TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K. A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway N2 - The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT > 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l > 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highestmeasured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn. T2 - 31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU) CY - Limassol, Cyprus DA - 05.10.2023 KW - Gas release KW - Consequences KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Electrical Energy Storage KW - BEV PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-58552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Barzegar, M. A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Pasadas, D. A1 - Ribeiro, A. A1 - Ramos, H. T1 - Automatic improved-resolution imaging of composite adhesive joints using time-frequency-wavenumber filtering applied to ultrasonic guided wavefields N2 - This paper presents an automatic damage imaging technique by employing a signal processing approach based on applying hierarchically clustered filters across different domains. The technique involves time-frequency-wavenumber filter banks which are applied sequentially to ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) data. The study is conducted for a single lap joint composite specimen with a special focus on small voids which were formed due to manual adhesive component mixing. UGW data are acquired with a 3D Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) over the scan area of the bonded plate. UGWs are excited at the central frequency of 100 kHz by a single piezoelectric transducer mounted on the surface of the single plate. Within each domain of time, frequency, and wavenumber, four filters are designed which results in 64 distinct filtered wavefields. From each filtered wavefield, an image is obtained by using root-mean-square (RMS) calculation of the signals. The obtained results are then combined to create a final, improved-resolution image of the scan area. The final image is compared to the image obtained through RMS calculation of full wavefield with interpolation through Delaunay triangulation and the image obtained by X-ray radiography. The results show that the smallest void that could be detected has a diameter of 2.14 mm. T2 - 2023 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) CY - Montreal, QC, Canada DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Adhesive joints KW - Ultrasonic guided waves KW - Laser Doppler vibrometer KW - Damage imaging KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Porosity analysis PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IUS51837.2023.10307423 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-58795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrke, Heiko A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. ED - Kossa, A. ED - Kiss, R. T1 - Robotic Measurement System Concept for Greenhouse Gas Tomography in Wastewater Treatment Plants N2 - This paper introduces a conceptual framework for a robotic greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement system designed for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The emphasis is on accurate gas tomography measurement of emissions, crucial for national emission assessments. The proposed system is movable, semi-autonomous, and employs a combination of ground and air robots equipped with integral remote gas sensors and in-situ sensors. Employing a two/two configuration ensures comprehensive coverage of WWTPs, overcoming obstacles. The system concept lays the foundation for future implementation and evaluation, addressing the need for enhanced understanding of GHG emissions from WWTPs. T2 - 39th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Siófok, Hungary DA - 26.09.2023 KW - Remote Gas Sensing KW - Greenhouse Gas Emissions KW - Robot-based Emission Measurements KW - Semi-autonomous Sensor Networks KW - Gas Tomography PY - 2023 SN - 978-963-421-927-9 SP - 160 EP - 161 PB - Hungarian Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineering (GTE) CY - Siófok, Hungary AN - OPUS4-58880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Häusler, F. A1 - Stührenberg, J. A1 - Smarsly, K. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. T1 - Bout-based Gas Source Localization using Aerial Robot Swarms N2 - Gas source localization (GSL) helps mitigate the impact of industrial accidents and natural disasters. While GSL may be dangerous and time-consuming when performed by humans, swarms of agile and inexpensive nano aerial robots may increase the safety and efficiency of gas source localizations. Since the small payloads of nano aerial robots limit the sensing and computing resources, strategies adapted from biological swarms, such as colonies of social insects, are used to coordinate robot swarms. Most swarm GSL strategies are based on the assumption that the maxima of gas concentrations are sufficiently close to the gas sources. However, prior studies have indicated that the occurrence of “bouts”, a metric for the intermittency of gas distributions, may advantageously be used as a more accurate gas source proximity indicator. This paper presents a swarm GSL strategy employing bouts as source proximity indicators and a bio-inspired pheromone system for communication. Nano aerial robots, deployed in this study, act as agents and emit pheromone markers in an artificial environment upon detecting bouts. Leveraging the concept of artificial potential fields, the agents switch between exploiting the knowledge of the swarm by following pheromone gradients and exploring the search space by targeting a random point. The agents are repelled by each other and by walls to avoid collisions. The swarm GSL strategy is implemented into three nano aerial robots and validated in a real-world experiment in an indoor environment with a single gas source. The results indicate that the the swarm GSL strategy presented in this paper is capable of GSL in indoor environments and that the intermittency of gas distributions is a better source proximity indicator than the mean concentration. T2 - IEEE Sensors 2023 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 29.10.2023 KW - Mobile robotic olfaction KW - Nano aerial robot KW - Gas source localization KW - Bouts KW - Distributed robotics PY - 2023 SN - 979-8-3503-0387-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/sensors56945.2023.10325109 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-58778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ayerdi Gomez, A. A1 - Slachciak, Nadine A1 - Zubia Aranburu, J. A1 - Zabala, A. A1 - Aginagalde, A. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Improvement of the tribological performance of titanium alloy using FS-laser-induced periodic surface structures in combination with ZDDP and ionic liquid lubricant additives N2 - The performance of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surfaces was investigated in lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTT). Special emphasis was laid on the effect of surface nanostructures in area of contact on the respective friction and wear behaviour. These so-called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) were produced on the titanium alloy surface upon scan processing in air by an ultrashort pulsed femtosecond (fs) laser. As lubricant served two types of base oils, a pure polyalcylene-glycol, and an SAE 0W30 oil containing only antioxidants and temperature stabilizers. Tribological tests were carried out on polished as well as LIPSS covered areas using both types of base oil. A test metrics was established, combining the additive 2-ethylhexyl-zincdithiophosphate (ZDDP) or the ionic liquid [P6,6,6,14] [DEHP] (98% purity) with the respective base oils. The test metrics also considered the orientation of motion with respect to the orientation of the structures formed on the surface. Results are presented which show that the interplay between LIPSS and the local chemistry formed by the respective additives is beneficial for the tribological behaviour of the titanium alloy. Certain combinations of base oil, additive and LIPSS reduced friction and wear significantly in the tribological contact. T2 - 64. Tribologie-Fachtagung CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 25.09.2023 KW - TiAl64V KW - 100Cr6 KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - LIPSS KW - Lubrication KW - PAG KW - Ionic liquid PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-58642 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Frieling, Sophie T1 - Sorptionsverhalten von Antimon an Eisenoxidverbindungen N2 - Aschen und Schlacken aus der thermischen Abfallbehandlung enthalten eine Vielzahl von Schwermetallverbindungen. Für Antimon, Chrom, Kupfer, Molybdän und Vanadium werden in der neuen Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (Bundesregierung, 2021) Eluatgrenzwerte für die Verwertung festgelegt. Aschen und Schlacken werden aus der Abfallverbrennungsanlage nass ausgetragen und vor einer Verwertung in der Regel mehrere Wochen gelagert. Dabei finden hydraulische Reaktionen statt und enthaltenes CaO wird zu einem Großteil in Calciumcarbonat umgewandelt. Während wässrige Eluate von frischen Aschen pH-Werte von 12 und höher aufweisen, sind die Eluate nach einigen Wochen weniger stark alkalisch. Die gemessenen Schwermetallkonzentrationen sind daher dann auch deutlich niedriger, mit Ausnahme von Antimon (Sb) und Vanadium (V). Hier steigen die Konzentration mit der Lagerungsdauer. Grund sind sinkende Konzentrationen von Ca-Ionen, die sonst zu einer Ausfällung von Antimonaten und Vanadaten führen. Zu hohe Eluatwerte von Sb und V können jedoch durch Sorption an Eisenoxidverbindungen gemindert werden. Dazu wurden Sorptionsexperimente mit verschiedenen Eisenoxidverbindungen durchgeführt. T2 - 5. Internationales Bergbausymposium WISSYM 2023 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 25.09.2023 KW - Rostasche KW - Sorption KW - Ersatzbaustoff PY - 2023 UR - https://www.wismut.de/de/download.php?download=Wi_WISSYM2023_Abstracts_END_klein.pdf SP - 247 EP - 250 AN - OPUS4-58701 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Putra, Stephen Nugraha A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmier, Michael T1 - Influence of the spatial laser energy absorption on the molten pool dynamics in high-power laser beam welding N2 - The spatial laser energy absorption inside the keyhole is decisive for the dynamic molten pool behaviors and the resultant weld properties in high-power laser beam welding (LBW). In this paper, a numerical simulation of the LBW process, considering the 3D transient heat transfer, fluid flow, and keyhole dynamics, is implemented, in which the free surface is tracked by the volume-of-fluid algorithm. The underlying laser-material interactions i.e., the multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption, are considered by an advanced ray-tracing method based on a localized Level-Set strategy and a temperature-dependent absorption coefficient. The laser energy absorption is analyzed from a time-averaged point of view for a better statistical representation. It is found for the first time that a noticeable drop of the time-averaged laser energy absorption occurs at the focus position of the laser beam, and the rest region of the keyhole has relatively homogenous absorbed energy. This unique absorption pattern may lead to a certain keyhole instability and have a strong correlation with the detrimental bulging and narrowing phenomena in the molten pool. The influence of the different focus positions of the laser beam on the keyhole dynamics and molten pool profile is also analyzed and compared. The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental measurements to assure the validity of the proposed model. T2 - International Congress of Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics 2023 CY - Chicago, USA DA - 16.10.2023 KW - Laser beam welding KW - laser energy absorption KW - molten pool KW - keyhole dynamics KW - numerical modeling PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-58754 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epperlein, Martin A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Hellfritz, Benjamin A1 - Löffler, Frank T1 - Digitisation of the quality infrastructure - using the example of additive manufacturing N2 - Rapidly advancing technologies and progressive digitisation are posing challenges to the established quality infrastructure (QI). In response, the key stakeholders of the German QI established the initiative QI-Digital aimed at developing new solutions for modern quality assurance. One of the central use cases herein is quality assurance for additive manufacturing, in which a fully interlinked additive manufacturing process chain is established. The intention is to collect and process data from each production step, allowing for a comprehensive digital view of the physical material flow. Within this process chain, prototypes of digital QI tools like machine readable standards and digital quality certificates are being demonstrated, tested, and evolved. This is complemented by research on the process level, comprising the evaluation and refinement of methods for in-situ and ex-situ quality assurance, as well as algorithms for registration, reduction, and analysis of process data. This paper presents the status, goals, and vision for the QI-Digital use case additive manufacturing. T2 - Metal Additive Manufacturing Conference 2023 CY - Wien, Austria DA - 17.10.2023 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Digitalisation KW - Quality Assurance PY - 2023 SP - 96 EP - 104 CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-58628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schepers, Winfried A1 - Kulke, D. ED - Wuttke, F. ED - Aji, H. D. B. ED - Özarmut, A. T1 - Anwendung von Korrelationen zwischen Sondierergebnissen und dynamischen Bodeneigenschaften N2 - Die natürliche Variabilität des Bodens bewirkt, dass jegliche in-situ Messung dynamischer Bodenparameter stets nur den Untersuchungsort beschreiben, und jede Verwendung für benachbarte Orte bereits eine Extrapolation ist. Gleichzeitig ist die Ermittlung von Bodeneigenschaften in-situ mit erheblichen Kosten verbunden, insbesondere bei Standorten wie z. B. Offshore-Windparks. Im innerstädtischen Raum sind seismische Messungen wegen der vorhandenen Bebauung und Flächenversiegelungen nur eingeschränkt möglich. Es bietet sich daher an, indirekte Methoden auf Basis von Drucksondierungen anzuwenden, weil diese Untersuchungen inzwischen zum Standardrepertoire selbst bei kleineren Bauvorhaben gehören. Der neue nationale Anhang zu DIN EN 1998-1 erlaubt die Anwendung von Korrelationen zwischen Sondierergebnissen und dynamischen Bodeneigenschaften zur Anwendung bei seismischen Standortanalysen. Es werden jedoch keine Hinweise zur Auswahl geeigneter Korrelationen gegeben. Mit ISO/TS 14837-32 liegt ein Standard vor, in dem sogar für sandartigen Boden und tonartigen Boden zwei konkrete Korrelationen zur Anwendung vorgeschlagen werden. Dasselbe gilt für den Entwurf des Eurocode 7-2, prEN 1997-2 von 2022. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass seismische Verfahren, wenn sie nicht unter Labor-Freifeldbedingungen durchgeführt werden, signifikante Streuungen aufweisen. Sofern statistische Korrelationen eine Streuung aufweisen, die in derselben Größenordnung liegen wie Ergebnisse seismischer Verfahren, können beide Verfahren in Grundsatz alternativ eingesetzt werden. Wir zeigen, dass bei homogenen ausgeprägt sandartigen Böden mit statistisch ermittelten Korrelationen die dynamischen Bodensteifigkeiten mit einer Genauigkeit abgeschätzt werden können, die mit der Ungenauigkeit der seismischen Verfahren übereinstimmt. Mit zunehmenden Feinkornanteil werden die Unsicherheiten der statistischen Korrelationen größer. Bei stark überkonsolidierten glazialen Böden sollte von der Anwendung empirischer Korrelationen Abstand genommen werden. T2 - 18. D-A-CH-Tagung Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik CY - Kiel, Germany DA - 14.09.2023 KW - Scherwellengeschwindigkeit KW - Schubmodul KW - Wellenausbreitung KW - Bodenvariabilität KW - Statistische Auswertung PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-930108-15-1 SP - 433 EP - 441 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB) e. V. und Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel CY - Kiel AN - OPUS4-58351 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - “Grabenkorrosion": How scientific debate leads to an solution. and modern failures due to neglection of well described facts N2 - In the late 1980s, a new type of corrosion appeared in drinking water installations where galvanized steel pipes failed forming a deep groove with no corrosion at the other surfaces. The reason was discussed quite fiercely between failure analysts and material suppliers. In the end the discussion lead to the solution: inductive welded pipes of a certain sulphur content were prone to selective corrosion. The history of the arguments is discussed using old communications between Wilhelm Schwenk and Wolfgang Stichel, who later published the results in a paper unfortunately only I german. Thus the knowledge got lost and new cases based on the same material problems are observed in application of so-called C-Steel piping systems. Failure cases are shown. T2 - MTech 2023 CY - Cavtat, Croatia DA - 02.10.2023 KW - Corrosion KW - Grabenkorrosion PY - 2023 SN - 2806-8769 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Croatian Society for Heat Treatment and Sufrace Engineering CY - Zagreb AN - OPUS4-58521 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Herz, A. A1 - Kreienmeyer, M. T1 - Design of a Drop Test Target with Reproducible Properties for Konrad Prototype Testing N2 - Beginning in 1976 the former iron ore mine Konrad was geologically investigated concerning its suitability as a location for a German final repository for low and intermediate level waste. After a comprehensive licensing procedure it was approved and is now being prepared and equipped for the planned start of storage in 2027. At the end of the 1980s, the requirements for waste containers for storage in this repository were defined for the first time on the basis of an incident analysis of the on-site handling procedures, beginning with the unloading of the packages after the arrival at the site up to the final positioning in the underground storage galleries. A 5-meter drop onto the rock ground of the mine was identified as the covering case for high mechanical requirements (ABK II container class). In contrast to the 9-meter drop according to the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the 5-meter drop is performed onto a hard but not essentially unyielding target. The container is typically not protected by an impact limiter. The requirements for a potential test facility are described in the regulations for the Konrad repository. The mechanical strength of the target is defined as a concrete strength equivalent to the identified properties of the rock ground of the mine. Since 1991 BAM has consistently used precast reinforced concrete slabs as target for drop tests in the framework of licensing procedures as well as in research projects. While the original design fulfilled the requirement for the integrity of the concrete slab in most cases, it failed when drop tests onto an edge of a container were performed. A redesigned concrete slab developed in a research project and suggested as a reference target in 2009 has been successfully used in Konrad licensing procedures since then. The paper gives a brief overview of the historical development and it describes BAM’s efforts and approaches to continuously guarantee a concrete slab of defined quality and to provide a test setup for valid drop tests from the applicants and the authorities view. T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Juan-les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Target KW - Drop test KW - Final repository Konrad PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-58563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik A1 - Grobert, Steffen A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Hauer, Thorsten T1 - Influence of torso protective equipment on intracorporeal shock wave behavior N2 - In the field of explosive reactions, there is a type of explosive effect that lacks a sufficient database and reproducible experiments regarding biomechanics. It concerns the primary explosive effect. It is defined as pure shock wave of the explosion. The physical behavior of the shock wave when interacting with different types of tissue and, in particular, the subsequent transitions of the shock wave, have barely been investigated. The transition of the shock wave into other materials is the focus of the research Therefore, the aim of the investigations is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental test series with short set-up times. An autoclave is used to generate the pressure waves. A simplified torso model consisting of ballistic gelatin is used as a simulant. In this paper, the influence of protective equipment on the pressure load in the tissue simulant is investigated. For this purpose, consecutive test setups are used. First, the behavior of ballistic gelatin as a tissue simulant is investigated. Then, the simplified torso model is covered with typical combat clothing consisting of four layers. Afterwards a currently used UHMWPE ballistic protective plate is placed in front of the simplified torso model. Finally, the combat clothing and the protective plate are examined in combination. Three cast-in pressure sensors are used as measuring devices, as well as an acceleration sensor attached to the protective plate. The experiments show that the maximum overpressure in a model rotected by combat clothing and the protective plate can be reduced by 95%. However, the propagation speed of the shock wave within the simplified torso model increases from 1535.5 m/s to 2204.5 m/s. This shows that even protective equipment, which is not primarily intended to protect against blast, offers a significant reduction in the pressure load in the protected area. On the one hand it is caused by the media transition from air to PE and the resulting higher reflection of the acceleration of the transmitted wave within the simulant. On the other hand, it is also reduced due to the damping and dispersion caused by the clothing layers. T2 - 16th International Personal Armour Systems Symposium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 11.09.2023 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Pressure wave KW - Experimental setup PY - 2023 SN - 978-9-0829-2732-0 SP - 178 EP - 187 CY - Brüssel AN - OPUS4-58640 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Poka, Konstantin A1 - Merz, Benjamin A1 - Epperlein, Martin A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Integration of the whole digital chain in a unique file for PBF-LB/M: practical implementation within a digital thread and its advantages N2 - The industrialization of AM is only possible by creating synergy with the tools of Industry 4.0. The system technology of Powder Bed Fusion with Laser beam of Metals (PBF-LB/M) reached a level of high performance in terms of process stability and material spectrum in the past years. However, the digital process chain, starting from CAD via CAM and plant-specific compila-tion of the manufacturing file exhibits media disruptions. The consequence is a loss of metadata. A uniform data scheme of simulation for Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), the PBF-LB/M process itself and quality assurance is currently not realized within industry. There is no entity in the common data flows of the process chains, that enables the integration of these functionalities. As part of the creation of a digital quality infrastructure in the QI-Digital pro-ject, an integration of the CAD/CAM chain is being established. The outcome is a file in an advanced commercially available format which includes all simula-tions and manufacturing instructions. The information depth of this file extends to the level of the scan vectors and allows the automatic optimization and holis-tic documentation. In addition, the KPI for the economic analysis are generated by compressing information into a unique file combined with the application of a digital twin. The implementation and advantages of this solution are demon-strated in a case study on a multi-laser PBF-LB/M system. A build job contain-ing a challenging geometry is thermally simulated, optimized, and manufac-tured. To verify its suitability for an Additive Manufacturing Service Platform (AMSP), the identical production file is transferred to a PBF-LB/M system of another manufacturer. Finally, the achieved quality level of the build job is evaluated via 3D scanning. This evaluation is carried out in the identical entity of the production file to highlight the versatility of this format and to integrate quality assurance data. T2 - Additive Manufacturing for Products and Applications 2023 CY - Lucerne, Switzerland DA - 11.09.2023 KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Digital Twin KW - Data Integrity KW - Process Chain Integration KW - Computer Aided Manufacturing PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-42982-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42983-5_7 SN - 2730-9576 VL - 3 SP - 91 EP - 114 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-58363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Heinrichsdorff, F. A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Uhlmann, E. A1 - Polte, J. A1 - Gordei, A. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In-situ monitoring of the laser powder bed fusion process by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring for defect detection N2 - For the wide acceptance of the use of additive manufacturing (AM), it is required to provide reliable testing methods to ensure the safety of the additively manufactured parts. A possible solution could be the deployment of in-situ monitoring during the build process. However, for laser powder bed fusion using metal powders (PBF-LB/M) only a few in-situ monitoring techniques are commercially available (optical tomography, melt pool monitoring), which have not been researched to an extent that allows to guarantee the adherence to strict quality and safety standards. In this contribution, we present results of a study of PBF-LB/M printed parts made of the nickel-based superalloy Haynes 282. The formation of defects was provoked by local variations of the process parameters and monitored by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring. Afterwards, the defects were characterized by computed tomography (CT) to identify the detection limits of the used in-situ techniques. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2023 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Thermography KW - Optical tomography KW - Melt-pool-monitoring KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Haynes 282 KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2023 UR - https://www.wlt.de/lim2023-proceedings/system-engineering-and-process-control SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-58466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Golnak, R. A1 - Veber, A. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Infrared Attenuate Total Reflection Cell with a Functionalized Surface N2 - ATR cell utilizing chips from silicon wafers is discussed. The cell can be used for wet-chemical analysis on functionalized surfaces. Here, silicon chips are exemplarily "functionalized" by silica layers to provide a hydrophilic or hydrophobic ATR surface in-situ. T2 - 48th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada DA - 17.09.2023 KW - THz radiation KW - ATR KW - FTIR PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz57677.2023.10298918 SP - 1 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rüdenauer, I. A1 - Quack, D. A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar T1 - kWh versus Euro – What is the most effective way to inform about efficient products? N2 - Energy efficient products often have a higher purchase price than less efficient alternatives. However, the life cycle costs are often lower due to the lower operating costs. From a purely economic point of view, efficient appliances are not only more ecological but often also more economical and, accordingly, should be purchased more frequently than less efficient appliances. However, this is not always the case. Information deficits are one of the major reasons of this discrepancy: the purchase price is visible during the purchasing process, but the follow-up costs are not, at least not in their exact amount. The EU Energy Label can be considered as a solution to close this gap. During the past decades, there has been a discussion on whether it would be better to communicate the monetary costs associated with energy consumption, since their calculation by the consumer is difficult or needs a high level of cognitive effort. In this study, experiments and field studies on a total of 19 product groups were evaluated with regard to the question of whether the indication of costs instead of physical units affects the decision-making process of the consumer. It has been assessed under which circumstances it might positively influence the purchase decision of the customer, i.e. helping him or her to arrive at a more “energy efficient” decision. Overall, the results indicate that monetary claims possibly exceed the effect of claims on a physical basis when the costs or the differences between the alternatives available seem “relevant” to the consumer. T2 - EEDAL’21 CY - Toulouse, France DA - 01.06.2021 KW - Energy Labelling KW - Ecodesign PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570454 SN - 978-92-76-99908-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/356891 SP - 358 EP - 367 AN - OPUS4-57045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Kotlyar, O. A1 - Schaffernicht, E. A1 - Fan, H. A1 - Matsukura, H. A1 - Ishida, H. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. ED - Tardioli, D. ED - Matellán, V. ED - Heredia, G. ED - Silva, M. F. ED - Marques, L. T1 - Learning From the Past: Sequential Deep Learning for Gas Distribution Mapping N2 - To better understand the dynamics in hazardous environments, gas distribution mapping aims to map the gas concentration levels of a specified area precisely. Sampling is typically carried out in a spatially sparse manner, either with a mobile robot or a sensor network and concentration values between known data points have to be interpolated. In this paper, we investigate sequential deep learning models that are able to map the gas distribution based on a multiple time step input from a sensor network. We propose a novel hybrid convolutional LSTM - transpose convolutional structure that we train with synthetic gas distribution data. Our results show that learning the spatial and temporal correlation of gas plume patterns outperforms a non-sequential neural network model. T2 - ROBOT2022: Fifth Iberian Robotics Conference CY - Zaragoza, Spain DA - 22.11.2022 KW - Gas Distribution Mapping KW - Spatial Interpolation KW - Sequential Learning KW - Convolutional LSTM PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-21061-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_15 SP - 178 EP - 188 PB - Springer International Publishing AN - OPUS4-56414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Haratsu, T. A1 - Sakaue, M. A1 - Matsukura, H. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Ishida, H. ED - Tardioli, D. ED - Matellán, V. ED - Heredia, G. ED - Silva, M. F. ED - Marques, L. T1 - Simulating a Gas Source Localization Algorithm with Gas Dispersion Produced by Recorded Outdoor Wind N2 - This paper reports the use of the first gas dispersion simulator capable of introducing large wind fluctuations into simulations. The proposed simulator enables testing of a modification made to a gas source localization algorithm in a realistic scenario in order to study how the change affects it. Gas source localization in an outdoor environment is a challenging task mainly due to the complexity of the gas spread caused by the unpredictable nature of constantly changing wind. Therefore, a novel use of outdoor wind in developing a gas source localization system by simulation is presented in this paper. To consider the characteristic of sudden but large and unpredictable changes in wind direction, we propose to use recorded outdoor wind to simulate a realistic outdoor gas dispersion which has been done for the first time to the best of our knowledge. With the use of this simulator, we have tested a modification to a mobile robot-based gas source localization algorithm. Multiple simulations of the modified and the original particle filter-based algorithm have been done to study the effect of the tested modification. The results showed that a small difference in the algorithm can greatly impact the results. From this study, we show that the use of simulation consisting of the necessary traits to evaluate outdoor gas source localization, has the potential to accelerate the development of a reliable localization system. T2 - ROBOT2022: Fifth Iberian Robotics Conference CY - Zaragoza, Spain DA - 23.11.2022 KW - Gas Dispersion Simulator KW - Gas Source Localization KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Particle Filter PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-21061-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_9 SP - 105 EP - 116 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-56416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Massimo, Carraturo A1 - Breese, Philipp P. A1 - Oster, Simon ED - Rank, E. ED - Kollmannsberger, S. T1 - Thermal model for laser-based powder bed fusion of metal process: modelling, calibration, and experimental validation N2 - In the present contribution, we propose an effective numerical thermal modeling solution for melt pool simulations in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Metals processes. The proposed model employs an anisotropic conductivity to represent melt pool dynamics effects in a homogeneous material model. The numerical implementation of the proposed physical model is first experimentally calibrated and then validated with respect to a series of melt pool measurements as acquired by using a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera monitoring system. T2 - IVth International Conference on Simulation for Additive Manufacturing (Sim-AM 2023) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.07.2023 KW - Laser powder bed fusion of metals KW - Melt pool measurements KW - Experimental validation KW - Thermal analysis KW - SS 316L PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.23967/c.simam.2023.015 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-62525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Glaser, D. A1 - Rokebrand, P. A1 - Cornish, L. A. A1 - Woydt, M. A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Janse van Vuuren, A. A1 - Polese, C. ED - von Leipzig, K. ED - Sacks, N. ED - McClelland, M. T1 - Laser shock peening: A NbC based cermet enhancement alternative for improved GCI interrupted face-milling N2 - Attempts were made to improve the properties and machining performance of NbC based cermet cutting inserts for face milling of grey cast iron (GCI) (BS 1452/GG35) by spark plasma sintering (SPS), use of sub-stoichiometric NbC (NbC₀ˏ₈₈), Cr₃C₂ and Mo₂C additives and laser shock peening (LSP). The microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and Young’s modulus of WC–Co, NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Co and NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni cermet-based inserts were investigated for machining performance. Additions of Mo₂C and manufacture by SPS significantly refined the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni/Co cermet’s carbide grain size from ~5.0 μm to <0.9 μm, which increased the hardness (by ~4GPa) and wear resistance. Laser shock peening (LSP) improved the fracture toughness of all the inserts, from 10% (in the SPS WC based in cermets) to ~100% (in the LPS NbC based cermets). Uncoated cutting inserts were manufactured from the sintered cermets in an SNMA (double sided square insert without a chipformer on the cutting edge) shape (12.7 × 12.7 × 4.3 mm³, 1.6 mm nose radius). The inserts were used for interrupted face-milling of GCI at cutting speeds (ν˛) ranging from 100 m/minute (400 rpm)–500 m/minute (2000 rpm) and depths of cut (ɑₚ) of 0.2–1.0 mm. The insert wear was measured after every pass and analyzed by annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM). Cutting temperatures were measured with a high-speed thermal camera and forces were measured using a Kistler dynamometer. During machining at ν˛ = 200 m/minute and ɑₚ = 1.0 mm, WC–Co inserts had the lowest flank wear rate (FWR), although LSP significantly improved the tool life of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈-Ni inserts, significantly reducing the FWR from 148.63 μm/minute to 99.79 μm/minute (by ~33%) and the average resultant force from 1257 ± 15 N to 535 ± 15 N. During machining at ν˛ = 500 m/minute and ɑₚ = 0.2 mm, LSP significantly lowered the FWRs of the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts, giving better tool life than all the WC based inserts. Generally, LSP improved the NbC₀ˏ₈₈ inserts’ tool life, reducing the flank wear rate by up to 33% during roughing and 63% during finishing. T2 - 8th International Conference on Competitive Manufacturing (COMA ’22) CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 09.03.2022 KW - Niobium carbide KW - Laser shock peening KW - Face milling KW - Tool wear PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15602-1 SN - 978-3-031-15601-4 SN - 978-3-031-15604-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15602-1_62 SN - 2194-0525 SN - 2194-0533 N1 - Serientitel: Lecture notes in production engineering – Series title: Lecture notes in production engineering SP - 871 EP - 889 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-62689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -