, Lorenz A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kruse, Julius A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Strength of a Low Alloy Steel N2 - The milling process significantly influences the surface integrity of metallic components through machining induced near surface residual stresses. Modern hybrid machining processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), offer the potential to induce beneficial near-surface compressive residual stresses compared to the near-surface tensile residual stresses typically resulting from conventional milling (CM). This study investigates the effects of USAM compared to CM on the near-surface residual stress state and fatigue performance of a S355J2C low-alloy steel. Milling experiments and subsequent rotating bending tests revealed that USAM significantly reduces cutting force by approximately 45% and induces near-surface compressive re sidual stresses as low as −733MPa. This leads to a significant improvement in fatigue strength estimated in approximately 34% compared to polished specimens and 11% compared to the CM. These findings highlight the potential of USAM to enhance the fatigue performance of components made of steel. KW - Fatigue strength KW - Residual stress KW - Surface integrity KW - Surface roughness KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657358 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.70259 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-65735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pérez-Padilla, Víctor A1 - Burnage, Samual C. A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Valderrey, Virginia A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Detection of Perfluoroalkylic Acids From Water Using a Guanidine-Based Fluorescent Probe and Microfluidic Droplet Extraction N2 - Perfluoroalkylic acids (PFAAs), a subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are stable, widely used industrial compounds posing environmental concerns due to their persistence and toxicity. Regulatory actions and remediation strategies necessitate effective onsite analytical methods for PFAS management. We developed an optical sensing system using a fluorescent probe with a benzoxadiazole core and guanidine receptor in a droplet-based microfluidic assay to detect PFAAs in water samples with low detection limits. The PFAAs binding enhances the probe's fluorescence in organic media through protonation-mediated hydrogen bond-assisted ion pairing, exploiting two complementary supramolecular forces. Direct detection employs a liquid-liquid extraction protocol in the microfluidic device, achieving detection limits for PFOA and PFOS down to ≥0.5 µm, with a dynamic range up to 200 µm for sample volumes <100 µL. HCl/KCl buffering facilitates analyte desalting and phase transfer for quantitation from surface water. Additionally, we developed a method involving a thin polymer layer of the probe and a crosslinker on submicron silica particles for direct detection of PFAAs in water. Our approaches provide sensitive, direct recognition and indication of PFAAs, advancing the field beyond indirect sensing and offering improved background suppression, rapid assay times, and a modular design for targeting other PFAS subclasses. KW - PFAS KW - Fluorescence KW - Microfluidics KW - Droplet Extraction PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657330 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.70145 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-65733 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Simon A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Chen, Zhimin A1 - Vogel, Kristin A1 - Benner, Philipp T1 - A high-resolution spatiotemporal wildfire propagation dataset for the Mediterranean and Europe N2 - Wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe under the influence of climate change, posing increasing risks to ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure. Accurate spatiotemporal data on wildfire propagation is essential for advancing fire behavior modeling, improving management strategies, and mitigating future impacts. However, existing datasets with both high spatial and temporal resolution are rare, costly, and time-consuming to produce. To address this gap, we present FireSpread_MedEU, a dataset comprising 320 consecutive burned area maps from 103 wildfire events across the Mediterranean and Europe between 2017 and 2023. Burned areas were derived from high-resolution Planet optical satellite imagery (~3 m spatial, mostly daily temporal resolution) using a semi-automated workflow, followed by manual refinement to ensure highest accuracy. Each dataset entry is enriched with detailed metadata and a subjective quality assessment. With its high level of spatiotemporal precision, FireSpread_MedEU provides essential data for the development and validation of machine learning models or wildfire simulation models. It opens new research opportunities in wildfire behavior analysis, risk assessment, and predictive modeling. KW - Wildfire KW - Remote Sensing KW - Data PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657294 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06965-2 SN - 2052-4463 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Devi, Sarita A1 - Goel, S. A1 - Rani, S. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf J. A1 - Rohilla, R. A1 - Kumari, Surbhi A1 - Prabhakar, N. T1 - MOF-metal nanohybrid-assisted charge transfer amplification for electrochemical biosensing of the MUC1 cancer biomarker N2 - Cancer is a severe disease characterized by high mortality and complex pathophysiology; however, its early and accurate diagnosis remains inadequate. Conventional diagnostic approaches often fall short, particularly for dense tissues, and are frequently invasive, costly, and of limited availability. This reinforces the need for a compact, economical, and ultrasensitive assay that is operationally simple and interpretable. We present an efficient electrochemical detection platform for the cancer biomarker mucin 1 (MUC1). A fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surface was modified with an iron-based metal–organic framework (FeMOF) intercalated with palladium nanorods (PdNR). FeMOF was prepared using Fe3+/Fe2+ precursors at a 1.2/1 mmol ratio and dual ligands, i.e. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. AntiMUC1 antibodies were immobilized on a modified electrode via p-phenylenediamine (PDA) (FTO/FeMOF@PdNR/PDA/antiMUC1Ab) and evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetry. The designed sensor demonstrated an excellent binding affinity for the MUC1 antigen. Among these techniques, the EIS method stands out for its technical performance, as evidenced by the high sensitivity (detection limit 0.074 fg mL−1), quantification limit 0.24 fg mL−1, and high analytical sensitivity (1.39 × 103 Ω fg−1 mL−1 cm−2). The negligible cross-reactivity with interferent biomolecules, rapid response (10-minute equilibrium), regenerability up to 5 cycles, high reproducibility (RSD ∼1–3%), and long-term stability (up to 35 days) further validate the suitability of the proposed MUC1 immunosensor. This study presents an ultrasensitive biosensor that is compact, cost-effective, and easy for individuals at home to use after further development into a kit-based end product. Moreover, its excellent functionality for spiked serum samples shows promise for next-generation clinical diagnostics. KW - Antibodies KW - Metal-organic framework KW - Immunoassay PY - 2026 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D6AN00018E SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-65726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Thorsten A1 - Goerdeler, Cornelius A1 - El-Khatib, Ahmed H. A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Bruer, Gustav G. A1 - Abraham, Klaus A1 - Monien, Bernhard T1 - Characterization and quantitation of urinary metabolites of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in rats N2 - Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are heat-induced contaminants formed from fats and sodium chloride. The mode of action for the 3-MCPD mediated induction of renal tubule neoplasms in rats is still unclear, which is in part due to lacking metabolism data. In the current study, urinary metabolites were identified by one- and two-dimensional 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry following oral administration of 3-MCPD or [13C3]3-MCPD in rats. In addition to 3-MCPD itself, nine metabolites were identified. Four of those, N-acetyl-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cysteine (DHPMA), 3-MCPD sulfate, β-chlorolactic acid (β-ClLA) and oxalic acid have been reported before. Five novel metabolites in rat urine were thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA), thionyldiglycolic acid (TNDGA), 3-MCPD glucuronide (at least three isomers), 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (CHPMA), and 3-(S-carboxymethyl)mercaptolactic acid (CMMLA). Only three metabolites were excreted at mean dose ratios > 1% (after treatment with 50 mg 3-MCPD/kg body weight in male and female rats), i.e. 3-MCPD (7.3%, 9.7%), DHPMA (3.5%, 1.7%) and TDGA (1.1%, 4.0%). The overall mean dose excretion in urine samples (males: 12.2%, females: 16.3%) supported hypotheses on formation of conjugates/adducts of reactive metabolites and the possibility that dechlorination leads to suitable building blocks for amino acid and fatty acid synthesis. The identification of TDGA indicated the interim formation 2-chloroacetaldehyde, previously identified to mediate specific nephrotoxic effects of the cytostatic ifosfamide in rats. KW - 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol KW - 3-MCPD KW - Metabolism KW - Urine PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657230 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-026-04318-x SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-65723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Battistella, Beatrice A1 - Revill, Adam A1 - Venzago, Cornel A1 - Hoffmann, Volker A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Abad, Carlos T1 - Depth-Resolved Lithium Isotope Fractionation as a Diagnostic of Interphase Evolution and Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries N2 - Lithium isotopic fractionation is well-established in dynamic geochemical systems; however, its role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains uninvestigated. Herein, we report the first depth-resolved demonstration that isotopic separation occurs during Li-ion cell operation whose magnitude depends on the cycling history. Using depth-resolved glow discharge mass spectrometry, we monitored the 7Li/6Li ratio in LiNi0.333Mn0.333Co0.333O2 (NMC111)||graphite coin cell electrodes at defined life-cycle stages. Different charging rates were examined to get mechanistic insight into kinetic and thermodynamic control in the fractionation process. Although pristine electrodes exhibit a uniform isotopic ratio, cycled electrodes show a distinct 7Li enrichment in the positive electrode and a corresponding accumulation of 6Li at the surface of the negative electrode. The degree of isotopic separation varies with the charging rate. Isotopic signatures correlate with capacity fading, indicating lithium isotope mapping as a sensitive diagnostic tool for tracking electrode degradation and the evolution of the electrode–electrolyte interphases in LIBs. KW - Lithium-Ion Battery KW - Li Isotopes KW - Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry GD-MS PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657229 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c0413737 SN - 2380-8195 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 2851 EP - 2857 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-65722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bijeljic, Jelena A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Concrete performance assessment based on gas permeability testing N2 - Designing of structures with medium to high performance requirements is a demanding and challenging engineering task. Depending on the location and type of the planned structure, various pre-testing methods should be applied. In recent decades, there has been a focus on the durability of concrete. Concrete is a porous material with a relatively thin protective cover layer, making it vulnerable to the penetration of external agents such as carbon dioxide. Gas permeability testing (kT), a relatively new non-destructive method (NDT), should therefore be considered. This paper presents results of gas permeability testing on a set of larger concrete samples made under controlled conditions with some paroperty variations order to find initial kT parameters important for quality assurance. KW - Concrete KW - Permeability KW - Durability KW - Torrent Tester PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.62683/ZRGAF41.2 SN - 3009-4674 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 23 PB - Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Nis AN - OPUS4-65715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bustamante, Joana A1 - Ghata, Anupama A1 - Naik, Aakash A. A1 - Ertural, Christina A1 - Ueltzen, Katharina A1 - Zeier, Wolfgang G. A1 - George, Janine T1 - Thermal transport in Ag8T S6(T = Si, Ge, Sn) argyrodites: an integrated experimental, quantum-chemical, and computational modelling study N2 - Argyrodite-type Ag-based sulfides combine exceptionally low lattice thermal and high ionic conductivity, making them promising candidates for thermoelectric and solid-state energy applications. In this work, we studied Ag8TS6 (T = Si, Ge, Sn) argyrodite family by combining chemical-bonding analysis, lattice vibrational properties simulation, and experimental measurements to investigate their structural and thermal transport properties. Furthermore, we propose a two-channel lattice-dynamics model based on Grüneisen-derived phonon lifetimes and compare it to an approach using machine-learned interatomic potentials. Both approaches are able to predict thermal conductivity in agreement with experimental lattice thermal conductivities along the whole temperature range, highlighting their potential suitability for future high-throughput predictions. Our findings also reveal a relationship between bond heterogeneity arising from weakly bonded Ag+ ions and occupied antibonding states in Ag–S and Ag–Ag interactions and strong anharmonicity, including large Grüneisen parameters, and low sound velocities, which are responsible for the low lattice thermal conductivity of Ag8SnS6, Ag8GeS6, and Ag8SiS6. We furthermore show that thermal and ionic conductivities in all three compounds are independent of each other and can likely be tuned individually. KW - Thermal Conductivity KW - Ionic Conductivity KW - Machine Learning KW - Materials Design KW - Microstructure KW - Bonding Analysis KW - Anharmonicity PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657076 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA08709K SN - 2050-7488 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-65707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tannenberg, Robert A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg A1 - Raab, Christopher A1 - Flemig, Sabine A1 - Döring, Sarah A1 - Ponader, Marco A1 - Thurmann, Melinda A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Simplified Sample Preparation and Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of Plant Viruses N2 - Lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) are widely used for on-site testing; however, their use for the rapid detection of plant viruses in the field is often limited by inconvenient sample preparation. Here, we present a new sampling method and a simplified dipstick LFA format for the detection and monitoring of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) as a model plant pathogen. The assay employs a monoclonal mouse antibody for capture and a poly-clonal rabbit antibody conjugated to 80 nm gold nanoparticles for detection. Conventional sample and conjugate pads are omitted, allowing the test strips to be dipped directly into wells containing plant extract and antibody–gold conjugate. No plastic casing was required, which could lead to a reduction in waste. It was shown that CCMV concentrations as low as 3.5 µg/L or 350 pg per sample could be reliably detected in 15 min. Specificity tests confirmed that other plant viruses, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), did not produce false-positive results. In addition, we describe a new method for on-site sampling using a manual punch and a syringe equipped with a frit. This step combines grinding the sample, extraction, filtration, and reconstitution and mixing of the antibody-gold conjugate, enabling the analysis of punched leaf disks without laboratory equipment. When applied to CCMV-infected cowpea plants, the assay revealed systemic infection before visual symptoms became apparent. This work demonstrates that simplified LFAs combined with innovative sampling techniques can provide sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostics for crop monitoring and support early intervention strategies in agriculture. N2 - Lateral-Flow-Immunoassays (LFAs) werden häufig für Vor-Ort-Tests eingesetzt; ihr Einsatz zum schnellen Nachweis von Pflanzenviren im Feld wird jedoch oft durch eine umständliche Probenvorbereitung eingeschränkt. Hier stellen wir eine neue Probenahmemethode und ein vereinfachtes Dipstick-LFA-Format zum Nachweis und zur Überwachung des Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) als Modellpflanzenpathogen vor. Der Test verwendet einen monoklonalen Maus-Antikörper zur Bindung und einen polyklonalen Kaninchen-Antikörper, der an 80-nm-Goldnanopartikel konjugiert ist, zum Nachweis. Herkömmliche Proben- und Konjugatpads entfallen, sodass die Teststreifen direkt in Vertiefungen getaucht werden können, die Pflanzenextrakt und das Antikörper-Gold-Konjugat enthalten. Es ist keine Kunststoffhülle erforderlich, was zu einer Reduzierung des Abfallaufkommens führen könnte. Es zeigte sich, dass CCMV-Konzentrationen von nur 3,5 µg/L oder 350 pg pro Probe innerhalb von 15 Minuten zuverlässig nachgewiesen werden konnten. Spezifitätstests bestätigten, dass andere Pflanzenviren, das Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) und das Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), keine falsch-positiven Ergebnisse lieferten. Darüber hinaus beschreiben wir eine neue Methode zur Probenahme vor Ort unter Verwendung eines manuellen Lochers und einer mit einer Fritte ausgestatteten Spritze. Dieser Schritt kombiniert das Zerkleinern der Probe, die Extraktion, die Filtration sowie die Rekonstitution und das Mischen des Antikörper-Gold-Konjugats und ermöglicht so die Analyse der ausgestanzten Blattscheiben ohne Laborausrüstung. Bei der Anwendung an mit CCMV infizierten Augenbohnenpflanzen zeigte der Assay eine systemische Infektion, bevor visuelle Symptome erkennbar wurden. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass vereinfachte LFAs in Kombination mit innovativen Probenahmetechniken eine sensitive, spezifische und schnelle Diagnostik für die Pflanzenüberwachung bieten und Strategien zur frühzeitigen Intervention in der Landwirtschaft unterstützen können. KW - Point-of-care diagnostics KW - Dipstick immunoassay KW - Pre-symptomatic detection KW - Precision agriculture KW - Integrated pest management KW - Crop health monitoring PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657039 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16020100 SN - 2079-6374 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basle, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-65703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Döring, Sarah A1 - Wulfes, Birte S. A1 - Atanasova, Aleksandra A1 - Jaeger, Carsten A1 - Walzel, Leopold A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg A1 - Flemig, Sabine A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Konthur, Zoltán A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Corundum Particles as Trypsin Carrier for Efficient Protein Digestion N2 - Reusable enzyme carriers are valuable for proteomic workflows, yet many supports are expensive or lack robustness. This study describes the covalent immobilization of recombinant trypsin on micrometer-sized corundum particles and assesses their performance in protein digestion and antibody analysis. The corundum surface was cleaned with potassium hydroxide, silanized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and activated with glutaraldehyde. Recombinant trypsin was then attached, and the resulting imines were reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride. Aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA) estimated an enzyme loading of approximately 1 µg/mg. Non-specific adsorption of human plasma proteins was suppressed by blocking residual aldehydes with a Tris-glycine-lysine buffer. Compared with free trypsin, immobilization shifted the temperature optimum from 50 to 60 °C and greatly improved stability in 1 M guanidinium hydrochloride. Activity remained above 80% across several reuse cycles, and storage at 4 °C preserved functionality for weeks. When applied to digesting the NISTmAb, immobilized trypsin provided peptide yields and sequence coverage comparable to soluble enzyme and outperformed it at elevated temperatures. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of Herceptin digests yielded fingerprint spectra that correctly identified the antibody and achieved 60% sequence coverage. The combination of low cost, robustness and analytical performance makes corundum-immobilized trypsin an attractive option for research and routine proteomic workflows. N2 - Wiederverwendbare Enzymcarrier sind für proteomische Arbeitsabläufe von großem Wert, doch viele Trägermaterialien sind teuer oder nicht robust genug. Diese Studie beschreibt die kovalente Immobilisierung von rekombinantem Trypsin auf mikrometergroßen Korundpartikeln und bewertet deren Leistungsfähigkeit beim Proteinverdau und der Antikörperanalyse. Die Korundoberfläche wurde mit Kaliumhydroxid gereinigt, mit 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilan silanisiert und mit Glutaraldehyd aktiviert. Anschließend wurde rekombinantes Trypsin gebunden, und die entstandenen Imine wurden mit Natriumcyanoborhydrid reduziert. Die aromatische Aminosäureanalyse (AAAA) ergab eine geschätzte Enzymbeladung von etwa 1 µg/mg. Die unspezifische Adsorption von menschlichen Plasmaproteinen wurde durch Blockierung der restlichen Aldehyde mit einem Tris-Glycin-Lysin-Puffer unterdrückt. Im Vergleich zu freiem Trypsin verschob die Immobilisierung das Temperaturoptimum von 50 auf 60 °C und verbesserte die Stabilität in 1 M Guanidiniumhydrochlorid erheblich. Die Aktivität blieb über mehrere Wiederverwendungszyklen hinweg bei über 80 %, und die Lagerung bei 4 °C bewahrte die Funktionalität über Wochen hinweg. Beim Verdau des NISTmAb lieferte das immobilisierte Trypsin Peptidausbeuten und Sequenzabdeckungen, die mit denen des löslichen Enzyms vergleichbar waren, und übertraf dieses bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Die MALDI-TOF-MS-Analyse von Herceptin-Verdauen ergab Fingerabdruck-Spektren, die den Antikörper korrekt identifizierten und eine Sequenzabdeckung von 60 % erreichten. Die Kombination aus niedrigen Kosten, Robustheit und analytischer Leistungsfähigkeit macht auf Korund immobilisiertes Trypsin zu einer attraktiven Option für die Forschung und routinemäßige proteomische Arbeitsabläufe. KW - Bottom-up proteomics KW - Solid-phase digestion KW - Biopharmaceutical analysis KW - Peptide mapping KW - Non-specific binding KW - amino acid analysis PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657021 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech15010002 SN - 2673-6284 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-65702 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raute, J. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Bhadeliya, A. A1 - Rehmer, B. A1 - Olbricht, J. A1 - Jokisch, T. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, M. T1 - Investigation on seam quality and fatigue crack propagation in electron beam welded additive manufactured Inconel 939 N2 - Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) offers great potential for the production of new and spare parts for stationary gas turbines made of nickel superalloys such as Inconel 939 (IN939). In order to enable integration into existing assemblies and overcome design limitations, the additive manufacturing process chain must be expanded by suitable joining techniques. This study compares the electron beam welding of cast IN939 sheets and sheets produced additively using PBF-LB/M. The investigation focuses on the achievable seam quality with regard to geometric irregularities and internal defects in the form of liquation cracks on the microscale in the heat-affected zone. The evaluation of the welded samples shows no differences in the formation of the seam shape between the additively manufactured material and the cast material. For both materials, the highest quality category for beam-welded seams according to DIN EN ISO 13,919–1 was achieved at high welding speeds of 20 mm/s. Regardless of the manufacturing method, both materials show an increase in crack formation with increasing welding speed. However, due to its microstructure, the PBF-LB/M material exhibits significantly fewer microcracks overall. Final crack propagation tests on welded PBF-LB/M samples that were treated using HIP also show stable crack growth without sudden failure, which opens up potential for practical application. KW - Electron beam welding KW - Inconel 939 KW - PBF-LB/M KW - Liquation cracking KW - Fatigue crack propagation PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2026.100389 SN - 2666-3309 VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65701 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -