TY - CONF A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Herz, A. A1 - Kreienmeyer, M. T1 - Design of a Drop Test Target with Reproducible Properties for Konrad Prototype Testing N2 - Beginning in 1976 the former iron ore mine Konrad was geologically investigated concerning its suitability as a location for a German final repository for low and intermediate level waste. After a comprehensive licensing procedure it was approved and is now being prepared and equipped for the planned start of storage in 2027. At the end of the 1980s, the requirements for waste containers for storage in this repository were defined for the first time on the basis of an incident analysis of the on-site handling procedures, beginning with the unloading of the packages after the arrival at the site up to the final positioning in the underground storage galleries. A 5-meter drop onto the rock ground of the mine was identified as the covering case for high mechanical requirements (ABK II container class). In contrast to the 9-meter drop according to the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the 5-meter drop is performed onto a hard but not essentially unyielding target. The container is typically not protected by an impact limiter. The requirements for a potential test facility are described in the regulations for the Konrad repository. The mechanical strength of the target is defined as a concrete strength equivalent to the identified properties of the rock ground of the mine. Since 1991 BAM has consistently used precast reinforced concrete slabs as target for drop tests in the framework of licensing procedures as well as in research projects. While the original design fulfilled the requirement for the integrity of the concrete slab in most cases, it failed when drop tests onto an edge of a container were performed. A redesigned concrete slab developed in a research project and suggested as a reference target in 2009 has been successfully used in Konrad licensing procedures since then. The paper gives a brief overview of the historical development and it describes BAM’s efforts and approaches to continuously guarantee a concrete slab of defined quality and to provide a test setup for valid drop tests from the applicants and the authorities view. T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Juan-les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Target KW - Drop test KW - Final repository Konrad PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-58563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik A1 - Grobert, Steffen A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Hauer, Thorsten T1 - Influence of torso protective equipment on intracorporeal shock wave behavior N2 - In the field of explosive reactions, there is a type of explosive effect that lacks a sufficient database and reproducible experiments regarding biomechanics. It concerns the primary explosive effect. It is defined as pure shock wave of the explosion. The physical behavior of the shock wave when interacting with different types of tissue and, in particular, the subsequent transitions of the shock wave, have barely been investigated. The transition of the shock wave into other materials is the focus of the research Therefore, the aim of the investigations is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental test series with short set-up times. An autoclave is used to generate the pressure waves. A simplified torso model consisting of ballistic gelatin is used as a simulant. In this paper, the influence of protective equipment on the pressure load in the tissue simulant is investigated. For this purpose, consecutive test setups are used. First, the behavior of ballistic gelatin as a tissue simulant is investigated. Then, the simplified torso model is covered with typical combat clothing consisting of four layers. Afterwards a currently used UHMWPE ballistic protective plate is placed in front of the simplified torso model. Finally, the combat clothing and the protective plate are examined in combination. Three cast-in pressure sensors are used as measuring devices, as well as an acceleration sensor attached to the protective plate. The experiments show that the maximum overpressure in a model rotected by combat clothing and the protective plate can be reduced by 95%. However, the propagation speed of the shock wave within the simplified torso model increases from 1535.5 m/s to 2204.5 m/s. This shows that even protective equipment, which is not primarily intended to protect against blast, offers a significant reduction in the pressure load in the protected area. On the one hand it is caused by the media transition from air to PE and the resulting higher reflection of the acceleration of the transmitted wave within the simulant. On the other hand, it is also reduced due to the damping and dispersion caused by the clothing layers. T2 - 16th International Personal Armour Systems Symposium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 11.09.2023 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Pressure wave KW - Experimental setup PY - 2023 SN - 978-9-0829-2732-0 SP - 178 EP - 187 CY - Brüssel AN - OPUS4-58640 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Poka, Konstantin A1 - Merz, Benjamin A1 - Epperlein, Martin A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Integration of the whole digital chain in a unique file for PBF-LB/M: practical implementation within a digital thread and its advantages N2 - The industrialization of AM is only possible by creating synergy with the tools of Industry 4.0. The system technology of Powder Bed Fusion with Laser beam of Metals (PBF-LB/M) reached a level of high performance in terms of process stability and material spectrum in the past years. However, the digital process chain, starting from CAD via CAM and plant-specific compila-tion of the manufacturing file exhibits media disruptions. The consequence is a loss of metadata. A uniform data scheme of simulation for Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), the PBF-LB/M process itself and quality assurance is currently not realized within industry. There is no entity in the common data flows of the process chains, that enables the integration of these functionalities. As part of the creation of a digital quality infrastructure in the QI-Digital pro-ject, an integration of the CAD/CAM chain is being established. The outcome is a file in an advanced commercially available format which includes all simula-tions and manufacturing instructions. The information depth of this file extends to the level of the scan vectors and allows the automatic optimization and holis-tic documentation. In addition, the KPI for the economic analysis are generated by compressing information into a unique file combined with the application of a digital twin. The implementation and advantages of this solution are demon-strated in a case study on a multi-laser PBF-LB/M system. A build job contain-ing a challenging geometry is thermally simulated, optimized, and manufac-tured. To verify its suitability for an Additive Manufacturing Service Platform (AMSP), the identical production file is transferred to a PBF-LB/M system of another manufacturer. Finally, the achieved quality level of the build job is evaluated via 3D scanning. This evaluation is carried out in the identical entity of the production file to highlight the versatility of this format and to integrate quality assurance data. T2 - Additive Manufacturing for Products and Applications 2023 CY - Lucerne, Switzerland DA - 11.09.2023 KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Digital Twin KW - Data Integrity KW - Process Chain Integration KW - Computer Aided Manufacturing PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-42982-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42983-5_7 SN - 2730-9576 VL - 3 SP - 91 EP - 114 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-58363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Heinrichsdorff, F. A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Uhlmann, E. A1 - Polte, J. A1 - Gordei, A. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In-situ monitoring of the laser powder bed fusion process by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring for defect detection N2 - For the wide acceptance of the use of additive manufacturing (AM), it is required to provide reliable testing methods to ensure the safety of the additively manufactured parts. A possible solution could be the deployment of in-situ monitoring during the build process. However, for laser powder bed fusion using metal powders (PBF-LB/M) only a few in-situ monitoring techniques are commercially available (optical tomography, melt pool monitoring), which have not been researched to an extent that allows to guarantee the adherence to strict quality and safety standards. In this contribution, we present results of a study of PBF-LB/M printed parts made of the nickel-based superalloy Haynes 282. The formation of defects was provoked by local variations of the process parameters and monitored by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring. Afterwards, the defects were characterized by computed tomography (CT) to identify the detection limits of the used in-situ techniques. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2023 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Thermography KW - Optical tomography KW - Melt-pool-monitoring KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Haynes 282 KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2023 UR - https://www.wlt.de/lim2023-proceedings/system-engineering-and-process-control SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-58466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Golnak, R. A1 - Veber, A. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Infrared Attenuate Total Reflection Cell with a Functionalized Surface N2 - ATR cell utilizing chips from silicon wafers is discussed. The cell can be used for wet-chemical analysis on functionalized surfaces. Here, silicon chips are exemplarily "functionalized" by silica layers to provide a hydrophilic or hydrophobic ATR surface in-situ. T2 - 48th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada DA - 17.09.2023 KW - THz radiation KW - ATR KW - FTIR PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz57677.2023.10298918 SP - 1 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rüdenauer, I. A1 - Quack, D. A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar T1 - kWh versus Euro – What is the most effective way to inform about efficient products? N2 - Energy efficient products often have a higher purchase price than less efficient alternatives. However, the life cycle costs are often lower due to the lower operating costs. From a purely economic point of view, efficient appliances are not only more ecological but often also more economical and, accordingly, should be purchased more frequently than less efficient appliances. However, this is not always the case. Information deficits are one of the major reasons of this discrepancy: the purchase price is visible during the purchasing process, but the follow-up costs are not, at least not in their exact amount. The EU Energy Label can be considered as a solution to close this gap. During the past decades, there has been a discussion on whether it would be better to communicate the monetary costs associated with energy consumption, since their calculation by the consumer is difficult or needs a high level of cognitive effort. In this study, experiments and field studies on a total of 19 product groups were evaluated with regard to the question of whether the indication of costs instead of physical units affects the decision-making process of the consumer. It has been assessed under which circumstances it might positively influence the purchase decision of the customer, i.e. helping him or her to arrive at a more “energy efficient” decision. Overall, the results indicate that monetary claims possibly exceed the effect of claims on a physical basis when the costs or the differences between the alternatives available seem “relevant” to the consumer. T2 - EEDAL’21 CY - Toulouse, France DA - 01.06.2021 KW - Energy Labelling KW - Ecodesign PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570454 SN - 978-92-76-99908-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/356891 SP - 358 EP - 367 AN - OPUS4-57045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Kotlyar, O. A1 - Schaffernicht, E. A1 - Fan, H. A1 - Matsukura, H. A1 - Ishida, H. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. ED - Tardioli, D. ED - Matellán, V. ED - Heredia, G. ED - Silva, M. F. ED - Marques, L. T1 - Learning From the Past: Sequential Deep Learning for Gas Distribution Mapping N2 - To better understand the dynamics in hazardous environments, gas distribution mapping aims to map the gas concentration levels of a specified area precisely. Sampling is typically carried out in a spatially sparse manner, either with a mobile robot or a sensor network and concentration values between known data points have to be interpolated. In this paper, we investigate sequential deep learning models that are able to map the gas distribution based on a multiple time step input from a sensor network. We propose a novel hybrid convolutional LSTM - transpose convolutional structure that we train with synthetic gas distribution data. Our results show that learning the spatial and temporal correlation of gas plume patterns outperforms a non-sequential neural network model. T2 - ROBOT2022: Fifth Iberian Robotics Conference CY - Zaragoza, Spain DA - 22.11.2022 KW - Gas Distribution Mapping KW - Spatial Interpolation KW - Sequential Learning KW - Convolutional LSTM PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-21061-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_15 SP - 178 EP - 188 PB - Springer International Publishing AN - OPUS4-56414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Haratsu, T. A1 - Sakaue, M. A1 - Matsukura, H. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Ishida, H. ED - Tardioli, D. ED - Matellán, V. ED - Heredia, G. ED - Silva, M. F. ED - Marques, L. T1 - Simulating a Gas Source Localization Algorithm with Gas Dispersion Produced by Recorded Outdoor Wind N2 - This paper reports the use of the first gas dispersion simulator capable of introducing large wind fluctuations into simulations. The proposed simulator enables testing of a modification made to a gas source localization algorithm in a realistic scenario in order to study how the change affects it. Gas source localization in an outdoor environment is a challenging task mainly due to the complexity of the gas spread caused by the unpredictable nature of constantly changing wind. Therefore, a novel use of outdoor wind in developing a gas source localization system by simulation is presented in this paper. To consider the characteristic of sudden but large and unpredictable changes in wind direction, we propose to use recorded outdoor wind to simulate a realistic outdoor gas dispersion which has been done for the first time to the best of our knowledge. With the use of this simulator, we have tested a modification to a mobile robot-based gas source localization algorithm. Multiple simulations of the modified and the original particle filter-based algorithm have been done to study the effect of the tested modification. The results showed that a small difference in the algorithm can greatly impact the results. From this study, we show that the use of simulation consisting of the necessary traits to evaluate outdoor gas source localization, has the potential to accelerate the development of a reliable localization system. T2 - ROBOT2022: Fifth Iberian Robotics Conference CY - Zaragoza, Spain DA - 23.11.2022 KW - Gas Dispersion Simulator KW - Gas Source Localization KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Particle Filter PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-21061-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_9 SP - 105 EP - 116 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-56416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Massimo, Carraturo A1 - Breese, Philipp P. A1 - Oster, Simon ED - Rank, E. ED - Kollmannsberger, S. T1 - Thermal model for laser-based powder bed fusion of metal process: modelling, calibration, and experimental validation N2 - In the present contribution, we propose an effective numerical thermal modeling solution for melt pool simulations in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals processes. The proposed model employs an anisotropic conductivity to represent melt pool dynamics effects in a homogeneous material model. The numerical implementation of the proposed physical model is first experimentally calibrated and then validated with respect to a series of melt pool measurements as acquired by using a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera monitoring system. T2 - IVth International Conference on Simulation for Additive Manufacturing (Sim-AM 2023) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.07.2023 KW - Laser powder bed fusion of metals KW - Melt pool measurements KW - Experimental validation KW - Thermal analysis KW - SS 316L PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.23967/c.simam.2023.015 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-62525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Glaser, D. A1 - Rokebrand, P. A1 - Cornish, L. A. A1 - Woydt, M. A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Janse van Vuuren, A. A1 - Polese, C. ED - von Leipzig, K. ED - Sacks, N. ED - McClelland, M. T1 - Laser shock peening: A NbC based cermet enhancement alternative for improved GCI interrupted face-milling N2 - Attempts were made to improve the properties and machining performance of NbC based cermet cutting inserts for face milling of grey cast iron (GCI) (BS 1452/GG35) by spark plasma sintering (SPS), use of sub-stoichiometric NbC (NbC₀ˏ₈₈), Cr₃C₂ and Mo₂C additives and laser shock peening (LSP). The microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and Young’s modulus of WC–Co, NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Co and NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni cermet-based inserts were investigated for machining performance. Additions of Mo₂C and manufacture by SPS significantly refined the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni/Co cermet’s carbide grain size from ~5.0 μm to <0.9 μm, which increased the hardness (by ~4GPa) and wear resistance. Laser shock peening (LSP) improved the fracture toughness of all the inserts, from 10% (in the SPS WC based in cermets) to ~100% (in the LPS NbC based cermets). Uncoated cutting inserts were manufactured from the sintered cermets in an SNMA (double sided square insert without a chipformer on the cutting edge) shape (12.7 × 12.7 × 4.3 mm³, 1.6 mm nose radius). The inserts were used for interrupted face-milling of GCI at cutting speeds (ν˛) ranging from 100 m/minute (400 rpm)–500 m/minute (2000 rpm) and depths of cut (ɑₚ) of 0.2–1.0 mm. The insert wear was measured after every pass and analyzed by annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM). Cutting temperatures were measured with a high-speed thermal camera and forces were measured using a Kistler dynamometer. During machining at ν˛ = 200 m/minute and ɑₚ = 1.0 mm, WC–Co inserts had the lowest flank wear rate (FWR), although LSP significantly improved the tool life of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni inserts, significantly reducing the FWR from 148.63 μm/minute to 99.79 μm/minute (by ~33%) and the average resultant force from 1257 ± 15 N to 535 ± 15 N. During machining at ν˛ = 500 m/minute and ɑₚ = 0.2 mm, LSP significantly lowered the FWRs of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts, giving better tool life than all the WC based inserts. Generally, LSP improved the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts’ tool life, reducing the flank wear rate by up to 33% during roughing and 63% during finishing. T2 - 8th International Conference on Competitive Manufacturing (COMA ’22) CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 09.03.2022 KW - Niobium carbide KW - Laser shock peening KW - Face milling KW - Tool wear PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15602-1 SN - 978-3-031-15601-4 SN - 978-3-031-15604-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15602-1_62 SN - 2194-0525 SN - 2194-0533 N1 - Serientitel: Lecture notes in production engineering – Series title: Lecture notes in production engineering SP - 871 EP - 889 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-62689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Stolpe, Heiko A1 - Wiehle, Philipp T1 - Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing pore networks N2 - Almost all building materials in civil engineering have an open porosity and interact with or are affected by the environmental conditions. Structures might suffer from effects such as moisture adsorption, carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores (< 1 µm), the Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of temporal changing pore systems because of physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption. In this study, unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry are investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution of the blocks is measured and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiments. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay minerals undergo swelling or shrinking due to chemisorption. The following two effects must be considered: first, the reduction of the available pore space by the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg sorption theory is used, which is a combination of the well-known Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorption theory and the Kelvin equation. This allows the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. Second, the variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modelled. Based on these two models, the effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity sensors were embedded into a free-standing earth masonry wall. This monitoring was carried out over more than a year to have a broad variety of environmental conditions and was located in Berlin, Germany. The prediction of the effective diffusion coefficient can also be transferred to other processes and allows the investigation of materials having temporarily changing pore systems. Examples are the carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures, etc. This effect becomes most prominent in the meso-pore range and might alter the effective diffusion coefficient by more than 100 %. T2 - 4th International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability CY - Rabat, Morocco DA - 08.03.2023 KW - Earth masonry KW - Material moisture KW - Molecular diffusion KW - Chemisoprtion KW - Knudsen effect KW - Physisorption PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571391 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - RILEM CY - Champs-sur-Marne AN - OPUS4-57139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seher, Julia A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Schnell, A. A1 - Hahn, A. A1 - Bruch, I. A1 - Alewell, U. A1 - Vöge, M. A1 - Shafiei, K. A1 - Schumann, G. ED - Pfaff, G. ED - Mertzsch, N. ED - Jeremias, E.-P. T1 - Hydrothermalgranulate – Eine Verwertungsmöglichkeit für Mauerwerkbruch N2 - Im Jahr 2020 fielen in Deutschland rund 220 Millionen Tonnen mineralische Bau- und Abbruchabfälle an, die als Sekundärrohstoffquelle genutzt werden können. Trotz hoher Recyclingquoten wird ein Teil der mineralischen Bau- und Abbruchabfälle immer noch deponiert oder in Anwendungen mit geringen Qualitätsanforderungen eingesetzt, da ein effektives Recycling dieser heterogenen Abfälle recht kompliziert ist. Bauschutt ist ein heterogener, SiO2-reicher Sekundärrohstoff, der sich aus einem Gemisch verschiedener abgebrochener Baumaterialien wie Ziegel, Betonfertigteile, Leichtbeton, Porenbeton, Kalksandsteine, Natursteine, Gips und Mörtel zusammensetzt. Die genaue Zusammensetzung hängt von der Abbruchstelle, der Vorsortierung und der Wiederaufbereitung in der Recyclinganlage ab. Eine direkte Wiederverwendung als rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung ist aufgrund der uneinheitlichen Zusammensetzung und des bis zu 50 %igen Feinanteils nach der mechanischen Aufbereitung nicht zulässig. Eine Möglichkeit, Mauerwerksschutt effektiv zu recyceln, ist die rohstoffliche Verwertung über ein chemisch-hydrothermales Umwandlungsverfahren, das poröse Granulate erzeugt. Durch die Porenstruktur dieser hydrothermal gehärteten Granulate ergeben sich Anwendungsmöglichkeiten als Filter- oder Wasserspeichermaterial, die über den Bausektor hinausgehen. Diese neuartigen Granulate können leichte Gesteinskörnungen natürlichen Ursprungs (z. B. Lavasand, Bimsstein) oder Körner aus natürlichen Rohstoffen (z. B. Blähton) ersetzen. Die neue Recyclingstrategie spart natürliche Ressourcen. Im Vergleich zur Herstellung von Blähton ist der Energieverbrauch wesentlich geringer. Ziel des Verbundprojektes HYTEGRA war die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung von leichten Gesteinskörnungen aus SiO2- und CaO-reichen Sekundärrohstoffen. Als Rohstoffe wurden Mauerwerksschutt als SiO2-Quelle und Papierasche aus der energetischen Verwertung von Reststoffen der Altpapierverwertung als CaO-Quelle eingesetzt. Der komplette Prozess von der mechanisch-physikalischen Aufbereitung über die Bildung des Grüngranulats bis zur hydrothermalen Härtung wurde entwickelt und im Labormaßstab getestet. Die Anwendungen des hydrothermal gehärteten Granulats als Wasserspeichermaterial für die innere Nachbehandlung von hochfestem Beton, Pflanzensubstrat und Filtermaterial in Bodenfiltern zur Abwasserreinigung wurden untersucht. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Verbundforschungsprojekts HYTEGRA. T2 - Kolloquium des Arbeitskreises “Energie, Mensch und Zivilisation” - Die Energiewende 2.0 Im Fokus: Die Stoffwirtschaft CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 09.06.2023 KW - Rohstoffliches Recycling KW - Mauerwerkbruch KW - Papierasche KW - leichte Gesteinskörnung KW - poröse Granulate KW - hydrothermale Behandlung PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593445 UR - https://leibnizsozietaet.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01_SB158-0.pdf SN - 978-3-86464-252-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.53201/SITZUNGSBERICHTE158 SN - 0947-5850 VL - 158 SP - 79 EP - 94 PB - trafo Wissenschaftsverlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59344 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Schmitt, M. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Baensch, F. T1 - Erarbeitung einer Norm für einen standardisierten Prozess zur probabilistischen Bewertung von Prüfverfahren N2 - Im DIN-Normenausschuss Materialprüfung (NMP) wurde das Normungsgremium NA 062-08-28 AA „Qualifizierung von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen“ reaktiviert. Das Ziel der Reaktivierung ist die Erarbeitung einer Norm für einen standardisierten Prozess zur probabilistischen Bewertung von Prüfverfahren. In der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) führt die Ermittlung von Mess- / Prüfunsicherheiten von Prüfverfahren, in normativer Hinsicht in Deutschland und Europa, noch ein Schattendasein. Die Norm ISO IEC 17025 und auch der VDA-Band 5 wurden weiter in Richtung Messunsicherheit entwickelt, allerdings führt ihre Anwendung in der ZfP zu Problemen. Der Arbeitsausschuss NA 062-08-28 AA soll hier den Brückenschlag zwischen Messunsicherheit, objektiver statistischer Bewertung für ZfP-Verfahren und eine weitere Stärkung der probabilistischen Bruchmechanik erreichen. Geplant ist daher die Erarbeitung einer DIN-Norm, welche die Kriterien für eine korrekte Versuchsplanung, ein praktikables Vorgehen zur Bewertung der Prüfergebnisse und die mathematische Überführung in eine Zuverlässigkeitsaussage enthält. Es soll ein Leitfaden erstellt werden, der für ein möglichst breites Branchenspektrum eingesetzt werden kann, unabhängig von den Besonderheiten verschiedener Industriezweige. Dargestellt werden das relevante Normungsgremium sowie der Hintergrund des zu erstellenden Dokuments. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2023 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 15.05.2023 KW - Validation KW - Probabilistischen Bewertung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren KW - POD PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584176 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=28574 SN - 978-3-947971-29-9 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-58417 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Braml, T. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Maack, Stefan ED - Li, J. ED - Spanos, D. ED - Chen, J. B. ED - Peng, Y. B. T1 - Towards NDT-supported decisions on the reliability of existing bridges N2 - A major advantage in the reassessment of existing structures is the possibility of including measured data that describe the actual properties and the current condition of the structure to be reassessed. Currently, the incorporation of such measured information is mostly unregulated. However, the use of measurement results is vitally important, since a measured data-based improvement of the computation models level of approximation can lead at least to more meaningful results, possibly to extended remaining life times of the structure and in the best case to a saving of resources. Conversely, not appreciating well measurable and relevant information can be equated with a waste of resources. In this paper, a concept for the comparable use of non-destructively measured data as basic variables in probabilistic reliability assessments is outlined and examined using a typical prestressed concrete road bridge as a case-study. An essential requirement is the calculation of measurement uncertainties in order to evaluate the quality of the measurement results comparably. In conclusion, the example of ultrasonic and radar measurement data is used to demonstrate the effects that the incorporation of the measured information has on the reliability of the structure. T2 - 13th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR 2021-2022) CY - Online meeting DA - 13.09.2022 KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Reliability assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Concrete Bridge KW - Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583013 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-58301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hirsch, T. A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - Lehmann, Christian A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Lothenbach, B. T1 - Impact of autoclaving on the phase assemblage of Portland cement: Experiment and thermodynamic modelling N2 - Even after autoclaving for 2 weeks in the temperature range of 120 to 200 °C, CEM I paste with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5 still contains some low-crystalline C-S-H. The conversion of low-crystalline C-S-H to crystalline is faster with increasing temperature. The observed low-crystalline and crystalline C-S-H phases (reinhardbraunsite, jaffeite) indicate that the sampleshave not reached equilibrium yet under these experimental conditions. However, there is a good agreement between experiment and thermodynamic modelling for the other solids indicating that the used datasets are suitable for this application. T2 - 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of cement 2023 - ICCC2023 CY - Bangkok, Thailand DA - 18.09.2023 KW - Zement KW - Thermodynamik KW - Phasenzusammensetzung KW - Mineralogie KW - Modellierung PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589779 UR - https://iccc2023.org VL - 1 SP - 619 EP - 621 AN - OPUS4-58977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan T1 - Richtlinie „Detektion von Spanndrahtbrüchen mit Schallemission“ N2 - Ein großer Teil unserer Brücken wurden in den 1950er bis 1970er Jahren als Spannbetonbrücken gebaut. Mit der damals noch relativ jungen Technologie entstanden elegante, teilweise gewagte Bauwerke mit großen Spannweiten, welche die Vorteile der Materialien Stahl und Beton geschickt kombinieren. Die Standsicherheit einiger dieser Brücken ist heute gefährdet. Die Ursachen liegen in der enorm gewachsenen Belastung durch Schwerverkehr, teilweise ungenügender Wartung und in konstruktiven und Materialschwächen, die der mangelnden Erfahrung mit der Technologie in der Bauzeit geschuldet sind. Ein neuralgischer Punkt der Bauwerke sind die in den Beton integrierten Spannglieder. Infolge von Korrosion und Ermüdung können Elemente der Spannglieder reißen, wodurch die für das Tragwerk notwendige Spannung und somit die Tragfähigkeit reduziert werden. Nicht bei allen Brücken kündigen sichtbare Risse im Beton oder auffällige Verformungen den Tragfähigkeitsverlust bzw. das finale Versagen rechtzeitig an. Die Schallemissionsanalyse ist die derzeit einzige Methode, das Reißen einzelner Spannstähle zuverlässig und mit wirtschaftlich vertretbarem Aufwand zu detektieren. Trotzdem es schon einige Spannbetonbauwerke gibt, die mit Schallemissionsanalyse überwacht werden, ist das Verfahren noch wenig bekannt. Außerdem fehlen technische Richtlinien, was die Ausschreibung und Vergabe von entsprechenden Aufträgen und die Bewertung der Angebote sehr erschwert. Um sowohl Baulastträger als auch Dienstleistungsanbieter in den Vergabeverfahren und im Betrieb der Monitoringsysteme zu unterstützen, hat sich eine Gruppe von Experten aus den Bereichen Bauingenieurwesen und Schallemission zum Entwurf einer Richtlinie „Detektion von Spanndrahtbrüchen mit Schallemission“ zusammengefunden. Mit diesem Beitrag wird die Richtlinie vorgestellt, deren Bearbeitung bis zur SCHALL 23 abgeschlossen sein soll. T2 - SCHALL 23 Entwicklung und Anwendung der Schallemissionsanalyse und Zustandsüberwachung mit geführten Wellen CY - Wetzlar, Germany DA - 21.03.2023 KW - Schallemission KW - Spannbeton KW - Brücke KW - Spannstahlbruch PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-573904 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-57390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fiedler, Georg A1 - Hering, Marcus A1 - Schubert, T. A1 - Bracklow, F. A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Beckmann, B. ED - Wuttke, F. ED - Aji, H. ED - Özarmut, A. T1 - Schädigung von Stahlbetonplatten infolge eines harten Anpralls - Vergleich von halb-empirischen Methoden und experimentellen Ergebnissen N2 - Schutzbauwerke von systemkritischen Infrastruktureinrichtungen wie Betonwände und Betonbarrieren müssen Anprallereignissen oder schweren Unfällen in einem vertretbaren Maße widerstehen können. Anprallereignisse können verschiedenster Natur sein. Hierzu zählen Steinschlag, Fahrzeug- oder Flugzeuganprall oder auch Geschosseinschlag. Geschosseinschläge bzw. Bei den Anprall- oder Impaktereignissen wird zwischen hartem und weichem Anprall unterschieden, bei hartem Anprall verformt sich der Anprallkörper nicht oder nur geringfügig, bei weichem Anprall stark. In diesem Artikel werden Forschungsergebnisse zum harten Anprall auf bewehrte Stahlbetonplatten vorgestellt, welche über die letzten Jahre im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts zwischen dem Institut für Massivbau (IMB) der Technischen Universität Dresden (TUD) und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) durchgeführt wurden. Auf dem Gelände des Otto-Mohr-Labors (OML) der TUD steht hierfür ein speziell konzipierter Fallturm zur Verfügung. Der Aufbau im Fallturm lässt aktuell druckluftbeschleunigte Impaktversuche mit mittleren Anprallgeschwindigkeiten zu. Die durch Anprall geschädigten Stahlbetonplatten wurden anschließend bei der BAM mit Strahlung tomographisch untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen ermöglichen einen Blick auf die Schädigung und Rissstruktur im Inneren der Stahlbetonplatten. Ein Schwerpunkt der durchgeführten Untersuchung ist der Vergleich von Testergebnissen mit den häufig angewendeten halbempirischen Berechnungsmethoden zu den erforderlichen Wandstärken und den sich daraus ergebenden zulässigen Anprallgeschwindigkeiten. Bei diesem Vorgehen wird auch die mit analytischen Methoden abschätzbare Durchdringungsgeschwindigkeit bzw. Austrittgeschwindigkeit eines Projektils ermittelt und mit den realen Testergebnissen verglichen. Außerdem wird der Einfluss von sowohl externen als auch internen Strukturparametern auf Risse betrachtet und ein Fazit abgeleitet. Weiterhin werden laufende und zukünftige wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Anprall auf Betonstrukturen am IMB und der BAM genannt. T2 - 18. D-A-CH-Tagung CY - Kiel, Germany DA - 13.09.2023 KW - Impakt KW - Harter Anprall an Stahlbetonstrukturen KW - Fallturm PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-930108-15-1 SP - 471 EP - 479 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB) e.V. AN - OPUS4-58341 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yang, Fan A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Putra, Stephen Nugraha A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerical analysis of the influence of an auxiliary oscillating magnetic field on suppressing the porosity formation in deep penetration laser beam alloys of aluminum alloys N2 - The contactless magnetohydrodynamic technology has been considered as a potential and promising method to improve the weld qualities of deep penetration laser beam welding. In this paper, numerical investigations are conducted to study the influence of the auxiliary oscillating magnetic field on the porosity suppression in laser beam welding of 5754 aluminum alloy. To obtain a deeper insight into the suppression mechanism, a three-dimensional transient multi-physical model is developed to calculate the heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamic, and magnetohydrodynamics. A ray tracing algorithm is employed to calculate the laser energy distribution on the keyhole wall. A time-averaged downward Lorentz force is produced by an oscillating magnetic field. This force acts in the molten pool, leading to a dominant downward flow motion in the longitudinal section, which blocks the bubble migration from the keyhole tip to the rear part of the molten pool. Therefore, the possibility for the bubbles to be captured by the solidification front is reduced. The electromagnetic expulsive force provides an additional upward escaping speed for the bubbles of 1 m/s ~ 5 m/s in the lower and middle region of the molten pool. The simulation results are in a good agreement with experimental measurements. Based on the results obtained in this study, a better understanding of the underlying physics in laser beam welding enhanced by an auxiliary oscillating magnetic field can be provided and thus the welding process can be further optimized reducing the porosity formation. T2 - 13th International Seminar Numerical Analysis of Weldability CY - Seggau, Austria DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Deep penetration laser beam welding KW - Oscillating magnetic field KW - Numerical simulation KW - Porosity KW - Molten pool behaviour PY - 2023 SN - 2410-0544 VL - 13 SP - 237 EP - 254 PB - Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz AN - OPUS4-58804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manninger, T. A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Rübner, Katrin T1 - Lehmstabilisierung mittels eines Biomasseasche basierten Alkali-Aktivators und kalziniertem Ton N2 - Lehm sowie Lehmziegel sind jahrtausendealte Baustoffe, die sich durch lokale Verfügbarkeit, Umweltverträglichkeit und geringe COa-Belastung auszeichnen. Diese Eigenschaften machen sie zu Baustoffen der Zukunft. Wasserbeständigkeit ist ein wichtiger Aspekt, der beim Einsatz beachtet werden muss. Es gibt verschiedene Ansätze zur Stabilisierung, Idealerwelse sollen dabei die positiven Aspekte des Lehms, wie beispielsweise die Luftfeuchteregullerung, bewahrt werden. Zement ist hierfür nur bedingt geeignet. Als Alternative zur Stabilisierung mit Zement wurden in einer Versuchsreihe Mischungen mit calclnierten Tonen untersucht. Diese bei 600 °C auf CO2 sparende Welse erzeugten, lokal verfügbaren Rohstoffe, können mittels Alkall-Aktivierung zu einem festen „Geopolymer" vernetzt werden. Zur Aktivierung wurde eine lokal verfügbare Biomasseasche aus Hackschnitzelholz, sowie Industriell hergestelltes KOH genutzt, da das in beiden enthaltene Kalium das umweltverträglichste Alkallion Ist. In einer Versuchsreihe wurde das Verhalten des reinen Lehms mit dem stabilisierten Material verglichen. Es wurden Festigkeitswerte, Wasserlagerungsbeständigkeit und Wasserdampfdiffusionswiderstand geprüft. T2 - Internationale Baustofftagung (ibausil) CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 13.09.2023 KW - Lehmstabilisierung KW - Alkali aktivierte Bindemittel KW - Wasserbeständigkeit KW - Putz KW - Erdbau KW - Kalzinierter Ton PY - 2023 UR - https://www.uni-weimar.de/de/bauingenieurwesen/institute/fib/ibausil/ VL - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Sonderausgabe des Online-Journals ce/papers von Wiley AN - OPUS4-58316 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Giehl, A. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Feil, F. T1 - Normenvorschlag zur Bewitterung transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe N2 - Aufgrund des tieferen Eindringens der solaren Strahlung treten bei transparenten und bei transluzenten (durchscheinenden) Kunststoffen veränderte Bedingungen gegenüber opaken Proben auf. Dies kann zu speziellen Effekten und damit zu einem abweichenden Bewitterungsverhalten führen. Auch aus Mangel an geeigneten Normen werden diese Effekte häufig vernachlässigt. Deshalb initiiert der DIN-FNK auf ISO-Ebene ein entsprechendes Dokument. Die Norm ist in der Form eines Technical Reports geplant. In einem ersten Teil sollen die Besonderheiten transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe erläutert werden, um den Nutzer für mögliche Probleme zu sensibilisieren. Im zweiten Teil werden Empfehlungen für Bestrahlung oder Bewitterung herausgearbeitet. In einem dritten Teil geht es dann um Besonderheiten bei der Messung von Eigenschaftsänderungen transparenter bzw. transluzenter Kunststoffe. In informativen Anhängen sollen verschiedene Beispiele die Thematik illustrieren. T2 - 51. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 29.03.2023 KW - Bewitterung KW - Polymer 3R KW - Bestrahlung KW - UV PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-9818507-8-9 SP - 39 EP - 46 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-57271 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -