TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe ED - Vormwald, Michael T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Versuchswerkstoff und erste Ergebnisse an SE(B)140-Großproben T2 - Bruchmechanische Werkstoff- und Bauteilbewertung_ Beanspruchungsanalyse, Prüfmethoden und Anwendungen N2 - In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und -60 °C präsentiert. T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung KW - Bruchmechanik KW - Master Curve-Konzept KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2024-BB SP - 49 EP - 58 PB - DVM-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59518 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stefan ED - Vormwald, Michael T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Kritische Belastungsrate und erste Ergebnisse an C(T)-Proben T2 - Bruchmechanische Werkstoff- und Bauteilbewertung: Beanspruchungsanalyse, Prüfmethoden und Anwendungen N2 - Im laufenden Verbundprojekt MCGUSS untersuchen dieProjektpartner MPA Stuttgart und BAM Berlin das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI). Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag werden die Eigenschaften des verwendeten Werkstoffs der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 vorgestellt und die sich daraus ergebenden Probenentnahmestellen näher erläutert. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse der C(T)25-Versuchsserien vorgestellt, die bei Belastungsraten von ca. 5∙103 MPa√ms-1, 5∙104 MPa√ms-1 und 5∙105 MPa√ms-1 und einer Temperatur von -40 °C durchgeführt wurden. T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Dynamische Belastung KW - Master Curve KW - Gusseisen KW - C(T)-Proben PY - 2024 SP - 37 EP - 47 PB - DVM Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59519 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Weihe, Stefan T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron T2 - Transactions of the SMiRT 27 N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to Hojo et al. (2008) the MC concept is already in use for the brittle fracture safety assessment of ferritic forged steel containers, which would suggest an extension to ductile cast iron containers. In compliance with IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general exclusion of crack initiation. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using only a low number of small fracture mechanics test specimens extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 (GGG-40) has been produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers for nuclear material. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy, and Pellini tests has been planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens at various loading rates and temperatures. The specimen testing is divided between the project partners based on specimen geometry. MPA Stuttgart has been tasked with the testing of the C(T), DC(T) and Pellini specimens, while BAM Berlin was assigned the SE(B), Charpy and tensile tests. These tests allow for the determination of the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture via C(T)25 specimens and an assessment of size effects by transferring the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries and sizes. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influence of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Furthermore, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via these numerical analyses. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will also be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses like scanning electron microscope images and metallographic sections. With the acquired experimental database fundamental assumptions of the MC concept, like the weakest link model and the Weibull distribution, will be assessed for the application to DCI. In the end, the applicability of the MC concept will be evaluated and if necessary, modifications to the MC concept for DCI will be proposed. This paper will present the preliminary results of the GJS400 material characterization and the related selection of test specimen extraction points. First results of the C(T)25 and SE(B)140 specimen testing will also be discussed supported by first metallographic analyses. T2 - SMiRT27 Conference CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 03.03.2024 KW - Ductile Cast iron KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness KW - Safety Assessment KW - Master Curve Concept PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-59302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Seidlitz, Holger ED - Nabizada, A. ED - Dechany, A. ED - Carré, B. ED - Ghogare, D. ED - Stendardo, E. ED - Lappa, F. ED - Vanlaere, J. ED - Mendoza, M. J. ED - Dejonghe, M. ED - Daese, M. ED - Namazifard, N. ED - Jacops, R. ED - Jottrand, S. ED - Pahlavan, S. T1 - Modelling of the Manufacturing Process Related Residual Stresses in Type 4 Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage T2 - EPHyC2024: European PhD Hydrogen Conference, Book of Abstracts N2 - The publication is an extended abstract on the modelling of the manufacturing process related residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage. A 2D analytical model based on the classical laminate theory and a 3D finite element model are introduced. The calculated residual stress state after the filament winding process as well as the stress state in service are presented and discussed. T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 20.03.2024 KW - Composite KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure vessel KW - Residual stresses KW - Filament winding KW - Carbon fiber PY - 2024 VL - 2024 SP - 445 EP - 450 PB - Hydrogen Europe Research, BE-HyFE AN - OPUS4-59779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas ED - Al-Akel, Said T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen aus dem Fachbeirat der BAM T2 - 20. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung - Planung, Bau, Betrieb, Stilllegung, Nachsorge und Nachnutzung von Deponien, Kreislauf- und Abfallwirtschaft N2 - Im Folgenden soll über aktuelle Diskussionen und Arbeitsschwerpunkte im Fachbeirat der BAM und von der Zulassungsstelle berichtet werden. Es werden Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen vorgestellt. Es wird über die aktuelle Diskussion über die Anforderungen z. B. an metallische Sensoren für Dichtungskontrollsysteme berichtet. Änderungen der Fremdprüfung von sogenannten Sandschutzmatten, des Standards zur Qualitätsüberwachung (SQÜ) von Kunststoff Dränelementen (KDE) und der Anpassung der Formulierungen zum Überbau der in Abdichtungen verwendeten Produkte werden aufgezeigt. T2 - 20. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 12.03.2024 KW - Dichtungskontrollsystem KW - Deponie KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-943443-54-7 VL - 20 SP - 16 EP - 23 CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-59893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Lohrke, Heiko A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. ED - Lee, J. B. T1 - Outdoor Gas Plume Reconstructions: A Field Study with Aerial Tomography T2 - 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) Proceedings N2 - This paper outlines significant advancements in our previously developed aerial gas tomography system, now optimized to reconstruct 2D tomographic slices of gas plumes with enhanced precision in outdoor environments. The core of our system is an aerial robot equipped with a custom-built 3-axis aerial gimbal, a Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor for CH4 measurements, a laser rangefinder, and a wide-angle camera, combined with a state-of-the-art gas tomography algorithm. In real-world experiments, we sent the aerial robot along gate-shaped flight patterns over a semi-controlled environment with a static-like gas plume, providing a welldefined ground truth for system evaluation. The reconstructed cross-sectional 2D images closely matched the known ground truth concentration, confirming the system’s high accuracy and reliability. The demonstrated system’s capabilities open doors for potential applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety, though further testing is planned to ascertain the system’s operational boundaries fully. T2 - 20th International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose CY - Grapevine, Texas, USA DA - 12.05.2024 KW - Aerial robot KW - TDLAS KW - Gas Tomography KW - Plume PY - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-4865-1 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE CY - USA AN - OPUS4-60107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Schaffernicht, Erik A1 - Lilienthal, Achim T1 - Gas Distribution Mapping With Radius-Based, Bi-directional Graph Neural Networks (RABI-GNN) T2 - 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) Proceedings N2 - Gas Distribution Mapping (GDM) is essential in monitoring hazardous environments, where uneven sampling and spatial sparsity of data present significant challenges. Traditional methods for GDM often fall short in accuracy and expressiveness. Modern learning-based approaches employing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) require regular-sized input data, limiting their adaptability to irregular and sparse datasets typically encountered in GDM. This study addresses these shortcomings by showcasing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for learningbased GDM on irregular and spatially sparse sensor data. Our Radius-Based, Bi-Directionally connected GNN (RABI-GNN) was trained on a synthetic gas distribution dataset on which it outperforms our previous CNN-based model while overcoming its constraints. We demonstrate the flexibility of RABI-GNN by applying it to real-world data obtained in an industrial steel factory, highlighting promising opportunities for more accurate GDM models. T2 - International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) CY - Grapevine, TX, USA DA - 12.05.2024 KW - Gas distribution mapping KW - Spatial interpolation KW - Graph neural networks KW - Mobile robot olfaction PY - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-7053-9 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-60103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrke, Heiko A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. ED - Lee, J. B. T1 - Robotic Scanning Absorption Spectroscopy for Methane Leak Detection: the Virtual Gas Camera T2 - 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) Proceedings N2 - This paper explores combining a gimbal-mounted tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensor and a video camera to create a virtual gas camera for methane leak detection. This provides a low-to-zero-cost extension of typical TDLAS gas tomography systems. A prototype setup mounted on a ground robot is evaluated. Results acquired using a simulated methane leak show the feasibility of the virtual gas camera, accurately detecting methane leaks by overlaying concentrations onto a visual image. While the acquisition time is significantly longer than for traditional gas cameras, potential enhancements are discussed. The study concludes that the virtual gas camera is feasible and useful, despite its longer acquisition time. It serves as a valuable software-only addition to typical TDLAS gas tomography systems, offering quickly-available on-site data augmentation for visual leak assessment at low-to-zero cost. T2 - 20th International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose CY - Grapevine, Texas, USA DA - 12.05.2024 KW - Mobile Robotic Olfaction KW - TDLAS KW - Gas Tomography KW - Gas Camera KW - Plume PY - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-4865-1 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE CY - USA AN - OPUS4-60109 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Enhancement of Fire Test Stand Performance at Test Site of BAM: Installation and Evaluation of an Augmented System with a Fire Reference Package T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Wood & Fire Safety 2024 N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to en-dure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demonstrate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Regulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are signifi-cantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner nozzles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corresponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the igni-tion of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regulations [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are pre-sented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the temperature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehen-sible manner. T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024 CY - Strbske Pleso, Slowakei DA - 13.05.2024 KW - IAEA Regu-lations KW - Fire Test Stand KW - Accident Scenario KW - Fire Qualification PY - 2024 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9783031591761 SN - 978-3-031-59176-1 SN - 978-3-031-59179-2 SN - 978-3-031-59177-8 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer Cham AN - OPUS4-60101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate T1 - Pulskompression für luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung mit Ferroelektret- und thermoakustischen Wandlern T2 - Tagungsband DAGA N2 - Die größten Vorteile der luftgekoppelten Ultraschallprüfung sind: die berührungslose Prüfung und der Verzicht auf ein flüssiges Koppelmittel. Allerdings weisen die meisten luftgekoppelten Prüfszenarien ein sehr geringes Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) auf und die Pegel, die von luftgekoppelten Ultraschallwandlern realisiert werden, sind um mehrere Größenordnungen kleiner. Da diese Herausforderung auch in anderen Disziplinen wie bspw. der Radartechnik existiert und dort ebenfalls eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, wurde die dort eingesetzte Pulskompression auf die physikalischen Gegebenheiten der luftgekoppelten Ultraschallprüfung angepasst und angewandt. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse von zwei Versuchsaufbauten: 1) ein thermoakustischer Sender und ein optisches Mikrofon und 2) ein Paar Ferroelektret-Wandler als Sender und Empfänger. Aufgrund der physikalischen Randbedingungen wurden unipolare Kodierungen verwendet. Die Verwendung von unipolaren Kodes zur Modulation der Anregungssignale stellt dabei eine neue Methode dar, die so die Pulskompression für Ferroelektret- und thermoakustische Wandler ermöglichen soll. Die Anwendung der Pulskompression auf die Kombination aus thermoakustischem Sender und optischem Mikrofon konnte das Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis um bis zu 15 dB und für die Ferroelektret-Wandler um bis zu 23 dB erhöhen. T2 - DAGA CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 19.3.2024 KW - Pulskompression KW - Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall KW - Ferroelektrete KW - Thermoakustik PY - 2024 UR - https://pub.dega-akustik.de/DAGA_2024/ SP - 1580 EP - 1583 AN - OPUS4-60169 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schubert, Sven A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Reichardt, Adrian A1 - Müller, Lars A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Ageing management measures of transport packages for radioactive materials T2 - Proceedings of Conference RAMTRANS 2024 N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration into the IAEA-requirements now obligatory for the design of transport packages. For packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance are required. Therefore, these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in the IAEA-requirements and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled. BAM is the competent authority in Germany for evaluating the thermal and mechanical design of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. In this context, BAM also evaluates the aging mechanisms and aging effects occurring during the long-term storage period of such transport packages. BAM has developed a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management into the approval procedure based on IAEA-requirements. The goal of the presented paper is to introduce this guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements and to describe the application to a specific package design. The type and amount of the ageing management not only depend on the use of the packaging, but also on the accessibility of the components that are considered in the ageing assessment. The different operating phases of a packaging are considered for the ageing assessment, such as loading, interim storage or transport. The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan. These measures shall ensure that the anticipated changes of the package design under consideration of ageing effects still complies with the design approval specification. Therefore, an ageing surveillance program and, if necessary, a gap analysis program shall be developed. The ageing management documentation ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance. T2 - RAMTRANS 2024 CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 15.05.2024 KW - Radioactive Materials KW - Ageing Management KW - Transport Packages KW - Dual Purpose Casks PY - 2024 VL - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Nuclear Institute CY - London AN - OPUS4-60186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kowalski, Kurt A1 - Hulshoff, S.J. A1 - Ströer, P. A1 - Withag, J. A1 - Genot, A. A1 - Morgans, A.S. A1 - Bake, Friedrich A1 - Venner, K. A1 - Sanders, M.P.J. A1 - Hirschberg, Lionel T1 - Entropy-patch choked-nozzle interaction: quasi-steady-modeling-regime limits probed T2 - 30th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (2024) N2 - Indirect combustion noise due to the interaction of flow inhomogeneities with a choked combustion-chamber exit is an important cause of combustion instability in solid rocket motors. Moreover, it is believed to be an issue in electrical-power generation turbines and aero-engines. If these flow inhomogeneities are essentially characterized by the fluid having a locally appreciablydifferent thermodynamic state, the acoustic response engendered by its interaction with the combustion-chamber exit is commonly referred to as entropy noise. In this paper, dedicated numerical-simulation results of entropy-patch choked-nozzle interactions are presented. Two types of entropy patches were considered: rectangular slugs and circular spots. Moreover, analytical-model-based analysis, of said simulation results, is presented. Based on said analysis, the authors posit the existence of three modeling regimes: the quasi-steady-modeling regime, the blended-physical-effects regime, and the inertial-modeling regime. T2 - 30th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (2024) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 04.06.2024 KW - Entropy-Nozzle Interaction KW - Indirect Combustion Noise KW - Entropy Noise PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3113 SP - 1 EP - 23 AN - OPUS4-60174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hausotte, T. T1 - Measurement-based Detector Characteristics for Digital Twins in aRTist 2 T2 - Proceedings of the 20th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (WCNDT 2024), 27-31 May 2024 in Incheon, South Korea, in e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing (eJNDT) N2 - Various software products for the simulation of industrial X-ray radiography have been developed in recent years (e.g., aRTist 2, CIVA CT, Scorpius XLab, SimCT, Wilcore) and their application potential has been shown in numerous works. However, full systematic approaches to characterise a specific CT system for these simulation software products to obtain a truthful digital twin are still missing. In this contribution, we want to present two approaches to obtain realistic grey values in X-ray projections in aRTist 2 simulations based on measured projections. In aRTist 2, the displayed grey value of a pixel is based on the energy density incident on that pixel. The energy density is calculated based on the X-ray tube spectrum, the attenuation between source and detector as well as an energy-dependent sensitivity curve of the detector. The first approach presented in this contribution uses the sensitivity curve as a free modelling parameter. We measured the signal response at different thicknesses of Al EN-AW6082 at different tube voltages (i.e., different tube spectra). We then regarded the grey values displayed by these projections as a data regression respectively an optimisation problem and obtained the sensitivity curve that is best able to reproduce the measured behaviour in aRTist 2. The resulting sensitivity curve does not necessarily hold physical meaning but is able to simulate the real system behaviour in the simulation software. The second approach presented in this contribution is to estimate the sensitivity curve based on assumptions about the characteristics of the scintillation detector (e.g., scintillator material, scintillator thickness and signal processing characteristics). For this approach, a linear response function (linear relationship between the deposited energy per pixel and the resulting grey value) is assumed. If the detector characteristics, which affect the simulated deposited energy, are properly modelled, the slope and offset of the response function to match the measured grey values should be the same for different tube spectra. As the offset is constant and given by the grey values measured at no incident radiation, the slope is the remaining parameter to evaluate the success of the detector modelling. We therefore adapted the detector characteristics by changing the detector setup until the slope was nearly the same for all measured tube spectra. We are aware that the resulting parameters of the scintillator material and thickness might not be the real ones, but with those modelling parameters we are able to simulate realistic grey values in aRTist 2. Both of those approaches could potentially be a step forward to a full systematic approach for a digital twin of a real CT system in aRTist 2. T2 - 20th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (WCNDT 2024) CY - Incheon, South Korea DA - 27.05.2024 KW - Digital Twin KW - Computed Tomography KW - Simulation PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602046 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29910 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - NDT.net CY - Mayen, Germany AN - OPUS4-60204 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Jurgelucks, B. A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Walther, A. T1 - Modellierung und Validierung eines inversen Verfahrens zur Schadensrekonstruktion mittels Lamb-Wellen im Ultraschallbereich T2 - DAGA2024 proceedings manuscripts N2 - Das Ausbreitungsverhalten geführter Ultraschallwellen ermöglicht die großflächige Prüfung von Platten und schalenförmigen Bauteilen wie Rohren und Laminaten auf Fehlstellen von wenigen Prüfpunkten aus. Während die beschränkte Divergenz der geführten Wellen die Ultraschallprüfung begünstigt, erschwert das dispersive und multimodale Verhalten der Lamb-Wellen die Auswertung der Ultraschallsignale. Die dispersive und multimodale Wellenausbreitung verkompliziert die Bestimmung der Fehlerposition bei der Auswertung der Geschwindigkeiten einzelner Wellenpakete. Zudem ist es herausfordernd, einen einfachen Zusammenhang zwischen den Reflexionen der Fehlstelle und deren Größe und Form herzustellen. Eine Möglichkeit zur genauen Bestimmung der Fehlerposition und -geometrie bietet der direkte Vergleich der Messsignale mit den Signalen aus einem Simulationsmodell. Die Nachbildung des Schadens im Simulationsmodell stellt ein inverses Problem dar, das iterativ gelöst werden kann, indem ein Vorwärtsmodell immer weiter optimiert wird. Klassische Ansätze wie die Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) sind für die Simulation von Ultraschallwellen aufgrund der kleinen Wellenlängen im Vergleich zur Bauteilgröße meist ineffizient. Aus diesem Grund basiert das vorgestellte Vorwärtsmodell auf der semi-analytischen Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM), die große Teile der Wellenausbreitung analytisch berechnet. In diesem Beitrag wird die Validierung des zweidimensionalen Modells an Platten mit einer rechteckigen Nut als Ersatzfehler präsentiert und es werden erste Schritte zur Validierung von 3D-Modellen vorgestellt. T2 - DAGA 2024 CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 18.03.2024 KW - Geführter Ultraschall KW - Inverse Verfahren KW - SBFEM PY - 2024 UR - https://www.dega-akustik.de/publikationen/online-proceedings SP - 644 EP - 647 AN - OPUS4-60212 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nerger, Tino A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Drone-based Localization of Hazardous Chemicals by Passive Smart Dust T2 - 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) Proceedings N2 - We introduce a passive smart dust concept as a novel solution for environmental monitoring. Utilizing chemical reagents like colorimetric indicators and other chemosensors, these particles detect varying environmental conditions. We developed paper-based sensors that are both cost-effective and eco-friendly. In practical tests, these sensors, dispersed over a designated area, successfully identified hazardous substances by changing their color when exposed to acids or bases. This color change was remotely detectable using a drone-mounted color camera. The data thus obtained was processed through specialized software, accurately pinpointing areas of contamination. This method proves the efficacy and scalability of passive smart dust technology for real-time, environmentally sustainable remote sensing of hazardous materials T2 - 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN) CY - Grapevine, Texas, USA DA - 12.05.2024 KW - Indicator KW - Passive Smart Dust KW - Colorimetric Sensor KW - Drone KW - Cellulose KW - Environmental Monitoring KW - Confetti KW - Hazard Detection PY - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-7053-9 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA AN - OPUS4-60176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp ED - Thiel, Stephanie ED - Thome-Kozminesky, Elisabeth ED - Antrekowitsch, Helmut ED - Pomberger, Roland ED - Firsbach, Felix T1 - Einstufung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung im Hinblick auf die weitere Verwertung – Handlungsempfehlungen T2 - Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle 11 N2 - Die Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (IBA) als gefährlich oder nicht gefährlich nach der Gefahreneigenschaft HP14 (ökotoxisch) ist nach wie vor umstritten, da es noch keine keine allgemein anerkannten Methoden zur Bewertung gibt. Wenn die Berechnungsregeln angewendet werden sollen angewendet werden sollen, sind Kenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA erforderlich. Informationen über über die chemische Zusammensetzung von IBA können mit einem Ansatz gewonnen werden, der auf der Gruppierung von Substanzen. Für IBA können vier Stoffgruppen definiert werden: 1. elementare und legierte Metalle, 2. leicht wasserlösliche Stoffe, 3. schwer lösliche Stoffe und 4. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen. Elementares und legiertes Cu und Zn sind in der IBA vorhanden und werden in der Regel als Nichteisenmetallfraktion zurückgewonnen, zumindest die größeren Partikel. Zn-Partikel, die kleiner als 1 mm sind, werden als H410 eingestuft, feine Partikel von Cu nur als H411. Die wasserlösliche Fraktion kann mit Standardauslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden Auslaugungsmethoden quantifiziert werden, z. B. bei einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoff-Verhältnis (L/S) von 2 oder 10 l/kg. Sowohl die Sulfate von Zn als auch von Cu gehören zu dieser Gruppe. In einer neueren Veröffentlichung wurde gezeigt, dass bei den oben genannten Metalle die ausgelaugte Menge weit unter dem Grenzwert von 1.000 mg/kg liegt, selbst wenn stöchiometrische Faktoren angewendet werden. Stoffgruppe 3 sind potenzielle H410-Stoffe. Dabei handelt es sich um Carbonate, Hydroxide und Oxide der betreffenden Elemente, die löslich sind in schwachen organischen Säuren wie Essigsäure löslich sind. Die Worst-Case-Stoffe der Gruppe 3, d. h. die Verbindungen mit den höchsten stöchiometrischen Faktoren, sind CuCO3xCu(OH)2 und ZnO. Stoffe mit starken chemischen Bindungen wie Silikate oder Sulfide sind nur löslich in starken Säuren (z.B. Königswasser) löslich und haben keinen Ökotoxizitäts-Gefahrencode. Das Mobilisierungsverhalten der relevanten Schwermetalle und damit der Gruppe der schwer schwerlöslichen Verbindungen kann mit der 4-stufigen sequentiellen Extraktion untersucht werden. Für die HP14 Einstufung könnte auch eine einstufige Extraktion ausreichend sein. Nur die Elemente Zn und Cu sind für die HP14-Einstufung der IBA von Bedeutung, da die Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unterhalb des Feststoffgehalte aller anderen Schwermetalle unter der Cut-Off-Grenze von 0,1 % liegen, selbst wenn man sie in chemischen Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Faktoren. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass IBA in der Regel als nicht gefährlich einzustufen ist. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Rostasche KW - Ökotoxizität KW - Sequenzielle Extraktion PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-911006-80-4 VL - 11 SP - 176 EP - 190 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-60281 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos A1 - Heimann, Jan A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Hashemi, Seyedreza A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Towards predictive maintenance of hydrogen pressure vessels based on multi-sensor data fusion and digital twin modeling T2 - Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring N2 - Hydrogen pressure vessels are among the most essential components for reliable hydrogen technology. Under current regulations, a mostly conservative strategy is employed, restricting the usage time of hydrogen pressure vessels without providing information on the real remaining lifetime. During the service life, pressure vessels are inspected periodically. However, no established method that can provide continuous monitoring or information on the remaining safe service life of the vessel. In this paper, we propose a sensor network for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of hydrogen pressure vessels where data from all sensors are collected and centrally evaluated. Specifically, we integrate three different SHM sensing technologies namely Guided Wave ultrasonics (GW), Acoustic Emission testing (AT), and distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS). This integrated approach offers significantly more information and could therefore enable a transition from costly and time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient and modern predictive maintenance strategies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based evaluation. This does not only have a positive effect on the operational costs but enhances safety through early identification of critical conditions in the overall system in real-time. We demonstrate an experimental set-up of a lifetime test where a Type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel (COPV) is investigated under cyclic loading instrumented with AT, FOS, and GW methods. We acquired data from the sensor network until the pressure vessel failed due to material degradation. The data collected using the three different SHM sensor technologies is planned to be evaluated individually, using data fusion, and AI. In the future, we aim to integrate the measurement setup into a hydrogen refueling station with the data stream implemented into a digital signal processing chain and a digital twin. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Acoustic emission KW - Ultrasonic guided waves KW - Fiber optic sensors KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure vessels KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Machine learning PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602764 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=29702 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Structural health monitoring of hydrogen pressure vessels using distributed fiber optic sensing T2 - Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring N2 - We report on distributed fiber optic sensing-based monitoring of hydrogen composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) to simultaneously increase the operational lifespan and mitigate maintenance costs. Our approach represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of distributed fiber optic sensing for COPV Type IV monitoring, where the sensing fibers are attached to the surface, rather than integrated into the composite material. Specifically, we attach an optical fiber of 50 m to the pressure vessel's surface, covering both the cylindrical and dome sections. We note that our fiber optic sensing technique relies on swept wavelength interferometry providing strain information along the entire length of the optical fiber with high spatial resolution even at the millimeter scale. When the vessel is pressurized, the sensing optical fiber shows a linear strain response to pressure at every position along the fiber. After thousands of load cycles, the vessel finally fails with the optical fiber detecting and precisely localizing the damage in the vessel’s blind dome area. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of state-of-the-art signal processing methods and machine learning for advancing predictive maintenance. This could reduce the number of regular inspections, mitigate premature maintenance costs, and simultaneously increase the vessel’s remaining safe service life. We believe that the structural health monitoring of hydrogen pressure vessels with fiber optic sensors can enhance trust in hydrogen technology contributing to the energy transition in the future. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Fiber optic sensors KW - Composites KW - Machine learning KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602731 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=29701 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Woody, Paul A1 - Wang, Bin A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas T1 - Distributed fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of 70 MPa hydrogen vessels T2 - Conference Proceedings - Prepublication N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fiber optic sensing fibers for automotive use. The paper deals with the condition monitoring of such composite pressure vessels (CPVs) using the optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) applied for a distributed fiber optic strain sensing along fully integrated polyimide-coated single-mode glass optical fiber (SM-GOF). The sensing fibers were embedded into the vessel structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner during the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Detecting local strain events by the integrated fiber optic sensors can be an opportunity for monitoring the material degradation of CPVs under static and cyclic loading. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Fiber optic sensor KW - Distributed strain sensing KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Fiber-reinforced plastics PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603105 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Königsbauer, Korbinian A1 - Nöther, Nils A1 - Färber, Jan A1 - Schaller, M.-Barbara A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Distributed polymer optical fiber sensors using digital I-OFDR for geotechnical infrastructure health monitoring T2 - Conference Proceedings - Prepublication N2 - We present a distributed polymer optical fiber sensor system for deformation monitoring of geotechnical infrastructure. The sensor system is based on the digital incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) for the detection of local strain events along a perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) used as a sensing fiber. For the best possible load transfer, the PF-POFs were integrated onto geosynthetics which pose a sensor carrier for the sensing fiber. By using elastic PF-POF instead of a standard glass fiber as a sensing fiber the strain range of geosynthetics-integrated fiber optic sensors could be extended up to 10 % in accordance with the end-user requirements. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Digital I-OFDR KW - Distributed polymer optical fiber sensor KW - Ddistributed strain sensing KW - Smart geosynthetics KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603096 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60309 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -