TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human Factors in Non Destructive Testing: Traditional and Emerging Trends N2 - Human factors (HF) play a critical role in ensuring the reliability and safety of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). This presentation begins by defining human factors and explaining their relevance to performance and error prevention in NDT. It distinguishes between human factors and human error, introduces selected HF methods, and discusses key factors influencing human performance in NDT—supported by study examples. Building on this foundation, the presentation explores emerging trends associated with the integration of assistive and AI-driven technologies in NDT. Major challenges such as user acceptance, trust, usability, human-AI task allocation, responsibility, and skill degradation are examined. Finally, strategies for fostering acceptance and designing user-centered systems are proposed to support effective and reliable implementation. T2 - NDT Seminar 2025 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.04.2025 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Acceptance KW - Reliability PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Tutorial: NDE Reliability and the Influence of Human Factors N2 - Human factors significantly influence the reliability of non-destructive testing (NDT) systems, impacting safety, efficiency, and cost. This tutorial explores the interplay between human capabilities, organizational context, and technological systems in NDT inspections. It starts with a short overview of reliability models, including the Probability of Detection (POD) framework, alongside with advanced approaches for reliability assessment. The distinction between human factors and human error is emphasized, advocating a systemic approach to human error that addresses underlying organizational and environmental conditions. The implications of increasing automation and AI integration are discussed, highlighting the challenges of trust, usability, and skill preservation in human-AI collaboration. Practical strategies, including user-centered design, targeted training, and risk management frameworks, are proposed to enhance inspection performance and maintain NDT reliability in evolving technological landscapes. This tutorial underscores the critical role of human factors in the transition to NDT 4.0 and the development of effective human-machine systems. T2 - USES2 Training week#2 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.06.2024 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Reliability KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Artificial Intelligence PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heimann, Jan T1 - Innovative Real-Time Monitoring of H2 Pressure Vessels for Enhanced Safety and Reliability N2 - The significantly increased number of pressure vessels for storage and transport of H2 makes periodic manual inspections virtually impossible. Structural health monitoring enables proactive maintenance, extends the vessel’s lifespan, and ensures compliance with regulations, all while minimizing operational risks and downtime. T2 - QI-Digital Forum 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.10.2024 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Pressure Vessel KW - Hydrogen KW - Reliability KW - Quality Infrastructure KW - Demonstrator PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heimann, Jan T1 - How structural health monitoring can be embedded in a digital quality infrastructure: an example. N2 - The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) initiative “QI-Digital” in Germany is focusing on implementing new technologies and approaches to ensure that the task of quality assurance is more efficient and ready for the digital and green transformation of the economy. The implementation of quality control key elements, such as Smart Standards, Digital Certificates and QI-cloud solutions shall contribute to solving the socio-economic, ecological, and technological challenges of our time. Hydrogen is a key energy carrier and has the potential to play a significant role in the energy transition, especially in mobility. An essential factor for the broad acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is the availability of refueling stations that operate reliably and safely. Using the example of a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) built within the QI-Digital initiative, the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) aims to establish a real laboratory where modern measurement techniques and new digital methods are implemented to enhance operational safety, availability, and economic efficiency and render the technology more attractive for the industry. In this work, we present an approach to establish a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a high-pressure buffer inside HRS and show how it could be embedded into a digital QI. The high-pressure buffers are essential components of the plant which are currently inspected periodically without regard to their operating history. Focusing on the transition to a continuous and digitally supported monitoring of the component’s integrity during operation the novel inspection scheme will be linked to a completely digitalized component-related documentation and tested using digital certificates. This allows the operational safety and, if necessary, the remaining useful lifetime to be assessed on an ongoing basis and to be a valuable contribution to increasing sustainability. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Digital transformation KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Quality control KW - Quality infrastructure KW - Reliability KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heimann, Jan A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos A1 - Hashemi, Seyedreza A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - How structural health monitoring can be embedded in a digital quality infrastructure: an example. N2 - The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) initiative “QI-Digital” in Germany is focusing on implementing new technologies and approaches to ensure that the task of quality assurance is more efficient and ready for the digital and green transformation of the economy. The implementation of quality control key elements, such as Smart Standards, Digital Certificates and QI-cloud solutions shall contribute to solving the socio-economic, ecological, and technological challenges of our time. Hydrogen is a key energy carrier and has the potential to play a significant role in the energy transition, especially in mobility. An essential factor for the broad acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is the availability of refueling stations that operate reliably and safely. Using the example of a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) built within the QI-Digital initiative, the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) aims to establish a real laboratory where modern measurement techniques and new digital methods are implemented to enhance operational safety, availability, and economic efficiency and render the technology more attractive for the industry. In this work, we present an approach to establish a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a high-pressure buffer inside HRS and show how it could be embedded into a digital QI. The high-pressure buffers are essential components of the plant which are currently inspected periodically without regard to their operating history. Focusing on the transition to a continuous and digitally supported monitoring of the component’s integrity during operation the novel inspection scheme will be linked to a completely digitalized component-related documentation and tested using digital certificates. This allows the operational safety and, if necessary, the remaining useful lifetime to be assessed on an ongoing basis and to be a valuable contribution to increasing sustainability. T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Quality infrastructure KW - Digital transformation KW - Reliability KW - Quality control KW - Industry 4.0 PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607109 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29769 SN - 1435-4934 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-60710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kainz, C. A1 - Braml, T. A1 - Keuser, M. A1 - Soukup, A. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan ED - Matos, J.C. T1 - Reassessment of Existing Concrete Bridges with Full Probabilistic Methods – Case Studies and Discussion of Relevant Input Parameters N2 - This article presents two case studies for a full-probabilistic assessment of existing concrete bridges combined with the use of the finite element method for the evaluation of the internal forces. Since the structures already exist, additional information about material parameters and loading conditions can be collected. With a sensitivity analysis, the contribution of each parameter to the total uncertainty is examined and the relevance of their actual value and variation is shown. The first case study is a single-span reinforced concrete frame bridge on the German highway A92 constructed in the year 1985. With a span of around 5 m, but a width of 27 m and a skewness of 70 gon, the bridge is modelled as a three-dimensional finite element model. The second case study is a two-span reinforced concrete frame bridge from 1986 with span lengths of about 7,50 m each. The superstructure is a 45 cm thick slab and the base plate has a thickness of 80 cm. The assessment is performed based on the semi-probabilistic safety concept according to the codes first and secondly with a full-probabilistic calculation. In this article the selection of parameters for the relevant input data are presented and discussed. The results of the sensitivity analysis are used for the setup of measurements to acquire important data for the modelling in the critical limit states. KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-60271-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60271-9_41 VL - 494 SP - 440 EP - 451 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-60614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Kainz, C. A1 - Braml, T. ED - Matos, J.C. T1 - Non-destructively Measurable Quantities Relevant to Reliability Assessment of Existing Concrete Bridges – Case Studies N2 - In reliability assessment of existing bridges, collected information about the structure can be utilized to modify partial safety factors and to refine characteristic values individually. In this way, uncertainties covered in initial calculation models and arising from assumptions can be reduced as well as biases identified and corrected. This allows for more realistic assessments and more appropriate decisions on actions to be taken. However, the on-site observation of information is generally associated with certain costs. For this reason, an efficient data-supported reassessment requires that only the individually relevant testing tasks are solved. Additional sensitivity analyses can further be used to specify the requirements on certain inspections, such as the testing result quality to be achieved, in order to avoid too imprecise or too expensive measurements on-site. In this contribution, the methodology for the demand-actuated definition of measurement objectives is demonstrated using the example of non-destructive concrete testing methods and findings from reassessments of two prestressed concrete bridges. Each case study includes the semi-probabilistic identification of structural weak points in ultimate and serviceability limit states, a comparison with respective probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and the subsequent derivation of parameters that are a) measurable and b) highly relevant in the individual reliability analyses. KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-60270-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60271-9_18 VL - 494 SP - 209 EP - 219 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-60613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - How to perform reliable xps-measurements? N2 - Reliable measurements are a great challenge in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It will be shown, how to check the performance and calibration of the instrument, the charge compensation, quantification, fitting, and depth profiling. T2 - Course for PhD students at SFB 1073 CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 23.02.2024 KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Reproducibility crisis KW - Reliability PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schischke, Karsten A1 - Rückschloss, Jana A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-C. A1 - Zöllinger, Jonathan A1 - Nissen, Nils F. A1 - Schneider-Ramelow, Martin T1 - The European Union’s Energy Label for Smartphones: Does it guide consumers to make environmentally sustainable choices? N2 - The European Commission adopted an EU Energy Label for smartphones and tablets in June 2023. For the first time, the EU Energy Label will depict, among energy efficiency, also a reparability score, battery endurance, battery lifetime, drop resistance and dust and water ingress protection. However, does the multitude of parameters bear the risk to confuse consumers instead of triggering environmentally sustainable purchase decisions? In a survey in Germany, consumers were asked to make a choice when the label does not clearly identify the environmentally better product. Instead, energy efficiency has to be valued against reparability, reliability against energy efficiency, and reparability against reliability. The sustainability lever of the different aspects is not the same, as e.g. lifetime extension has a much more positive environmental impact than energy efficiency in case of mobile devices. Therefore, the question remains, whether consumers intuitively make the right choice. Results of the survey indicate that consumers interpret the complex label in the desired manner and value those aspects higher, which indeed have a more positive effect on the environment. T2 - 13th International Conference on Consumer Electronics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Energy efficiency KW - EU Energy Labelling KW - Reparability KW - Reliability KW - ESPR PY - 2023 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10375619 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE-Berlin58801.2023.10375619 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-59318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - Guideline on NDT-supported reliability assessment of existing structures N2 - The presentation summarizes the idea and the methodology of the ZfPStatik project and gives insight into three case studies, showing how non-destructive testing results can be utilized beneficially in the recalculation of existing prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete bridges. T2 - 2nd Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures – EUROSTRUCT2023 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 26.09.2023 KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colmenares, Daniel A1 - Costa, Giancarlo A1 - Civera, Marco A1 - Surace, Cecilia A1 - Karoumi, Raid T1 - Quantification of the human–structure interaction effect through full-scale dynamic testing: The Folke Bernadotte Bridge N2 - An analytical expression for the frequency response function of a coupled pedestrian-bridge system is presented and evaluated using an experimental measurement campaign performed on the Folke Bernadotte Bridge in Stockholm, Sweden. A finite element model and the modal models that consider the human–structure interaction effect are calibrated with respect to the measurements. The properties of the spring–mass–damper model representing the pedestrians were identified, considering the different structural modes of the system. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical frequency response functions. A sensitivity analysis of the obtained solution was performed, validating the determined analytical expression for the frequency response function of the coupled pedestrian-bridge system that takes into account the human–structure interaction effect. KW - Safety KW - Building and Construction KW - Architecture KW - Civil and Structural Engineering KW - Risk KW - Reliability KW - Quality PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584038 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.133 SN - 2352-0124 VL - 55 SP - 2249 EP - 2265 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-58403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul T1 - A framework for assessing the reliability of crack luminescence – an automated fatigue crack detection system N2 - The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material. The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification. Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing. T2 - SPIE Conference Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2023 CY - Long Beach, CA, USA DA - 24.03.2023 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Computer Vision KW - Crack Luminescence PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul A1 - Ratkovac, Mirjana A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - A framework for assessing the reliability of crack luminescence – an automated fatigue crack detection system N2 - The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material. The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification. Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing. T2 - SPIE Conference Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2023 CY - Long Beach, CA, USA DA - 24.03.2023 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Computer Vision KW - Crack Luminescence KW - Wind PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-5106-6086-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2658390 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-57244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abraham, O. T1 - Infrastar Training School on Fatigue and Reliability Analysis of Structures - Training for Assessment of Risk N2 - The Infrastar training school provides lectures and hands-on training to Master and PhD students, early-stage researchers and (young) professionals on all aspects of asset management of civil infrastructures with respect to fatigue of materials. It is organized yearly since 2019 and up to 20 profiles are selected to attend the 3.5-day training. A team of 7 teachers provides insight in multi-disciplinary and intersectoral basic concepts in three core fields, ranging from the design to the dismantling of the structures (bridges and wind turbines): 1. Monitoring and auscultation, 2. Structural and action models, 3. Reliability, risk and decision analyses. Each year, a recognized expert is invited to deliver a keynote lecture to raise interest in a specific aspect of one of the fields covered. The presentation is recorded and published on the training school website. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Doctoral School KW - Fatigue KW - Reliability KW - Concrete PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abraham, O. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schmidt, F. A1 - Sörensen, J.D. A1 - Thöns, S. A1 - Chapeleau, X. A1 - Ferria, H. T1 - Infrastar Training School on Fatigue and Reliability Analysis of Structures - Training for Assessment of Risk N2 - The Infrastar training school provides lectures and hands-on training to Master and PhD students, early-stage researchers and (young) professionals on all aspects of asset management of civil infrastructures with respect to fatigue of materials. It is organized yearly since 2019 and up to 20 profiles are selected to attend the 3.5-day training. A team of 7 teachers provides insight in multi-disciplinary and intersectoral basic concepts in three core fields, ranging from the design to the dismantling of the structures (bridges and wind turbines): 1. Monitoring and auscultation, 2. Structural and action models, 3. Reliability, risk and decision analyses. Each year, a recognized expert is invited to deliver a keynote lecture to raise interest in a specific aspect of one of the fields covered. The presentation is recorded and published on the training school website. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Doctoral School KW - Multidisciplinary KW - Fatigue KW - Reliability PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563253 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce2022/paper/61021_manuscript.pdf SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-56325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Rentala, V. K. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Tkachenko, Viktoriya A1 - Given, Joseph A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Dethof, F. A1 - Jüngert, A. A1 - Vrana, J. T1 - Lasst uns mal POD standardisieren! N2 - Seit beinahe 50 Jahren werden Zuverlässigkeitsbewertungen zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren erfolgreich in unterschiedlichen Industriebranchen eingesetzt. Dennoch gibt es weiterhin viele Vorbehalte, da die Bewertungsgrundlage nicht standardisiert ist und konkrete Handlungsanweisungen fehlen. Dem gegenüber steht die Anerkennung in der ZfP-Community. Es ist bisher nur Wenigen bekannt, dass dem Wissen über die Zuverlässigkeit eines zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren eineSchlüsselfunktion für die ZfP 4.0 zukommt. Im Vortrag wird die Notwendigkeit für eine Norm oder eine Richtlinie zum Thema Zuverlässigkeitsbewertungen aufgezeigt. Es wird darauf eingegangen, warum es bisher (in Deutschland) noch keine Richtlinie gab und gibt und was der:die Anwender:innen aus einer Richtlinie zur Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung von ZfP-Prüfverfahren erwarten kann. Es werden konkrete Schritte und Vorgehensweisen zur Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit eines Verfahrens aufgezeigt; von der Definition eines Anwendungsfalls, über die Herstellung geeigneter Testkörper bis hin zur Durchführung und Bewertung von Prüfungen unter Einbeziehung von menschlichen Einflüssen. Die Beispiele umfassen sowohl Anwendungen aus dem Bauwesen als auch aus dem Maschinen- und Anlagenbau. Der Vortrag fasst die bisherigen und geplanten Arbeiten in dem WIPANO Projekt „Normung für die probabilistische Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit für zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren“ zusammen. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2022 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD KW - Probability of detection KW - Reliability KW - Human Factors KW - Simulation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560113 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-56011 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankschän, M. A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Liebich, R. T1 - Influence of illuminance on indication detectability during visual testing N2 - Visually detecting irregularities on components is a complex process, influenced by physical, technical, and human factors. Current standards mainly focus on illuminance, demanding highest accuracy for it, without providing scientific justification. In this research, 63 inspectors visually inspected forgings, with and without crack-like indications. The influence of illuminance on probability of detection was investigated. Therefore, illuminance was varied in three steps (200 lx, 350 lx, 500 lx). Human factors (e.g., experience, motivation) were recorded by using questionnaires. The results show no significant difference in probability of detection between the three illuminance levels. Equal probability of detection rates could be achieved at illuminances below and at the required threshold (500 lx). A difference in illuminance was found between the measurement point and the test area of the respective participant. This leads to higher assumed illuminance than present on the component. Compared with the measurement accuracy of the used illuminance meter, none of these deviations could be used to explain the similar results at different illuminance. The fact that illuminance has a significant influence in detecting indications has been disproven for this case. Whether human factors can provide explanation for the results remains unclear. This will be investigated in further research. KW - Illuminance KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Probability of detection KW - Reliability KW - Visual inspection PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0112 VL - 64 IS - 10 SP - 1532 EP - 1543 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-56019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Given, Joseph A1 - Rentala, V. K. A1 - Lehleitner, Johannes A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Tkachenko, Viktoriya T1 - Human Factors in der POD - ist das möglich? N2 - Menschliche Faktoren sind ein häufig genanntes Thema, wenn wir über die Zuverlässigkeit der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) sprechen. Die Probability of Detection (POD), das üblicherweise verwendete Maß für die Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP, betrachtet jedoch nur die technische Fähigkeit eines ZfP-Systems, einen Fehler zu entdecken. Nach mehreren Jahrzehnten der Erforschung des Einflusses der menschlichen Faktoren auf die Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP gibt es immer noch keinen allgemein akzeptierten Ansatz, um menschliche Faktoren in der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung sichtbar zu machen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene verfügbare Methoden zur Einbeziehung menschlicher Faktoren in die Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung. Das Thema ist ein essenzieller Bestandteil des laufenden WIPANO-Projekts "normPOD", das sich als Ziel gesetzt hat, die Standardisierung der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung in Deutschland voranzutreiben und im Vergleich zu den schon bekannten internationalen Normen einen Fokus auf den Umgang mit den menschlichen Faktoren zu legen. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2022 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Human factors KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD KW - Probability of detection KW - Reliability PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559942 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-55994 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. T1 - Approach to the development of a model to quantify the quality of tendon localization in concrete using ultrasound N2 - Each engineering decision is based on a number of more or less accurate information. In assessment of existing structures, additional relevant information collected with on-site inspections facilitate better decisions. However, observed data basically represents the physical characteristic of interest with an uncertainty. This uncertainty is a measure of the inspection quality and can be quantified by expressing the measurement uncertainty. The internationally accepted rules for calculating measurement uncertainty are well established and can be applied straightforwardly in many practical cases. Nevertheless, the calculations require the occasionally time-consuming development of an individually suitable measurement model. This contribution attempts to emphasize proposals for modelling the non-destructive depth measurement of tendons in concrete using the ultrasonic echo technique. The proposed model can serve as guideline for the determination of the quality of the measured information in future comparable inspection scenarios. T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Kapstadt, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Measurement Uncertainty KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Existing Concrete Structures PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559927 DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236403007 SN - 2261-236X VL - 364 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis, France AN - OPUS4-55992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - On the accuracy of tendon localization in concrete using ultrasound N2 - Approaches to the development of a (GUM-) measurement model for the calculation of measurement uncertainties in the localization of tendons in concrete structures using the ultrasonic echo method including demonstration were presented. T2 - 6th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2022) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 03.10.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Measurement Uncertainty KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Existing Concrete Structures PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Binder, M. A1 - Dollmeier, K. A1 - Dreyer, M. A1 - Klöden, B. A1 - Schlingmann, T. A1 - Schmidt, J. T1 - Reproducibility and Scattering in Additive Manufacturing: Results from a Round Robin on PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg Alloy T1 - Reproduzierbarkeit und Streuung bei der additiven Fertigung: Ergebnisse eines Ringversuchs mit einer PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg-Legierung N2 - The round robin test investigated the reliability users can expect for AlSi10Mg additive manufactured specimens by laser powder bed fusion through examining powder quality, process parameter, microstructure defects, strength and fatigue. Besides for one outlier, expected static material properties could be found. Optical microstructure inspection was beneficial to determine true porosity and porosity types to explain the occurring scatter in properties. Fractographic analyses reveal that the fatigue crack propagation starts at the rough as-built surface for all specimens. Statistical analysis of the scatter in fatigue using statistical derived safety factors concludes that at a stress of 36.87 MPa the fatigue limit of 107 cycles could be reached for all specimen with a survival probability of 99.999 %. N2 - Im Rahmen eines Ringversuchs wurde durch die Untersuchung der Pulverqualität, der Prozessparameter, der Gefügefehler, der Festigkeit und der Ermüdung die Zuverlässigkeit bestimmt, die Nutzer von AlSi10Mg-Proben erwarten können, die mit pulverbettbasiertes Schmelzen mittels Laser (engl. Laser Powder Bed Fusion) gefertigt worden sind. Abgesehen von einem Ausreißer wurden die erwarteten statischen Materialeigenschaften erreicht. Eine optische Gefügeprüfung diente dazu, die tatsächliche Porosität und Arten von Porosität zu ermitteln, um die bei den Eigenschaften auftretende Streuung zu erklären. Fraktographische Unterschungen zeigen eine bei allen Proben von der rauen Oberfläche im As-built-Zustand ausgehende Ermüdungsrissausbreitung. Aus der statistischen Analyse der Streuung bezüglich der Ermüdung unter Anwendung von statistischen abgeleiteten Sicherheitsfaktoren geht hervor, dass alle Proben die Dauerfestigkeit von 107 Zyklen bei einer Spannung von 36,87 MPa mit einer Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von 99,999 % erreichten. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Reproducibility KW - Reliability PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-1018 SN - 2195-8599 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - 580 EP - 614 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-55935 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - The human factor: A round robin study on the variation in data analyses N2 - How much do we, the small-angle scatterers, influence the results of an investigation? What uncertainty do we add by our human diversity in thoughts and approaches, and is this significant compared to the uncertainty from the instrumental measurement factors? After our previous Round Robin on data collection, we know that many laboratories can collect reasonably consistent small-angle scattering data on easy samples. To investigate the next, human component, we compiled four existing datasets from globular (roughly spherical) scatterers, each exhibiting a common complication, and asked the participants to apply their usual methods and toolset to the quantification of the results (https://lookingatnothing.com/index.php/archives/3274). Accompanying the datasets was a modicum of accompanying information to help with the interpretation of the data, similar to what we normally receive from our collaborators. More than 30 participants reported back with volume fractions, mean sizes and size distribution widths of the particle populations in the samples, as well as information on their self-assessed level of experience and years in the field. While the Round Robin is still underway (until the 25th of April, 2022), the initial results already show significant spread in the results. Some of these are due to the variety in interpretation of the meaning of the requested parameters, as well as simple human errors, both of which are easy to correct for. Nevertheless, even after correcting for these differences in understanding, a significant spread remains. This highlights an urgent challenge to our community: how can we better help ourselves and our colleagues obtain more reliable results, how could we take the human factor out of the equation, so to speak? In this talk, we will introduce the four datasets, their origins and challenges. Hot off the press, we will summarize the anonymized, quantified results of the Data Analysis Round Robin. (Incidentally, we will also see if a correlation exists between experience and proximity of the result to the median). Lastly, potential avenues for improving our field will be offered based on the findings, ranging from low-effort yet somehow controversial improvements, to high-effort foundational considerations. T2 - International Small-Angle Scattering Conference (SAS2022) CY - Campinas, Brazil DA - 11.09.2022 KW - Round robin KW - Data analysis KW - Small angle scattering KW - Nanomaterials KW - MOUSE KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Intercomparability KW - Reliability KW - Data analysis round robin KW - Large number of participants PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55762 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Braml, T. ED - Sykora, M. ED - Lenner, R. ED - de Koker, N. T1 - On the Treatment of Measurement Uncertainty in Stochastic Modeling of Basic Variables N2 - The acquisition and appropriate processing of relevant information about the considered system remains a major challenge in assessment of existing structures. Both the values and the validity of computed results such as failure probabilities essentially depend on the quantity and quality of the incorporated knowledge. One source of information are onsite measurements of structural or material characteristics to be modeled as basic variables in reliability assessment. The explicit use of (quantitative) measurement results in assessment requires the quantification of the quality of the measured information, i.e., the uncertainty associated with the information acquisition and processing. This uncertainty can be referred to as measurement uncertainty. Another crucial aspect is to ensure the comparability of the measurement results.This contribution attempts to outline the necessity and the advantages of measurement uncertainty calculations in modeling of measurement data-based random variables to be included in reliability assessment. It is shown, how measured data representing time-invariant characteristics, in this case non-destructively measured inner geometrical dimensions, can be transferred into measurement results that are both comparable and quality-evaluated. The calculations are based on the rules provided in the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). The GUM-framework is internationally accepted in metrology and can serve as starting point for the appropriate processing of measured data to be used in assessment. In conclusion, the effects of incorporating the non-destructively measured data into reliability analysis are presented using a prestressed concrete bridge as case-study. T2 - International Probabilistic Workshop 2022 (IPW2022) CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 09.09.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Measurement uncertainty PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556580 DO - https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2022.36.0109 SN - 2336-5382 VL - 36 SP - 109 EP - 118 PB - Czech Technical University CY - Prague AN - OPUS4-55658 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - On the Treatment of Measurement Uncertainty in Stochastic Modeling N2 - Measurement uncertainty calculations in stochastic moddeling of time-independent, NDT-based random variables to be used in refined assessment of existing structures T2 - International Probabilistic Workshop 2022 (IPW2022) CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 08.09.2022 KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - Measurement uncertainty PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55657 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Daly, H.C A1 - Matikonda, S.S A1 - Steffens, H.C A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Ivanic, J. A1 - Schermann, M.J T1 - Daly_Photochem Photobiol 2021_Ketone Incorporation Extends the Emission Properties of the Xanthene Scaffold N2 - Imaging in the shortwave-infrared region (SWIR, λ = 1000–2500 nm) has the potential to enable deep tissue imaging with high resolution. Critical to the development of these Methods is the identification of low molecular weight, biologically compatible fluorescent probes that emit beyond 1000 nm. Exchanging the bridging oxygen atom on the xanthene scaffold (C10’ position) with electron withdrawing groups has been shown to lead to significant redshifts in absorbance and emission. Guided by quantum chemistry computational modeling studies, we investigated the installation of a Ketone bridge at the C10’ position. This simple modification extends the absorbance maxima to 860 nm and the emission beyond 1000 nm, albeit with reduced photon output. Overall, These studies demonstrate that broadly applied xanthene dyes can be extended into the SWIR range. KW - Flourescence KW - Optical probe KW - Dye KW - Photophysics KW - Quantum yield KW - Mechanism KW - NIR KW - SWIR KW - Imaging KW - Reliability KW - Method KW - Quality assurance PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13544 SN - 1751-1097 VL - 98 IS - 2 SP - 325 EP - 333 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-54080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Braml, T. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Maack, Stefan ED - Pellegrino, C. ED - Faleschini, F. ED - Zanini, M.A. ED - Matos, J.C. ED - Casas, J.R. ED - Strauss, A. T1 - From Uncertainty in Measurement to Certainty in Bridge Reassessment N2 - "The reassessment of bridges continues to take great importance both nationally and internationally. A major challenge is to find computation models reflecting the actual properties of the considered structures sufficiently accurate. Besides regular inspections, the conduction of advanced measurements is suitable to generate reliable information about a structure to be assessed. Prior to incorporating measurement results in reassessment, the relevance, the trueness, and the precision of the measured information needs to be stated. On the one hand, the use of information whose quality has not been assessed can lead to errors with serious consequences. On the other, the measurement of irrelevant information is inefficient. Although the use of measured data in assessment is currently mostly unregulated, their appreciation in reliability analyses is beneficial since the built environment can be assessed more realistically. Utilizing NDT in reassessment has the potential to extend remaining lifetimes of a structure, save resources, and improve infrastructural availabilities. The power of judgment regarding the decision on the reliability of an existing structure can be increased. In this contribution, an approach is outlined to process non-destructively gathered measurement data in a comparableway in order to include themeasured information in probabilistic reliability assessments of existing structures. An essential part is the calculation of measurement uncertainties. The effect of incorporating evaluated NDT-results is demonstrated by means of a prestressed concrete bridge and GPR measurements conducted on this bridge as a case-study. The bridge is assessed regarding SLS Decompression using the NDT-results." KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - NDT KW - Concrete PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91877-4_58 VL - 200 SP - 509 EP - 517 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-54019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - The Past and the Future of Human Factors: The “Uncontrollable” Aspect of NDT Reliability? N2 - That human factors (HF) affect the reliability of NDT is not novelty. Still, when it comes to reliability assessments, the role of people is often neglected. Reliability is typically expressed in terms of POD curves, and the effects of human and organisational factors on the inspection are typically tackled by the regulations, procedures and by the qualification and training of the inspection personnel. However, studies have shown that even the most experienced personnel can make mistakes and that the reliability in the field is never as high as the reliability measured in the POD experiments. Generally, HF are considered too unpredictable and too uncontrollable to model. If that is the fact, then what can we do? The engineering perspective to this problem has often been to find ways to automate inspections and, recently, to make use of artificial intelligence tools to decrease the direct effect of people on the inspection results and improve the overall efficiency and reliability. However, despite automation and AI, people remain the key players, though their tasks change. The contemporary approach to HF is not to engineer them out of the system but to design human-machine systems that make the best use of both. In this talk, ways of tackling HF in the design of systems and processes will be presented. T2 - Reliability of NDT webinar, The Scottish Branch of the British Institute of NDT CY - Online meeting DA - 29.01.2021 KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - NDT KW - Human Factors KW - Reliability PY - 2021 UR - www.bindt.org/admin/Downloads/2021-01%20BINDT_Bertovic_Human%20factors_new.pdf AN - OPUS4-53544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Güttler, Arne A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Reliable Determination of the Signal-Relevant Spectroscopic Key Characteristics of Luminescent Reporters and Optical Probes for Imaging in the vis/NIR/SWIR N2 - Introduction. Comparing different emitter classes and rationally designing the next generation of molecular and nanoscale probes for bioimaging applications require accurate and quantitative methods for the measurement of the key parameter photoluminescence quantum yield f.1 f equals the number of emitted per number of absorbed photons. This is particularly relevant for increasingly used fluorescence imaging in the short wave-infrared region (SWIR) ≥ 900 nm providing deeper penetration depths, a better image resolution, and an improved signal-to-noise or tumor-to-background ratio.2, 3 However, spectroscopic measurements in the SWIR are more challenging and require specific calibrations and standards. T2 - EMIM 2021 CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 24.08.2021 KW - Fluorescence KW - Optical probe KW - Dye KW - Photophysics KW - Quantum yield KW - Mechanism KW - NIR KW - SWIR KW - Imaging KW - Reference material KW - Reliability KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Method KW - Quality assurance PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53233 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - From uncertainty in measurement to certainty in bridge assessment N2 - In this contribution, an approach is outlined to process non-destructively gath-ered measurement data in a comparable way in order to include the measured information in probabilistic reliability assessments of existing structures. An es-sential part is the calculation of measurement uncertainties. The effect of incor-porating evaluated NDT-results is demonstrated by means of a prestressed con-crete bridge and GPR measurements conducted on this bridge as a case-study. The bridge is assessed regarding SLS Decompression using the NDT-results. T2 - 1st Conference of the European Association on Quality Control of Bridges and Structures – EUROSTRUCT2021 CY - Padova, Italy DA - 29.08.2021 KW - Reliability KW - Assessment KW - Existing structures KW - NDT KW - Concrete PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53173 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dymkin, G. Y. A1 - Konshina, V. N. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Оперативная характеристика обнаружения как метод оценки достоверности неразрушающего контроля T1 - Requirements for Accreditation Appraisal of NDT Laboratories in Nuclear Power Industry N2 - The operational characteristics of detection have been successfully applied for many years in assessing the reliability of non-destructive testing. The main problems for their use, as in the application of any of the methods for assessing the reliability, are the lack of information about the actual defect situation and the limited number of defects in the samples of the objects of control. An additional problem of constructing an operational characteristic of detection is the lack of information about the size of defects and the lack of a universal size for various types of defects. The article summarizes the experience of constructing operational characteristics based on the results of ultrasonic testing. N2 - Оперативные характеристики обнаружения в течение многих лет успешно применяют-ся при оценке достоверности неразрушающего контроля. Основными проблемами для их использования, как и при применении любого из методов оценки достоверности, яв-ляются отсутствие информации о действительной дефектной ситуации и ограниченное количество дефектов в образцах объектов контроля. Дополнительной проблемой постро-ения оперативной характеристики обнаружения является отсутствие информации о раз-мерах дефектов и отсутствие универсального размера для различных типов дефектов. В статье обобщён опыт построения оперативных характеристик по результатам ультра-звукового контроля. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection KW - Operational characteristics KW - Comparative operational characteristics PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12737/1609-3178-2021-23-26 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 23 EP - 26 AN - OPUS4-53121 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nelson, G. A1 - Boehm, U. A1 - Bagley, S. A1 - Bajcsy, P. A1 - Bischof, J. A1 - Brown, C. M. A1 - Dauphin, A. A1 - Dobbie, I. M. A1 - Eriksson, J. E. A1 - Faklaris, O. A1 - Fernandez-Rodriguez, J. A1 - Ferrand, A. A1 - Gelman, L, A1 - Gheisari, A. A1 - Hartmann, H. A1 - Kukat, C. A1 - Laude, A. A1 - Mitkovski, M. A1 - Munck, S. A1 - North, A. J. A1 - Rasse, T. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Schuetz, L. C. A1 - Seitz, A. A1 - Strambio-De-Castillia, C. A1 - Swedlow, J. R. A1 - Alexopoulos, I. A1 - Aumayr, K. A1 - Avilov, S. A1 - Bakker, G.-J. A1 - Bammann, R. R. A1 - Bassi, A. A1 - Beckert, H. A1 - Beer, S. A1 - Belyaev, Y. A1 - Bierwagen, J. A1 - Birngruber, K. A. A1 - Bosch, M. A1 - Breitlow, J. A1 - Cameron, L. A. A1 - Chalfoun, J. A1 - Chambers, J. J. A1 - Chen, C.-L. A1 - Conde-Sousa, E. A1 - Corbett, A. D. A1 - Cordelieres, F. P. A1 - Del Nery, E. A1 - Dietzel, R. A1 - Eismann, F. A1 - Fazeli, E. A1 - Felscher, A. A1 - Fried, H. A1 - Gaudreault, N. A1 - Goh, W. I. A1 - Guilbert, T. A1 - Hadleigh, R. A1 - Hemmerich, P. A1 - Holst, G. A. A1 - Itano, M. S. A1 - Jaffe, C. B. A1 - Jambor, H. K. A1 - Jarvis, S. C. A1 - Keppler, A. A1 - Kirchenbuechler, D. A1 - Kirchner, M. A1 - Kobayashi, N. A1 - Krens, G. A1 - Kunis, S. A1 - Lacoste, J. A1 - Marcello, M. A1 - Martins, G. G. A1 - Metcalf, D. J. A1 - Mitchell, C. A. A1 - Moore, J. A1 - Mueller, T. A1 - Nelson, M. S. A1 - Ogg, S. A1 - Onami, S. A1 - Palmer, A. L. A1 - Paul-Gilloteaux, P. A1 - Pimentel, J. A. A1 - Plantard, L. A1 - Podder, S. A1 - Rexhepaj, E. A1 - Royon, A. A1 - Saari, M. A. A1 - Schapman, D. A1 - Schoonderwoert, V. A1 - Schroth-Diez, B. A1 - Schwartz, S. A1 - Shaw, M. A1 - Spitaler, M. A1 - Stoeckl, M. T. A1 - Sudar, D. A1 - Teillon, J. A1 - Terjung, S. A1 - Thuenauer, R. A1 - Wilms, C. D. A1 - Wright, G. D. A1 - Nitschke, R. T1 - QUAREP-LiMi: A community-driven initiative to establish guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility for instruments and images in light microscopy N2 - A modern day light microscope has evolved from a tool devoted to making primarily empirical observations to what is now a sophisticated, quantitative device that is an integral part of both physical and life science research. Nowadays, microscopes are found in nearly every experimental laboratory. However, despite their prevalent use in capturing and quantifying scientific phenomena, neither a thorough understanding of the principles underlying quantitative imaging techniques nor appropriate knowledge of how to calibrate, operate and maintain microscopes can be taken for granted. This is clearly demonstrated by the well-documented and widespread difficulties that are routinely encountered in evaluating acquired data and reproducing scientific experiments. Indeed, studies have shown that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to repeat another scientist’s experiments, while more than half have even failed to reproduce their own experiments1. One factor behind the reproducibility crisis of experiments published in scientific journals is the frequent underreporting of imaging methods caused by a lack of awareness and/or a lack of knowledge of the applied technique2,3. Whereas quality control procedures for some methods used in biomedical research, such as genomics (e.g., DNA sequencing, RNA-seq) or cytometry, have been introduced (e.g. ENCODE4), this issue has not been tackled for optical microscopy instrumentation and images. Although many calibration standards and protocols have been published, there is a lack of awareness and agreement on common Standards and guidelines for quality assessment and reproducibility5. In April 2020, the QUality Assessment and REProducibility for instruments and images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) initiative6 was formed. This initiative comprises imaging scientists from academia and industry who share a common interest in achieving a better understanding of the performance and limitations of microscopes and improved quality control (QC) in light microscopy. The ultimate goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to establish a set of common QC standards, guidelines, metadata models7,8, and tools9,10, including detailed protocols, with the ultimate aim of improving reproducible advances in scientific research. This White Paper 1) summarizes the major obstacles identified in the field that motivated the launch of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative; 2) identifies the urgent need to address these obstacles in a grassroots manner, through a community of Stakeholders including, researchers, imaging scientists11, bioimage analysts, bioimage informatics developers, corporate partners, Funding agencies, standards organizations, scientific publishers, and observers of such; 3) outlines the current actions of the QUAREPLiMi initiative, and 4) proposes future steps that can be taken to improve the dissemination and acceptance of the proposed guidelines to manage QC. To summarize, the principal goal of the QUAREP-LiMi initiative is to improve the overall quality and reproducibility of light microscope image data by introducing broadly accepted standard practices and accurately captured image data metrics. KW - Fluorescence KW - Microscopy KW - Quality assurance KW - Comparability KW - Imaging KW - Standards KW - Reference materials KW - Reliability KW - Data KW - Reference data KW - Biology KW - Medicine KW - Life science PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530629 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.13041 SN - 1365-2818 VL - 284 IS - 1 SP - 56 EP - 73 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-53062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschöke, K. A1 - Müller, I. A1 - Memmolo, V. A1 - Moix-Bonet, M. A1 - Moll, J. A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Golub, M. A1 - Sridaran Venkat, R. A1 - Schubert, L. T1 - Feasibility of Model-Assisted Probability of Detection Principles for Structural Health Monitoring Systems based on Guided Waves for Fibre-Reinforced Composites N2 - In many industrial sectors, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is considered as an addition to Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) that can reduce maintenance effort during lifetime of a technical facility, structural component or vehicle. A large number of SHM methods is based on ultrasonic waves, whose properties change depending on structural health. However, the wide application of SHM systems is limited due to the lack of suitable methods to assess their reliability. The evaluation of the system performance usually refers to the determination of the Probability of Detection (POD) of a test procedure. Up to now, only few limited methods exist to evaluate the POD of SHM systems, which prevent them from being standardised and widely accepted in industry. The biggest hurdle concerning the POD calculation is the large amount of samples needed. A POD analysis requires data from numerous identical structures with integrated SHM systems. Each structure is then damaged at different locations and with various degrees of severity. All of this is connected to high costs. Therefore, one possible way to tackle this problem is to perform computer-aided investigations. In this work, the POD assessment procedure established in NDT according to the Berens model is adapted to guided wave-based SHM systems. The approach implemented here is based on solely computer-aided investigations. After efficient modelling of wave propagation phenomena across an automotive component made of a carbon fibre-reinforced composite, the POD curves are extracted. Finally, the novel concept of a POD map is introduced to look into the effect of damage position on system reliability. KW - Reliability KW - Acoustics KW - Monitoring KW - Automotive engineering KW - Elastodynamic Finite Inegration Technique PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528218 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3084898 VL - 68 IS - 10 SP - 3156 EP - 3173 AN - OPUS4-52821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boehm, U. A1 - Nelson, G. A1 - Brown, C. M. A1 - Bagley, S. A1 - Bajcsy, P. A1 - Bischof, J. A1 - Dauphin, A. A1 - Dobbie, I. M. A1 - Eriksson, J. E. A1 - Faklaris, O. A1 - Fernandez-Rodriguez, J. A1 - Ferrand, A. A1 - Gelman, L. A1 - Gheisari, A. A1 - Hartmann, H. A1 - Kukat, C. A1 - Laude, A. A1 - Mitkovski, M. A1 - Munck, S. A1 - North, A. J. A1 - Rasse, T. M. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Schuetz, L. C. A1 - Seitz, A. A1 - Strambio-De-Castillia, C. A1 - Swedlow, J. R. A1 - Nitschke, R. T1 - QUAREP-LiMi: A community endeavor to advance quality assessment and reproducibility in light microscopy N2 - The community-driven initiative Quality Assessment and Reproducibility for Instruments & Images in Light Microscopy (QUAREP-LiMi) wants to improve reproducibility for light microscopy image data through Quality control (QC) management of instruments and images. It aims for a common set of QC guidelines for Hardware calibration and image acquisition, management and analysis. KW - Fluorescence KW - Microscopy KW - Quality assurance KW - Comparability KW - Imaging KW - Standards KW - Reference materials KW - Reliability KW - Data KW - Reference data KW - Biology KW - Medicine KW - Life science PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-021-01162-y SN - 1548-7105 VL - 18 SP - 1424 EP - 1427 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-52722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Reliability in NDT and the influence of human factors N2 - This presentation offers a holistic view on the assessment of reliability of NDT including the intrinsic reliability (typically expressed in terms of probability of detection (POD) curves), application, human and organisational factors. In addition to POD, advanced methods such as multiparameter POD, volume POD and POD for combined data are presented. Human and organisational factors in NDT require a systematic approach, i.e. it is not just the individual that determines how the inspections are carried out but also the interactions of individuals with the technology, team, organisation and the extra-organisational environment. Lessons learned from the literature as well as from own studies are presented. T2 - DFG SHM Netzwerk CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.01.2020 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT) KW - Reliability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on inspection and monitoring data N2 - The current practice of operating and maintaining deteriorating structural systems ensures acceptable levels of structural reliability, but it is not clear how efficient it is. Changing the current prescriptive approach to a risk-based approach has great potential to enable a more efficient management of such systems. Risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies identifies the strategy that optimally balances the cost for controlling deterioration in a structural system with the achieved risk reduction. Inspections and monitoring are essential parts of operation and maintenance strategies. They are typically performed to reduce the uncertainty in the structural condition and inform decisions on future operation and maintenance actions. In risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies, Bayesian updating is used to include information contained in inspection and monitoring data in the prediction of the structural reliability. All computations need to be repeated many times for different potential inspection and monitoring outcomes. This motivates the development of robust and efficient approaches to this computationally challenging task. The reliability of deteriorating structural systems is time-variant because the loads on them and their capacities change with time. In most practical applications, the reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems can be approached by dividing their lifetime into discrete time intervals. The time-variant reliability problem can then be represented by a series of time-invariant reliability problems. Using this methodology as a starting point, this thesis proposes a novel approach to compute the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems for which inspection and monitoring data are available. The problem is formulated in a nested way in which the prediction of the structural condition is separated from the computation of the structural reliability conditional on the structural condition. Information on the structural condition provided by inspections and monitoring is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system deterioration model employed to predict the structural condition. The updated system reliability is obtained by coupling the updated deterioration model with a probabilistic structural model utilized to calculate the failure probability conditional on the structural condition. This approach is the first main outcome of this thesis and termed nested reliability analysis (NRA) approach. It is demonstrated in two numerical examples considering inspected and monitored steel structures subject to high-cycle fatigue. An alternative – recently developed – approach, which also follows the strategy of discretizing time, describes deteriorating structural systems with hierarchical dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). DBN combined with approximate or exact inference algorithms also enable the computation of the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on information provided by inspection and monitoring data. In this thesis – as a proof of concept – a software prototype is developed based on the DBN approach, which can be used to assess the reliability of a corroding concrete box girder for which half-cell potential measurements are available. This is the second main outcome of this thesis. Both approaches presented in this thesis enable an integral reliability analysis of inspected and monitored structures that accounts for system effects arising from (a) the correlation among deterioration states of different structural elements, (b) the interaction between element deterioration and system failure, and (c) the indirect information gained on the condition of all unobserved structural elements from inspecting or monitoring the condition of some structural elements. Thus, both approaches enable a systemwide risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies for deteriorating structural systems. The NRA approach can be implemented relatively easily with subset simulation, which is a sequential Monte Carlo method suitable for estimating rare event probabilities. Subset simulation is robust and considerably more efficient than crude Monte Carlo simulation. It is, however, still sampling-based and its efficiency is thus a function of the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, as well as the value of the simulated event probabilities. The current implementation of the NRA approach performs separate subset simulation runs to estimate the reliability at different points in time. The efficiency of the NRA approach with subset simulation can be significantly improved by exploiting the fact that failure events in different years are nested. The lifetime reliability of deteriorating structural systems can thus be computed in reverse chronological order in a single subset simulation run. The implementation of the DBN approach is much more demanding than the implementation of the NRA approach but it has two main advantages. Firstly, the graphical format of the DBN facilitates the presentation of the model and the underlying assumptions to stakeholders who are not experts in reliability analysis. Secondly, it can be combined with exact inference algorithms. In this case, its efficiency neither depends on the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, nor on the value of the event probabilities to be calculated. However, in contrast to the NRA approach with subset simulation, the DBN approach with exact inference imposes restrictions on the number of random variables and the dependence structure that can be implemented in the model. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 168 KW - Reliability KW - Structural systems KW - Deterioration KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Inspection KW - Monitoring KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Tragstrukturen KW - Schädigungsprozesse KW - Bayes'sche Analyse KW - Inspektion KW - Monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512977 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 168 SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - Efficient structural reliability analysis by using a PGD model in an adaptive importance sampling schema N2 - One of the most important goals in civil engineering is to guarantee the safety of the construction. Standards prescribe a required failure probability in the order of 10−4 to 10−6. Generally, it is not possible to compute the failure probability analytically. Therefore, many approximation methods have been developed to estimate the failure probability. Nevertheless, these methods still require a large number of evaluations of the investigated structure, usually finite element (FE) simulations, making full probabilistic design studies not feasible for relevant applications. The aim of this paper is to increase the efficiency of structural reliability analysis by means of reduced order models. The developed method paves the way for using full probabilistic approaches in industrial applications. In the proposed PGD reliability analysis, the solution of the structural computation is directly obtained from evaluating the PGD solution for a specific parameter set without computing a full FE simulation. Additionally, an adaptive importance sampling scheme is used to minimize the total number of required samples. The accuracy of the failure probability depends on the accuracy of the PGD model (mainly influenced on mesh discretization and mode truncation) as well as the number of samples in the sampling algorithm. Therefore, a general iterative PGD reliability procedure is developed to automatically verify the accuracy of the computed failure probability. It is based on a goal-oriented refinement of the PGD model around the adaptively approximated design point. The methodology is applied and evaluated for 1D and 2D examples. The computational savings compared to the method based on a FE model is shown and the influence of the accuracy of the PGD model on the failure probability is studied. KW - Reliability KW - Probability of failure KW - Adaptive importance sampling KW - Reduced order models KW - Proper Generalized Decomposition PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510345 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-020-00168-z VL - 7 SP - Article number: 29 PB - SpringerOpen AN - OPUS4-51034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Stewart, M. G. T1 - On the cost-efficiency, significance and effectiveness of terrorism risk reduction strategies for buildings N2 - We analyse the performance of risk reduction strategies for Terrorist attacks with Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) for large governmental building structures in terms of cost-efficiency, significance and effectiveness Accounting for life safety in conjunction with societal preferences and capabilities. The approach builds upon an extended Bayesian pre-posterior decision analysis and the principles of the marginal lifesaving costs based on the Life Quality Index (LQI). The decision scenario is formulated for a decision maker responsible for the safety of governmental or large commercial buildings and consequently the direct risks, the indirect risks due to fatalities and economical importance of the building beside the expected cost for the individual risk reduction strategies are modelled, aggregated and optimised. The considered risk reduction strategies encompass an explicit consideration and distinction of information and actions such as (i) threat surveillance may trigger the temporary evacuation of the building, (ii) the implementation of protection provisions provided by codes and guidelines, (iii) a detailed progressive collapse assessment and specific protection measures and (iv) the combination of protection and surveillance. All considered strategies are found to contribute to risk reduction and can be costefficient, especially for higher threat probabilities. The risk reduction strategies comply with societal macroeconomic and demographical characteristics and societal preferences according to the LQI. The progressive collapse assessment with targeted protection measures is found to be the most cost-efficient, significant and effective counter-terrorism strategy. This finding points to the necessity for a comprehensive utilisation of scientific methods and sophisticated engineering for progressive collapse assessment to determine targeted protection measures. KW - Significance and effectiveness KW - Risk mitigation strategies KW - Terrorist attacks KW - Value of information KW - Bayesian probability KW - Reliability KW - Risk and decision analysis KW - Decision optimality PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.101957 VL - 85 SP - 10195 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50794 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika T1 - Coupling PGD model reduction with importance sampling using adaptive subset simulation for reliability analysis N2 - The key point of structural reliability analysis is the estimation of the failure probability. This probability is defined as the integral over the failure domain which is given by a limit state function. Usually, this function is only implicit given by an underlying finite element simulation of the structure. It is generally not possible to solve the integral analytically. For that reason, numerical methods based on sampling and surrogates have been developed. Nevertheless, these sampling methods still require a few thousand calculations of the underlying finite element model, making reliability analysis computationally expensive for relevant applications. Coupling a reduced order model (proper generalized decomposition) with an efficient variance reducing sampling algorithm can reduce the computational cost of reliability analysis drastically. In the proposed method, an importance sampling technique is coupled with a reduced structural model by means of PGD to estimate the failure probability. Instead of calculating the design point e.g. with optimization algorithms, the design point is adaptively estimated by using the idea of subset simulation. The failure probability is estimated in an iterative scheme based on adaptively computing the design point and refining the PGD model. T2 - 5th international Workshop Reduced Basis, POD and PGD Model Reduction Techniques (MORTech) 2019 CY - Paris, France DA - 19.11.2019 KW - Reliability KW - Probability of failure KW - Importance sampling KW - Proper Generalized Decomposition KW - Reduced order models PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human-Related Risks in the Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Hollow Railway Axles: Implications for the Education and Training of the NDT Personnel N2 - Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a major contributor to the safe railway operation. Even though NDT reliability in railway maintenance is affected by human factors, there are only just a few studies published in this field so far. Education and training of the NDT personnel are some of the most important drivers of safe and reliable NDT. Continuously improving current practices and tools used for educational purposes can be achieved not only through technical con¬tent, but also through the attention to human factors. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of possible human-related risks in the manual ultrasonic inspection of the hollow railway axles and to suggest measures to improve the education and training of the NDT person¬nel. This was achieved by means of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) carried out with eight NDT experts and by a survey of 27 experienced inspectors. The results show that failures can happen throughout the entire NDT process. Prevention of those failures could be improved through the optimization of the organization, technology, documentation and regulations, working conditions and the general process, and through the optimization of the formal education and training. Specialized training of the executives, extended training of the supervisors and the inspectors and improvement of the inspection documentation have been suggested. The study also showed potential for the improvements of the inspection in the field. T2 - 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 22.09.2019 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - NDT KW - Education KW - Training KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis KW - Railway KW - Axle Inspection KW - Ultrasonic Testing KW - Reliability PY - 2019 SN - 978-981-11-2724-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_1058-cd SP - 294 EP - 300 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-49733 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human-related risks in the nondestructivetesting (NDT) of hollow railway axles: implications for the education and training of the NDT personnel N2 - Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a major contributor to the safe railway operation. Even though NDT reliability in railway maintenance is affected by human factors, there are only just a few studies published in this field so far. Education and training of the NDT personnel are some of the most important drivers of safe and reliable NDT. Continuously improving current practices and tools used for educational purposes can be achieved not only through technical content, but also through the attention to human factors. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of possible human-related risks in the manual ultrasonic inspection of the hollow railway axles and to suggest measures to improve the education and training of the NDT personnel. This was achieved by means of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) carried out with eight NDT experts and by a survey of 27 experienced inspectors. The results show that failures can happen throughout the entire NDT process. Prevention of those failures could be improved through the optimization of the organization, technology, documentation and regulations, working conditions and the general process, and through the optimization of the formal education and training. Specialized training of the executives, extended training of the supervisors and the inspectors and improvement of the inspection documentation have been suggested. The study also showed potential for the improvements of the inspection in the field. T2 - 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 22.09.2019 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - NDT KW - Education KW - Training KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis KW - Railway KW - Axle Inspection KW - Ultrasonic Testing KW - Reliability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, I. A1 - Moll, J. A1 - Kexel, C. A1 - Schubert, L. A1 - Tschöke, K. A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Bach, M. A1 - Vogt, T. T1 - SHM using Guided Waves – Recent Activities and Advances in Germany N2 - Issues that prevent Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) based on Guided Waves (GW) from being a part of today’s monitoring solutions in industry are not all obvious to the scientific community. To uncover and overcome these issues, scientists working on SHM and GW problems joined in an expert committee under the patronage of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing. An initiated online survey among more than 700 experts and users reveals the hurdles hindering the practical application of GWbased SHM. Firstly, methods for proof of reliability of SHM approaches are missing. Secondly, detailed understanding of phenomenological described wave-damage interactions is needed. Additionally, there are significant unsolved implementation issues and unsolved problems of signal processing including handling of environmental influences. To enable substantial proof of reliability without unaffordable experimental effort also efficient simulation tools including realistic damage interaction are needed, enabling the joint use of experimental and simulated data to predict the capabilities of the Monitoring system. Considering these issues, the committee focusses on simulation, signal processing, as well as probability of detection and standardization. In the presented work, recent activities of the expert committee starting with survey results are summarized. An open access data basis of life-like measurements is presented to allow testing and comparison of signal processing and simulation algorithms. Finally, a strategy for efficient proof of reliability increasing the acceptance of SHM in industry and for successful Integration of SHM into real-world engineering structures is proposed. T2 - The 12th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CY - Stanford, California, USA DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Survey KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, I. T1 - SHM using Guided Waves – Recent Activities and Advances in Germany N2 - Issues that prevent Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) based on Guided Waves (GW) from being a part of today’s monitoring solutions in industry are not all obvious to the scientific community. To uncover and overcome these issues, scientists working on SHM and GW problems joined in an expert committee under the patronage of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing. An initiated online survey among more than 700 experts and users reveals the hurdles hindering the practical application of GWbased SHM. Firstly, methods for proof of reliability of SHM approaches are missing. Secondly, detailed understanding of phenomenological described wave-damage interactions is needed. Additionally, there are significant unsolved implementation issues and unsolved problems of signal processing including handling of environmental influences. To enable substantial proof of reliability without unaffordable experimental effort also efficient simulation tools including realistic damage interaction are needed, enabling the joint use of experimental and simulated data to predict the capabilities of the Monitoring system. Considering these issues, the committee focusses on simulation, signal processing, as well as probability of detection and standardization. In the presented work, recent activities of the expert committee starting with survey results are summarized. An open access data basis of life-like measurements is presented to allow testing and comparison of signal processing and simulation algorithms. Finally, a strategy for efficient proof of reliability increasing the acceptance of SHM in industry and for successful Integration of SHM into real-world engineering structures is proposed. T2 - The 12th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CY - Stanford, California, USA DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Survey KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49231 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Straub, D. A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Bismut, E. A1 - Kim, H.-J. T1 - Reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems N2 - Reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems requires the solution of time-variant reliability problems. In the general case, both the capacity of and the loads on the structure vary with time. This analysis can be approached by approximation through a series of time-invariant reliability problems, which is a potentially effective strategy for cases where direct solutions of the time-variant reliability problem are challenging, e.g. for structural systems with many elements or arbitrary load processes. In this contribution, we thoroughly Review the formulation of the equivalent time-invariant reliability problems and extend this approximation to structures for which inspection and monitoring data is available. Thereafter, we present methods for efficiently evaluating the reliability over time. In particular, we propose the combination of sampling-based methods with a FORM (first-order reliability method) approximation of the series system reliability problem that arises in the computation of the lifetime reliability. The framework and algorithms are demonstrated on a set of numerical examples, which include the computation of the reliability conditional on inspection data. KW - Monitoring KW - Reliability KW - Deterioration KW - Structural systems KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Inspection PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2019.101877 VL - 82 SP - Paper 101877, 1 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-48952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Effect of repair models on risk based optimal inspection strategies for support structures of offshore wind turbines N2 - Owners or operators of offshore wind farms perform inspections to collect information on the condition of the wind turbine support structures and perform repairs if required. These activities are costly and should be optimized. Risk-based methods can be applied to identify inspection and repair strategies that ensure an optimal balance between the expected total service life cost of inspection and repair, and the achieved risk reduction. Such an optimization requires explicit modeling of repairs. In this paper, the impact of different repair models on the results of a risk-based optimization of inspection and repair strategies is quantified in a numerical example considering a jacket-type steel frame subject to high-cycle fatigue. The example showed that, in this specific application, there is no need for detailed modeling of the behavior of repaired welded connections. T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (SMAR 2019) CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 27.08.2019 KW - Risk KW - Reliability KW - Inspection planning KW - Offshore wind turbines PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-488297 UR - https://www.smar2019.org/Portals/smar2019/bb/Th.2.A.4.pdf SP - Paper Th.2.A.4, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-48829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Arndt, R.W. A1 - Denzel, W. A1 - Ebsen, B. A1 - Feistkorn, S. A1 - Friese, M. A1 - Große, C.U. A1 - Kathage, S. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Lohse, C. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schröder, G. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Walther, A. A1 - Wilcke, M. A1 - Wolf, J. A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - Test specimen concepts in regard to quality assurance and validation of nondestructive testing in civil engineering N2 - The process of ensuring reliability of NDT applications contains various aspects, such as determining the performance and probability of success, the uncertainty in measurement, the provision of clear and functional procedures and ensuring the correct application accordingly. Test specimens have become powerful elements in supporting many of these aspects. Within the committee for NDT in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) of the German Society for Nondestructive Testing (DGZfP), the subcommittee on Quality Assurance (UA-QS) therefore addresses the design and the integration of test specimens in the quality assurance process. Depending on the specific purpose, the requirements on test specimens can vary significantly based on the defined simulated scenario. The most prominent purposes of test specimens might be seen in providing references for inspection systems in regard to function control, calibration and validation. Further aspects can be parametric studies, basic investigation of physical principles related to NDT or a simplified and therefore comprehensive demonstration of inspection concepts (e.g. for teaching purposes). The specific purpose of a test specimen dictates the requirements regarding its conception, including the exact design, the material or the fabrication accuracy and the conditioning. In the development of a general guideline by the UA-QS for application-specific procedures and their validation, the use of test specimens is addressed and specific concepts for the design of test specimens are made. This includes the analysis of the measurement process regarding any given application, deriving an adequate calibration approach for it and designing test specimens (calibration specimens) accordingly. Furthermore, it includes the validation of the procedure taking into account all conditions related to the specific application in the field. The validation requires a statistically sufficient number of trials. Thorough evaluation of each trial can only be established if the ground-truth is known. Therefore, test specimens providing a realistic but controlled simulation of the inspection problem are valuable and indispensable elements in the validation process. The requirement of being fully realistic will often not be possible to fulfill due to practical restrictions. Any aspect that cannot be included in the simulation realistically needs to be simulated conservatively. This again, requires a sufficient understanding of the inspection principle and technique to ensure conservativeness. Among other quality-assurance-related aspects, the UA-QS establishes concepts and guidelines regarding sound and efficient approaches for the specific purposes of test specimens. This subcommittee brings together representatives of different Groups along the entire value chain of NDT-CE, including researchers, practitioners, manufacturers and clients. They all work together in establishing a common understanding and level of quality assurance in the industry. T2 - SMT and NDT-CE 2018 CY - New Brunswick, NJ, USA DA - 27.08.2018 KW - Quality assurance KW - Procedure KW - Reliability KW - Validation KW - Reference specimen PY - 2019 UR - https://asnt.org/smt18papers SN - 978-1-57117-456-7 VL - 11/19 SP - 39 EP - 48 PB - The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. CY - Columbus, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-47240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Arndt, R.W. A1 - Denzel, W. A1 - Ebsen, B. A1 - Feistkorn, S. A1 - Friese, M. A1 - Große, C.U. A1 - Kathage, S. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Lohse, C. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schröder, G. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Walther, A. A1 - Wilcke, M. A1 - Wolf, J. A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - NDT procedures in relation to quality assurance and validation of nondestructive testing in civil engineering N2 - The field of non-destructive testing of civil structures (NDT-CE) has been continuously growing. Due to the complexity and diversity of civil constructions as well as the heterogeneity of concrete, specific standards or guidelines for the application of modern NDT-CE are still missing. The development of individual solutions is the current approach, which is just as challenging as it is common for NDT-CE. With the increasing development and commercialization of NDT-CE technology, the group of practitioners is growing. To ensure a good level of quality in the industry, it appears necessary to establish adequate means. Naturally, the performance of NDT-CE methods regarding a specific application is strongly dependent on choosing the most suitable inspection technique and applying it correctly, generally referred to as the inspection procedure in the field of NDT. There are well-defined guidelines regarding procedure documentation and handling in many fields of NDT (e.g. nuclear, aerospace or automotive) according to the high importance of procedures in assuring a successful and reliable application. For a long time, this has not always been the case with NDT-CE, which is still considered a unique discipline of NDT. Part of the reason for that might be the young development state of NDTCE, the heterogeneity of building materials like concrete, timber or masonry as a material and the diversity of civil structures. In consequence, NDT-CE procedure development is considered challenging. Among other aspects, addressed in the subcommittee on Quality Assurance (UA-QS) within the committee for NDT-CE of the German Society for Nondestructive Testing (DGZfP), part of its work aims at establishing an adequate basis for NDT-CE procedure development. While some of the highly developed approaches from other industries are taken into consideration, they need to be analyzed regarding their suitability for NDT-CE and adapted accordingly. For a procedure to be as defined as possible, it needs to contain sufficient information, such as the scope and limitations regarding material, geometry and condition of the test object, inspection parameters, calibration, data acquisition, analysis criteria as well as requirements regarding the inspection personnel. For a successful implementation in the field, it is important to define the specific procedure as precisely as possible. Despite the necessity of a great amount of information to be included, the procedure needs to be suitable for efficient field application. The UA-QS is developing a guideline for NDT-CE procedures suitable for application in this field of NDT to ensure correct and reproducible application. To demonstrate and evaluate this concept, specific examples of procedures are also produced. In particular, the UA-QS has developed a procedure for the detection and positioning of tendon ducts using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). This procedure is tested regarding the practical applicability in a roundrobin on a defined type of reference test block. T2 - SMT and NDT-CE 2018 CY - New Brunswick, NJ, USA DA - 27.08.2018 KW - Quality assurance KW - Procedure KW - Reliability KW - Validation KW - Reference specimen PY - 2019 UR - https://asnt.org/smt18papers SN - 978-1-57117-456-7 VL - 11/19 SP - 31 EP - 38 PB - The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. CY - Columbus, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-47239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - Reliability assessment of existing bridges based on NDT-results N2 - The non-destructive testing methods available for civil engineering (NDT-CE) enable the measurements of quantitative parameters, which realistically describe the characteristics of existing buildings. In the past, methods for quality evaluation and concepts for validation expanded into NDT-CE to improve the objectivity of measured data. Thereby, a metrological foundation was developed to collect statistically sound and structurally relevant information about the inner construction of structures without destructive interventions. More recently, the demand for recalculations of structural safety was identified. This paper summarizes a basic research study on structural analyses of bridges in combination with NDT. The aim is to use measurement data of nondestructive testing methods as stochastic quantities in static calculations. Therefore, a methodical interface between the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement and probabilistic approximation procedures (e.g. FORM) has been proven to be suitable. The motivation is to relate the scientific approach of the structural analysis with real information coming from existing structures and not with those found in the literature. A case study about the probabilistic bending proof of a reinforced concrete bridge with statistically verified data from ultrasonic measurements shows that the measuring results fulfil the requirements concerning precision, trueness, objectivity and reliability. T2 - 5th ICCRRR 2018 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 19.11.2018 KW - NDT KW - Concrete KW - Stochastic model KW - Reassessment KW - Reliability PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Rogge, Andreas A1 - Thöns, S. A1 - Bismut, E. A1 - Straub, D. ED - Caspeele, Robby ED - Taerwe, Luc ED - Frangopol, Dan M. T1 - A sampling-based approach to identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures N2 - Identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures is a challenging task. We pre-sent an approach, which is based on recent developments in the field of risk-based operation and maintenance planning at the structural system level. The approach utilizes heuristics to define inspection and repair strate-gies at the system level and to reduce the search space of possible strategies. For each defined strategy, the expected service life cost of inspection, repair and failure is evaluated based on simulated inspection and re-pair histories. Subset simulation is applied to compute the conditional repair and failure probabilities required for this analysis. It also forms the basis for simulating inspection and repair histories. The strategy that mini-mizes the expected service life cost is the optimal one in the set of pre-selected strategies. The underlying condition and performance model accounts for the stochastic dependence among the deterioration states of the different structural elements and the structural redundancy. The approach is demonstrated in a case study considering a jacket-type frame. In this study, we essentially vary the inspection interval, the minimum num-ber of inspected components and the target reliability, and identify the combination that minimizes the ex-pected total service life cost. T2 - The sixth international symposium on life-cycle civil engineering (IALCCE 2018) CY - Ghent, Belgien DA - 28.10.2018 KW - Offshore steel structures KW - Fatigue KW - Reliability KW - Risk KW - Inspection planning PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-138-62633-1 SN - 978-1-315-22891-4 SP - 1081 EP - 1088 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-46434 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - A sampling-based approach to identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures N2 - Identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures is a challenging task. We pre-sent an approach, which is based on recent developments in the field of risk-based operation and maintenance planning at the structural system level. The approach utilizes heuristics to define inspection and repair strate-gies at the system level and to reduce the search space of possible strategies. For each defined strategy, the expected service life cost of inspection, repair and failure is evaluated based on simulated inspection and re-pair histories. Subset simulation is applied to compute the conditional repair and failure probabilities required for this analysis. It also forms the basis for simulating inspection and repair histories. The strategy that mini-mizes the expected service life cost is the optimal one in the set of pre-selected strategies. The underlying condition and performance model accounts for the stochastic dependence among the deterioration states of the different structural elements and the structural redundancy. The approach is demonstrated in a case study considering a jacket-type frame. In this study, we essentially vary the inspection interval, the minimum num-ber of inspected components and the target reliability, and identify the combination that minimizes the ex-pected total service life cost. T2 - The Sixth International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2018) CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 28.10.2018 KW - Steel structures KW - Fatigue KW - Reliability KW - Risk KW - Inspection planning PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Assessing and Treating Risks in Mechanised NDT: A Human Factors Study N2 - Reliability of NDT is affected by human factors, which have thus far received the least amount of attention in the reliability assessments. With increased use of automation, in terms of mechanised testing (automation-assisted inspection and the corresponding evaluation of data), higher reliability standards are believed to have been achieved. However, human inspectors, and thus human factors, still play an important role throughout this process and the risks involved in this application are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore for the first time the risks associated with mechanised NDT and find ways of mitigating their effects on the inspection performance. Hence, the objectives were to identify and Analyse potential risks in mechanised NDT and devise measures against them. To address those objectives, a risk assessment in form of a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted. This analysis revealed potential for failure during both the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data that could be assigned to human, technology, and organisation. Since the existing preventive measures were judged to be insufficient to defend the system from identified failures, new preventive measures were suggested. KW - NDT KW - Human factors KW - Risk assessment KW - FMEA KW - Reliability KW - Human error PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-463325 SN - 1616-069X IS - 161 SP - 52 EP - 62 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-46332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Influencing parameters on image quality using photon counting detectors for laminography N2 - Classical film radiography is a well-established NDT technique and it is most commonly used for testing weld seams and corroded pipes e.g. in oil and gas industry or in nuclear power plants. In the course of digitization, digital detector arrays (DDA) are finding their way into industrial applications and are replacing film radiography step by step. This study deals with the latest generation of DDAs, the photon counting and energy resolving detectors (PCD), and their characteristics compared to charge integrating detectors (CID). No matter which technology to use, radiography still lacks a general issue: A three-dimensional object is projected onto a two dimensional image. Of course, advanced computed tomography (CT) algorithms exist since many years, but if the object to investigate is too large to fit into the manipulation system or its shape is not appropriate, CT is not feasible or sensible to be applied. To overcome this limitation, numerous laminographic algorithms have been developed in the past. In this study, photon counting detectors are used in combination with co-planar translational laminography to gain reconstructed three-dimensional volumes. Both laminographic testing and PCDs require a serious knowledge of many parameters that can influence the image quality in the resulting datasets. These are e.g. the detector efficiency and calibration procedure, setting of energy thresholds, exposure data, number of projections, beam length correction and spatial resolution. The use of PCDs yields more variables to be considered compared to CIDs. The most important parameters in laminographic testing and in the use of PCDs are described in this study and limits are discussed. T2 - 7th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 05.09.2017 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Digital radiography KW - Co-planar translational laminography KW - Reliability KW - Photon counting detectors PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-428912 UR - http://www.nde-reliability.de/portals/nde17/BB/31.pdf SP - Paper 31, 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-42891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Role of materials data N2 - In a general sense, data are the output of experimental research work. In this workshop we will present some basic ideas concerning the reliability of experimental data; this is a central issue both for individuals or labs producing results as well as for scientists working on theoretical models and engineers designing a machine. Digitalization accelerates enormously the data exchange between these communities; however, the required level of confidence on experimental results increases in the same way. We invite all the participants to reflect upon the value of materials data for their own work. T2 - DCMS Summerschool 2017 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 11.09.2017 KW - Materials data KW - Experimental data KW - Reliability PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Achieving a more comprehensive POD using both simulation and measurements N2 - Today, it is an established fact that the capability of the non-destructive testing (NDT) to find flaws can be properly addressed only in terms of probability of detection (POD). The probabilistic, signal-response model, introduced in 1980s, was developed with experimental observation of eddy-current inspections of flat plate samples, containing surface breaking cracks. A linearity between the peak voltage measured by the testing system, and the crack depth was observed. The influence of the crack depth was therefore seen as the major influencing factor for the POD, whereas other factors merely caused the variability in the measurement. This model has proven itself valid for those inspection cases where there is only one main influencing factor on the POD (usually the flaw size) and other factors have a lesser influence. But with increasing requirements to quantify the capability of NDT systems in complex inspection situations, where several factors have a major influence on the POD, it has become clear that the applicability of this simple model has reached its limits. In disregard to its limitations, this model is regularly applied to those situations in which its fundamental assumptions are invalid, forcing evaluators and NDT researchers into attempts to fit the data to an unsuitable model, instead of fitting an appropriate model to the data. The multiparameter POD model, developed in the early 2010s, enables more factors that influence detection to be simultaneously analysed, making the POD a function of multiple factors. The model is based on the inspection’s physical model, to describe the influence of different factors on the response signal. Measurement variability is obtained from the experiment. Using this model assisted determination of the POD, the necessary number of flaws for evaluation is reduced and a more comprehensive understanding of the inspection is obtained. Several examples of the successful application of the multi-parameter POD model in different fields will be presented. T2 - 7th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 04.09.2017 KW - POD KW - Multi-parameter KW - Reliability KW - NDT PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wolf, Marcus A1 - Gröber, Andre A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Corrosion fatigue of 1.4542 exposed to a laboratory saline aquifer water CCS-environment N2 - X5CrNiCuNb16-4 has been proven to be sufficient resistant in corrosive environments, but shows rather unusual corrosion behaviour in CCS environment. Therefore a series of 30 specimens was tested at stress amplitudes between 150 MPa and 500 MPa (sinusoidal dynamic test loads, R=-1; resonant frequency ∼ 30 Hz). Due to the rather heterogeneous fine machined surfaces (Rz=4) the specimens are comparable with prefabricated parts. X5CrNiCuNb16-4 reached the maximum number of cycles (10 x 106) at a stress amplitude of 150 MPa and lies 60% below the stress amplitude measured in air. The scatter range TN = 1:34 is disproportionately large. Although the fracture surface exhibited the typical striations and corroded surface areas no significant differences were found. The hardness was found to be homogeneous in all specimens tested at 335 HV10. Non-metallic inclusions were found within the microstructure, but no correlation could be found between the inclusions and early rupture. Still specimens that showed inclusions at the fracture surface and its cross section endured lower number of cycles. Additionally Aluminium was analysed in specimens with low number of cycles and may be cause for early rupture during corrosion fatigue tests. These findings reveal a very high sensitivity on a homogeneous microstructure upon the corrosion and corrosion fatigue behaviour of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 and needs to be taken into account when regarding this steel as pipe steel during injection of CO2 into saline aquifers. T2 - 13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 14.11.2016 KW - Steel KW - Corrosion fatigue KW - Electrochemistry KW - Reliability KW - CCS KW - CO2-storage PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-418525 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1678 SN - 1876-6102 VL - 114 SP - 5219 EP - 5228 AN - OPUS4-41852 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Zoëga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Zanotelli, Christina T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - The vast experience with the automated, ultrasonic system for the inspection of hollow railway axles used by Deutsche Bahn shows that much smaller flaws are detectable than required. This results in a number of false calls. False calls lead to unnecessary demounting and disassembling of wheelsets, which generates unnecessary additional costs. In order to adjust the sensitivity of the inspection system to reduce the number of false calls without compromising safety, the capability of the system to detect cracks needs to be comprehensively established. This capability can be quantified by using probability of detection (POD) curves for the system. The multi-parameter POD model makes it possible to include several factors that influence the crack detection in the analysis. The analysis presented in this paper shows that crack position, orientation, depth extension, and shape as well as the geometry of the axle all have influence on the ultrasonic response amplitude. For future work, calculation of the POD using multi-parameter POD model with these parameters is planned. T2 - ESIS TC24 Workshop "Integrity of Railway Structures" CY - Leoben, Austria DA - 24.10.2016 KW - Crack KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Axle KW - Ultrasonic PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-415201 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.002 SN - 2452-3216 VL - 4 SP - 79 EP - 86 PB - Elsevier, B.V. AN - OPUS4-41520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Rogge, Andreas ED - Bucher, Christian ED - Ellingwood, Bruce R. ED - Frangopol, Dan M. T1 - Simulating the service life performance of an inspected group of jacket-type structures N2 - A novel method for risk-based optimization of inspection and repair strategies for deteriorating structural systems has recently been proposed. The method defines heuristics at the system level to reduce the number of possible strategies. For each defined strategy, it computes the updated system failure probability conditional on simulated inspection and repair histories, and evaluates the associated costs and risk. The expected total service life costs and risk for a strategy are finally determined using Monte Carlo simulation. The optimal strategy minimizes the expected total service life costs and risk. We intend to adopt this approach to optimize inspection, monitoring and repair activities for offshore wind park support structures. As a first step, we simulate – in analogy to an offshore wind park – the service life performance of an inspected group of jacket-type frames. The performance is quantified in terms of the group’s system failure probability conditional on simulated inspection and repair histories. The underlying system model accounts for the structural redundancy of the frames and the interdependence among their failure events due to similar loading conditions. The model also captures stochastic dependence among the deterioration states of the frames. As part of the simulation process the a-priori unknown outcome of any planned inspection is generated conditional on the outcome of all previous inspections. T2 - 12th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 06.08.2017 KW - Reliability KW - Fatigue KW - Inspection KW - Service life performance KW - Inspection planning PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-903024-28-1 SP - 2738 EP - 2747 PB - TU-MV Media Verlag GmbH CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-41344 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing). KW - Reliability KW - Cylinder KW - Safety KW - Consequence PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319917303117 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.145 SN - 0360-3199 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 42 IS - 19 SP - 13810 EP - 13817 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-40691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Holstein, R. T1 - Aktueller Stand der Diskussion zur Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP und den menschlichen Faktoren N2 - Dass die Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP eine sehr wichtige Rolle bei der Bewertung sicherheitsrelevanter Systeme spielt, ist bekannt. Laut dem modularen Zuverlässigkeitsmodell für zerstörungsfreie Prüfprozesse hängt die Zuverlässigkeit von der innewohnenden (physikalisch-technischen) Fähigkeit der Prüfsystems, den Anwendungsparametern, den menschlichen Faktoren und dem organisatorischen Kontext ab. Seit Einführung des Modells während des ersten Workshops zur Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP (European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE) wurde das Modell in weiteren fünf Workshops stetig weiterentwickelt, diskutiert und an den Stand der Wissenschaft angepasst. Das Ziel dieser Publikation ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Diskussion und die neusten Fragestellungen der internationalen Zuverlässigkeitsgemeinschaft vorzustellen. Im Einzelnen werden die Entwicklung fortgeschrittener Modelle zur Bewertung der Probability of Detection (POD), Bewertungsansätze im Bereich Structural Health Monitoring und Fragestellungen zu den menschlichen Faktoren dargestellt. Besonderer Wert wurde sowohl auf die Entwicklung, als auch auf die Anwendung der Ansätze in der industriellen Praxis gelegt. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017 CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Probability of detection KW - Human factors KW - Reliability PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-404861 SN - 978-3-940283-85-6 VL - DGZfP-Berichtsband BB 162 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-40486 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - NDE reliability and the influence of human factors N2 - The presentation highlights the need for human factors research in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) and presents a review of factors affecting human performance in NDT with examples of own research studies and previous studies in the field. T2 - IAEA Technical Meeting on the Optimization of Non-Destructive Examination and In-Service Inspection to Improve Nuclear Power Plant Performance CY - Espoo, Finland DA - 04.04.2017 KW - Human factors KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Reliability KW - Nuclear PY - 2017 UR - https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Meetings/2017/2017-04-04-04-07-NPES.html UR - https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2017/2017-04-04-04-07-NPES/1_NDE_Reliability_and_the_influenceof_human_factors_Marija_Bertovic.pdf AN - OPUS4-39956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Determining probability of detection curves using experimental data and simulation N2 - Nondestructive testing (NDT) is routinely used in the nuclear, rail, aerospace and automotive industries to search for flaws in components. A signal from the flaw, recorded by the NDT device, will vary from measurement to measurement. The sources of this innate signal variation can be categorized into intrinsic, human and application factors. This variation, especially when searching for flaws that are at the limits of the NDT detection capabilities, can result in a failure to detect a flaw. If the inspected components are safety critical, the capability of NDT system to find flaws must be determined in order to avoid the catastrophic consequences of a missed flaw. The NDT system capability to detect flaws is expressed in terms of reliability. The probability of detection (POD) curve is a widespread tool to quantify the reliability of NDT. The POD is determined by series of experiments on specimens containing a range of flaws with known characteristics. The production of a sufficient number of these flaws is time consuming and expensive. In this paper, a multi-parameter POD model that uses both simulation and experimental measurements to calculate the POD curves will be presented. Simulation is used to assess the intrinsic capability of the NDT system and the variability in the system is estimated from experimental measurements. The POD calculated with the multi-parameter model is more comprehensive than the one calculated with the traditional model and the number of costly experiments needed is reduced. T2 - InnoTesting Conference 2017 CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 23.02.2017 KW - POD KW - Probability of detection KW - Reliability KW - Ultrasonics KW - Nuclear KW - Railway PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39280 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Philipp A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Ziegert, C. T1 - Development of partial safety factors for earth block masonry N2 - The main aim of the research was the development of a first valid database for material parameters of earth block masonry (EBM) with particular regard to statistical characteristics. A solid database is needed for the determination of the materials partial safety factor. Therefore, compressive strength tests were carried out with two types of earth blocks and two types of prefabricated earth mortar. The evaluation has shown that the mean variation of the compressive strength was remarkably less than expected, which indicates high quality standards of the components earth block and mortar with regard to industrial production. Using the reliability method, a partial safety factor for EBM subjected to compression was determined on the basis of these test results. The findings have shown that a common calculation method for EBM based on partial safety factors following the valid masonry construction standard is feasible. KW - Partial safety factor KW - Earth block masonry (EBM) KW - Reliability KW - Compressive strength PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0902-9 SN - 1871-6873 SN - 1359-5997 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-38937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - The first insights into the human factors in the inspection of railway axles N2 - The field of human factors has been concerned with prevention of organisational accidents and the maintaining of the highest safety standards in organisations with high hazard potential since its beginnings. Whereas it is known that human error has contributed to some well-known accidents and events in various safety-critical applications, as well as in railway, and that human factors have an impact on how reliable our non-destructive inspections are, very little has been done so far to address human factors, especially in the railway sector. The first steps in addressing human factors in the inspection of railway axles has been carried out by analysing the results of manual ultrasonic inspection of the railway axles during requalification in the education centre of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP). In addition to the inspection, 160 participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire with the aim of identifying potential factors influencing their performance. The results showed that no correlation between the possible influencing factors (i.e. experience, level of qualification, satisfaction with the conditions during the re-qualification as well as in the daily practice and mental workload) and the inspection results. The explanation for this result was found in the fact that questionnaires can be used only to identify indirectly influencing factors. The only way to identify directly influencing factors and establish cause-effect relationships is by experimental study. The limitation of this study was the inability to influence the participants in any way during the requalification examination. Another angle used to identify potential influencing factors was the use of human-oriented Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Carried out together with 4 experts from the field practice, two lecturers and two scientists, this analysis provided with an extensive list of possible failures, their causes, consequences and possible barriers. The largest benefits for the reliability of manual ultrasonic railway axle inspections in the practice can be found in attending to the organisational aspects of the inspection (e.g. processes, procedures, communication, education, supervision etc.). T2 - ESIS TC24 workshop "Integrity of Railway Structures" CY - Leoben, Austria DA - 24.10.2016 KW - Human factors KW - Reliability KW - NDT KW - Railway axle PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würfl, J. A1 - Hilsenbeck, J. A1 - Nebauer, E. A1 - Tränkle, G. A1 - Obloh, H. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Reliability of AIGaN/GaN HFETs comprising refractory ohmic and Schottky contacts N2 - Recent progress in the development of A1GaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) Shows the great potential towards high temperature / high power electronics. Nevertheless investigations on reliability properties of GaN-based devices are still at the beginning. The frequently used Ti/A1 based ohmic and Pt based Schottky contacts suffer from strong Degradation after aging at elevated temperatures. Therefore new contact systems have to be employed. Concerning the source and drain metallization we used an amorphous WSiN barrier layer as applied for GaAs on top of the Ti/Al-based ohmic contact. This technique significantly reduces the in-diffusion of the Au-containing overlayer, furthermore the barrier layer guaranties smooth contact morphology after RTA and aging, respectively. For the Schottky metallization the Ir/Au system was used. Reliability studies performed on HFET devices containing refractory Ti/A1/Ti/Au/WSiN ohmic and Ir/Au Schottky contacts demonstrate stable conditions during 120h aging at 500°C. KW - Semiconductor KW - Reliability KW - Contact resistance KW - Heterostructure field effect transistor PY - 2000 SN - 0026-2714 VL - 40 SP - 1689 EP - 1693 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Investigations to Introduce the Probability of Detection Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Hollow Axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - Reliability investigation of the mechanised ultrasonic inspection system used to inspect hollow railway axles. T2 - ESIS TC24 Workshop "Integrity of Railway Structures" CY - Leoben, Austria DA - 24.10.2016 KW - POD KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability KW - NDT PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Is data obtained through non-destructive testing reliable? N2 - The presentation tries to contribute an answer to the question about reliability of nondestructive evaluation of structures in civil engineering T2 - IABSE Joint summit CY - Helsinki-Barcelona, Finland / Spain DA - 10.03.2016 KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Nondestructive evaluation KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Reliability of NDE Data obtained from Concrete bridges N2 - Die Zuverlässigkeit von Daten, die mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden gewonnen werden sind von vielen Faktoren abhängig, z.B. dem Gerät, dem menschlichen Faktor, dem Materialeinfluss, dem Detail, dem Schadensteil aber auch von der Datenbearbeitung und -interpretation. Der Vortrag stellt den Stand der Möglichkeiten zur Quantifizierung von Ergebnissen der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung dar. N2 - The reliability of data, obtained from nondestructive testing depends on many different factors as e.g. the equipment, the human factor, the influence of material properties, geometrical accessibility of the given detail, the structure of the detail, but also from data acquisition, processing and interpretation. The presentation introduces to current possibilities for the quantification of measurement results received during nondestructive testing. T2 - Symposium on Jointless and Sustainable Bridges CY - Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China DA - 12.05.2016 KW - Probability of Detection KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Nondestructive evaluation KW - Reliability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Reliability assessment of monitored jacket support structures of offshore wind turbines N2 - We present a concept for assessing the system reliability of monitored jacket support struc-tures of offshore wind turbines subjected to fatigue. The concept assumes that a structural health monitoring system periodically records accelerations of the jacket structure caused by ambient excitations. The recorded data is processed by a stochastic subspace-based damage detection algorithm to provide information on the global damage state of the jacket structure. This information is generally uncertain. To determine the effect of such uncertain global monitoring information on the structural reliability, the deterioration state of the jacket structure is described by a probabilistic fatigue deterioration model of all structural elements, which considers stochastic dependence among element fatigue behavior. The system deterioration model is coupled with a probabilistic structural model to compute the system failure probability. Global damage detection information is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system failure probability. T2 - RAVE Offshore Wind R&D Conferenve 2015 CY - Bremerhaven, Germany DA - 13.10.2015 KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Jacket structures KW - Reliability KW - Monitoring PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-36533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel T1 - Evaluating RT systems with a new POD approach N2 - The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history. Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past. In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - RT PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McGrath, B. T1 - How NDT companies can benefit from human factors knowledge N2 - Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37606 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human factors in NDT: a re-emerging field N2 - Human factors have puzzled the non-destructive testing (NDT) community since the NDT’s beginnings. It is well known that various human and organisational factors affect the reliability of NDT in the field. Hence, various efforts have been made to improve the technology, the training and the qualification process, the inspection procedures, and the working conditions, among others. However, human factors still puzzle the NDT community and the efforts to fill the gap in knowledge are rather scarce. In comparison to other fields, human factors in NDT have been a rather poorly investigated field. In the past 30 years, only a handful of institutes engaged into the research in this field. However, the recent efforts from the UK and Germany have brought the topic into spotlight. This paper will provide an overview of existing knowledge in the field and discuss future directions. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37604 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Observations on implementation of the BAM holistic reliability model N2 - Achieving reliability in NDE for nuclear power plants is a complex challenge. As engineers we tend to focus on the equipment and the written procedures; they are easy for us to understand, measure and control. This focus addresses only one of the four aspects of the BAM holistic model, namely, Intrinsic Capability. Another of the model's modules, Application Parameters, also is engineering-oriented as examiners work to ensure that the equipment and procedure can be applied correctly in the actual examination environment as it is found in the field, though in addition to engineering it requires organizational foresight and commitment to understand and prepare for that specific environment well in advance. The Human Factors reliability module is harder for us to think about. The procedure developers think, "Of course all the examiners in the field will understand all aspects of my procedure and execute them correctly." Most of our bad experiences with reliability occur when this happy thought turns out to be untrue. And finally, perhaps the hardest reliability module to affect is Organizational Context. Getting all of the stakeholders -- the plant owner, the NDE company, the examiners, the regulators, the qualification body, the equipment suppliers -- to think about reliability in the same way, years in advance of the examination, to think about reliability at every step in the long process leading to the day of the examination itself, is a heavy lift indeed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Analysis and synthesis of NDT reliability using the extended modular model N2 - The aim of all the effort devoted to NDE reliability is to evaluate the reliability accurately, reliably and efficiently, in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application taking into account the very different nature of influencing factors. The set up of the Modular Reliability Model in 1997 was a big step forward in the understanding of influencing mechanisms in terms of the three different main elements, i.e. the intrinsic capability (IC), the application parameters (AP) and the human factors (HF). The intrinsic capability stands for the pure physical-technological process of the signal detection caused by the waves or the rays from a material defect in the presence of noise (caused by the material and the devices). This intrinsic capability is the upper bound of the possible reliability. Already when measuring this intrinsic capability for thick walled components the original one-parameter POD should be extended to a multi-parameter POD, where, in addition to the defect size, a number of additional physical parameters, such as the grain size distribution (or attenuation), defect depth, and angle or surface roughness, must be considered. For real life cycle assessments it is necessary to evaluate the signal response from real defects. The industrial application factors, e.g. coupling conditions, limited accessibility, heat and environmental vibrations, diminish the reliability. The amount of reduction can be determined quantitatively, if the underlying conditions are controlled. In case they are not controlled it is necessary to count for a (unknown) fluctuation in the reliability in the field anyway. The third group of important influencing factors are the human factors, which do not only cover the individual performance capability of the inspectors but also the design of the working place, the procedure, the teamwork quality, interaction with systems, the organization, and finally, the relationship between the companies involved in the inspection process and to which extend the responsible parties are aware of it. Both the internal and external organizational context, affect not only the HF but also the IC and AP. After having analysed the single factors separately it is necessary to look how everything is interconnected. When comparing an “ideal inspection” with a “real inspection” it is worthwhile to look at the existing practices, rules and standards. How do they really support reliable testing? With respect to the industrial end user, it needs to be shown how the level of reliability of NDE, influenced by the different factors and their interaction, has an impact on acceptance or rejection of safety critical parts. The approach of analysis and synthesis will be illustrated by examples of the reliability investigation of the inspection of copper canisters for nuclear fuel deposit in Sweden and Finland and German Railway inspections (hollow axle testing). T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37602 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Automation in non-destructive testing: new risks and risk sources N2 - Over the past couple of decades Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has seen a significant increase in the use of automation. In addition to increased reliability, objectivity, consistency, repeatability, productivity, and so on, automating parts of the process is expected to decrease the potential for human error. However, the literature on human-automation interaction suggests that automation is not only associated with benefits, but also with new risks and risk sources. First, this paper will present the methodology used to identify—for the first time—possible risks associated with mechanised data acquisition and corresponding data evaluation. Moreover, it will highlight possible risks, their causes, consequences, and ways of preventing them. Second, those preventive measures will be further analysed by examining new risks that can arise from their implementation, i.e. potential for failure that can arise from (a) working with automated defect-detection and sizing aids, (b) implementing human redundancy, and (c) improvement of the inspection procedures without due consideration of the procedure users. And third, some optimisations strategies will be provided. The purpose of this work is to show that mechanised testing is associated with potential for failure and that the sources of those risks go beyond single inspectors and need to be looked at in the interaction of people with other systems, i.e. the technology, the team and, most importantly, the organisation. T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 12.09.2016 KW - NDT KW - Automation KW - Reliability PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-37591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Automation in NDT: new risks and risk sources N2 - Reliability of NDT depends not only on the intrinsic capability of the measuring systems and on the application factors (the conditions under which NDT is applied), but also—and to a great extent—on human factors and the organisational context under which each inspection is carried out. Adoption of a systematic approach to the identification and prevention of risks. Critical defects could be missed, even if the inspection process is semi-automated. The causes of that risk lie in the technology, people and in the organisation. Currently installed preventive measures are insufficient to prevent from risks New preventive measures could be installed, e.g. further automation, installing alarms, implementing human redundancy, developing software and hardware solutions, optimising procedures, etc. Human factors studies are not only essential for the operation but also during the development process. T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 12.09.2016 KW - NDT KW - Risk management KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Probability of detection in nondestructive testing N2 - Motivation: What can we learn from the history of aerospace? State of the art: Detectability as the basis of probability of failure Evaluationmethods: Consequences of decisions based on ndt Advanced approaches: Probability of Detection: Evaluation of ndt systems are important! Use of the POD: Out of the box: Finnish and Swedish project for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel T2 - InnoTesting CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zoёga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Oelschlägel, T. A1 - Rohrschneider, A. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Hintze, H. A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axles KW - UT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375813 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2g4.pdf SP - id 19515, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Grybäck, T. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Safe for 1 million years – NDT matters! N2 - The General Guidance in the Swedish regulations state that the safety assessment for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel should be 1 million years after closure. SKB developed the KBS-3 method, according to which the spent nuclear fuel is protected by three barriers. It is encapsulated in canisters with a diameter of 1 metre and a length of 5 metres. The canister consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a 5 centimetre thick shell of copper. The canisters are disposed in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters surrounded by bentonite clay. In order to assess the safety over this extremely long period, an extensive quality control programme is applied to the canisters before deposit. In this programme, the use of non-destructive testing (NDT) is vital. The safety assessment of the canister in turn places high demands on the coverage, detectability, and reliability of the applied NDT inspections of the canister parts, i.e. cast iron insert, copper base, tube and lid, and the copper friction stir welds (FSW). This paper presents the extensive full-scale inspection development programme that runs at the Canister Laboratory in Oskarshamn (Sweden). In order to fulfil the high demands, phased array ultrasonic inspection techniques are developed using practical trials aided by ultrasonic modelling. The techniques apply, for example, different frequencies, inspection angles, focus depths, and both longitudinal and shear waves. Increased inspection reliability of the FSW is achieved by applying digital X-ray technique using a 9 MeV linear accelerator and a line detector. To complete the coverage, complementary surface inspections methods, i.e. eddy current array, magnetic flux sensor techniques and magnetic particle inspection, are applied. The canister safety assessment was the driving force to include reliability studies during the NDT development. Initially, the technical reliability was considered, resulting in development of advanced POD models (probability of detection). In combination with human factors studies, these models were implemented as tools in the development of the NDT techniques. Human factors studies were also applied to improve the inspection procedures to be more user-friendly enabling reliable inspections. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Spent nuclear fuel PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375785 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we4e4.pdf SP - id 19464, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-37578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - How NDT companies can benefit from human factors knowledge N2 - Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375742 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/tu4d3.pdf SP - id 19532, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Evaluating RT systems with a new POD approach N2 - The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history. Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past. In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - RT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375732 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we1d4.pdf SP - id 19535, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Analyzing the reliability of non-destructive tests using the modular modell - a practical approach N2 - Non-destructive testing is an important tool to guarantee the safety of railway traffic. The infrastructure with tracks, switches and sleepers is regularly tested, the locomotives and wagons with their wheels, bogies and axles as well. Many years of experience and some events lead in Germany to a good practice in testing the railway components. Now, European authorities are drafting a system of common requirements and standards for the European Railway Market. The German practice combines an intensive training of the NDT-personnel including sufficient time for practical exercises with organizational measures of the companies, responsible for rolling stock and infrastructure. Through the example of UT-testing of railway axles it will be shown, how training and organizational measures influence the reliability of such testing. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model KW - Railway KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375712 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/mo1d4.pdf SP - id 19519, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-37571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Is data obtained through Non-destructive Testing reliable? N2 - Civil engineers, who are involved in nondestructive testing have to solve an essential task: the transfer of the results of NDT-research into practice. NDT in civil Engineering is a quite new discipline. The results must meet the needs of the infrastructure owners to convince them about the usefulness of NDT. The issue of reliability of the NDT-data was discussed. T2 - Reliability Workshop Polytechnical University HongKong CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 06.04.2016 KW - Civil infrastructure KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - NDT PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds of Copper Canisters N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection. T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasonic KW - Copper KW - NDT KW - FSW KW - JLH KW - Weld KW - POD KW - Reliability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Reliability analysis of the ultrasonic inspection system for the inspection of hollow railway axles N2 - Axles are safety critical train components that are subjected to significant cyclic loading during operation. If the crack is initiated in the axle, cyclic loading will lead to crack propagation. To maintain structural integrity, axles must be periodically inspected for fatigue cracks in the material. Deutsche Bahn uses mechanized ultrasonic inspection system to inspect hollow railway axles. The inspections are performed from the bore surface, using several conventional transducers with different incident angles, inspecting the axle along the entire length. As with the every safety critical system, the reliability of these inspections must be determined with regard to their flaw detection capabilities. Traditionally this is done according to the relevant standards for railway vehicles. To investigate the capability of the NDT system more thoroughly, we want to evaluate the capability of the inspection system to detect flaws by means of probability of detection (POD) curves. It will be shown that other parameters, beside the size of the crack, for example crack position in the axle, influence the detection of the crack. The influence of these parameters was evaluated using ultrasonic simulation. The evaluation served as an input for the manufacturing of the flaws in the real scale axle. Once these axles are inspected and the data evaluated, using data from both measurement and simulation, we will express the POD of the crack as function of influencing parameters using the multiparameter POD model. T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Detection KW - Simulation KW - Ultrasonic KW - Railway KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Crack PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36702 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Zoёga, Andreas T1 - Reliability analysis of the ultrasonic inspection system for the inspection of hollow railway axles N2 - Axles are safety critical train components that are subjected to significant cyclic loading during operation. If the crack is initiated in the axle, cyclic loading will lead to crack propagation. To maintain structural integrity, axles must be periodically inspected for fatigue cracks in the material. Deutsche Bahn uses mechanized ultrasonic inspection system to inspect hollow railway axles. The inspections are performed from the bore surface, using several conventional transducers with different incident angles, inspecting the axle along the entire length. As with the every safety critical system, the reliability of these inspections must be determined with regard to their flaw detection capabilities. Traditionally this is done according to the relevant standards for railway vehicles. To investigate the capability of the NDT system more thoroughly, we want to evaluate the capability of the inspection system to detect flaws by means of probability of detection (POD) curves. It will be shown that other parameters, beside the size of the crack, for example crack position in the axle, influence the detection of the crack. The influence of these parameters was evaluated using ultrasonic simulation. The evaluation served as an input for the manufacturing of the flaws in the real scale axle. Once these axles are inspected and the data evaluated, using data from both measurement and simulation, we will express the POD of the crack as function of influencing parameters using the multiparameter POD model. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axle KW - Safety KW - Reliability KW - Ultrasonics PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366996 VL - 2016/158 SP - Tu.3.D.5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Copper KW - FSW KW - JLH PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366982 VL - 2016/158 SP - We.4.E.5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Conclusions of the 6th European American workshop on reliability of NDE N2 - The principles of Open Space Technology (OST) were again applied to discuss burning issues in the field of NDE reliability. The results of the discussions among NDE professionals concerning new reliability methods, human factors and integrated solutions will be presented. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.20155 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection KW - Human factors KW - POD PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940452 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 020006-1 EP - 020006-9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-36637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Probabilistic safety analysis of CPVs – Comparison PA vs. ISO 11119 and GTR13 N2 - The presentation shows the basics on the graphic comparison of deterministic regulations and probabilistic safety requirements. In doing so, unsafe but approvable areas in the BAM-SPC (sample performance chart) becomes obvious; as the area of not approveable but safe strength properties does. Finally the semi-porbabilistic approach of GTR#13 (global technical regulation for hydrogen vehicles) is analysed. Relevant figures show again potential of saving material and unsafe areas in case of high scatter at end of life. T2 - PHASE convention 2016; dissimination event of the COPERNIC project (COst and PERformaNce Improvement for Cgh2 composite tanks; EU FP7) CY - De Hoorn in Leuven, Belgium DA - 24.05.2016 KW - Composite cylinders KW - Reliability KW - Deterministic KW - Degradation KW - End of life PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human Factors in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Risks and Challenges of Mechanised NDT T1 - Human Factors bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP): Risiken und Herausforderungen mechanisierter ZfP N2 - Non-destructive testing (NDT) is regarded as one of the key elements in ensuring quality of engineering systems and their safe use. A failure of NDT to detect critical defects in safetyrelevant components, such as those in the nuclear industry, may lead to catastrophic consequences for the environment and the people. Therefore, ensuring that NDT methods are capable of detecting all critical defects, i.e. that they are reliable, is of utmost importance. Reliability of NDT is affected by human factors, which have thus far received the least amount of attention in the reliability assessments. With increased use of automation, in terms of mechanised testing (automation-assisted inspection and the corresponding evaluation of data), higher reliability standards are believed to have been achieved. However, human inspectors, and thus human factors, still play an important role throughout this process, and the risks involved in this application are unknown. The overall aim of the work presented in this dissertation was to explore for the first time the risks associated with mechanised NDT and find ways of mitigating their effects on the inspection performance. Hence, the objectives were to (1) identify and analyse potential risks in mechanised NDT, (2) devise measures against them, (3) critically address the preventive measures with respect to new potential risks, and (4) suggest ways for the implementation of the preventive measures. To address the first two objectives a risk assessment in form of a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted (Study 1). This analysis revealed potential for failure during both the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data that could be assigned to human, technology, and organisation. Since the existing preventive measures are insufficient to defend the system from identified failures, new preventive measures were suggested. The conclusion of the study was that those preventive measures need to be carefully considered with respect to new potential risks, before they can be implemented, thus serving as a starting point for further empirical studies. To address the final two objectives, two preventive measures, i.e. human redundancy and the use of automated aids in the evaluation of NDT data, were critically assessed with regard to potential downfalls arising from the social interaction between redundant individuals and the belief in the high reliability of automated aids. The second study was concerned with the potential withdrawal of effort in sequential redundant teams when working collectively as opposed to working alone, when independence between the two redundant individuals is not present. The results revealed that the first redundant inspector, led to believe someone else will conduct the same task afterwards, invested the same amount of effort as when working alone. The redundant checker was not affected by the information about the superior experience of his predecessor and—instead of expected withdrawal of effort—exhibited better performance in the task. Both results were in contradiction to the hypotheses, the explanations for which can be found in the social loafing and social compensation effects and in the methodological limitations. The third study examined inappropriate use of the aid measured in terms of (a) agreement with the errors of the aid in connection to the frequency of verifying its results and in terms of (b) the overall performance in the task. The results showed that the information about the high reliability of the aid did not affect the perception of that aid’s performance and, hence, no differences in the actual use of the aid were to be expected. However, the participants did not use the aid appropriately: They misused it, i.e. agreed with the errors committed by the aid and disused it, i.e. disagreed with the correct information provided by the aid, thereby reducing the overall reliability of the aid in terms of sizing ability. Whereas aid’s misuse could be assigned to low propensity to take risks and reduced verification behaviour because of a bias towards automation, the disuse was assigned to the possible misunderstanding of the task. The results of these studies raised the awareness that methods used to increase reliability and safety, such as automation and human redundancy, can backfire if their implementation is not carefully considered with respect to new potential risks arising from the interaction between individuals and complex systems. In an attempt to minimise this risk, suggestions for their implementation in the NDT practice were provided. N2 - Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) wird als eines der wichtigsten Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen für technische Systeme und deren sichere Anwendung betrachtet. Wenn die ZfP kritische Defekte in sicherheitsrelevanten Anlagen, wie z.B. in der Kerntechnik, nicht entdeckt, kann dies zu katastrophalen Folgen für die Umwelt und den Menschen führen. Deshalb muss gewährleistet sein, dass die Verfahren der ZfP zuverlässig sind, d.h. dass sie alle kritischen Defekte entdecken können. Die Zuverlässigkeit der ZfP wird von menschlichen Faktoren beeinflusst, die jedoch bisher in diesem Feld selten betrachtet wurden. Durch den verstärkten Einsatz von Automatisierung beispielsweise bei der mechanisierten Prüfung (automatisierungsunterstütze Prüfung und die zugehörige Datenbewertung) wurde die Erreichung eines höheren Zuverlässigkeitsniveaus erwartet. Menschliche Faktoren sind trotz der Automatisierung immer noch bedeutsam für den gesamten Prüfprozess. Die Risiken der stärkeren Automatisierung der Prüfungen sind nicht vollständig bekannt. Das generelle Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist die erstmalige Feststellung der Risiken der mechanisierten ZfP und das Aufzeigen von Möglichkeiten, diese zu verringern. Die konkreten Ziele dieser Arbeit sind dementsprechend (1) die potenziellen Risiken bei der mechanisierten Prüfung aufzuzeigen und zu analysieren, (2) präventive Maßnahmen für diese Risiken abzuleiten, (3) diese präventiven Maßnahmen kritisch hinsichtlich neuer Risiken zu beleuchten sowie (4) Umsetzungsvorschläge aufzuzeigen. Für die ersten zwei Ziele wurde eine Risikoabschätzung mit der Fehlzustandsart- und auswirkungsanalyse (FMEA) durchgeführt (Studie 1). Diese Analyse ergab Fehlermöglichkeiten während der Datenaufnahme und –bewertung bei der mechanisierten ZfP, die dem Menschen, der Technik und der Organisation zugeordnet werden können. Weil die vorhandenen präventiven Maßnahmen unzureichend für die Vermeidung der identifizierten Fehler waren, wurden neue präventive Maßnahmen vorgeschlagen. Die Schlussfolgerung der Studie zeigt, dass vor der Umsetzung präventiver Maßnahmen eine sorgfältige Betrachtung hinsichtlich neuer potenzieller Risiken erfolgen muss. Dies war der Ausgangspunkt für die weiteren empirischen Untersuchungen. Für die letzten beiden Ziele wurden zwei präventive Maßnahmen untersucht: die menschliche Redundanz und die Anwendung automatisierter Assistenzsysteme bei der ZfP-Datenbewertung. Im Fokus lagen potenzielle Schwachstellen, die aus sozialer Interaktion der redundanten Individuen und aus dem Vertrauen in die hohe Zuverlässigkeit der automatisierten Assistenzsysteme entstehen können. In der zweiten Studie wurde die potenzielle Reduzierung der Anstrengung in sequentiellen redundanten Teams untersucht, indem die gemeinsame Aufgabenbearbeitung in Teams der individuellen Aufgabenbearbeitung gegenüber gestellt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der erste redundante Prüfer, dem mitgeteilt wurde, dass ein anderer Prüfer die Prüfaufgabe nach ihm durchführen wird, die gleiche Anstrengung investierte wie der individuelle Bearbeiter. Der zweite redundante Prüfer (redundant checker) wurde durch die Information, dass sein Vorprüfer die höherwertige Erfahrung besitzt, nicht hypothesenkonform beeinflusst - anstelle der erwarteten Rücknahme der Anstrengung - zeigte er eine bessere Leistung bei der Durchführung der Aufgabe. Beide Ergebnisse stehen in Widerspruch zu den Hypothesen und können durch social loafing und social compensation Effekte sowie durch methodische Aspekte erklärt werden. In der dritten Studie wurde die unangemessene Nutzung eines automatisierten Assistenzsystems untersucht operationalisiert als (a) die Übereinstimmung mit Fehlern des Systems verbunden mit der Überprüfungshäufigkeit seiner Ergebnisse und (b) die Leistung bei der Aufgabe. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Information über die hohe Zuverlässigkeit des Systems die Wahrnehmung der Systemleistung nicht beeinflusste und folglich keine Unterschiede in der tatsächlichen Nutzung des Systems zu finden waren. Die Probanden nutzten jedoch das System nicht angemessen: sie stimmten den Fehlern des Systems zu (automation misuse) und sie lehnten korrekte Informationen des Systems ab (automation disuse). So reduzierten sie die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit des Systems, zumeist bei der Fehlergrößenbestimmung. Während misuse mit einer niedrigen Risikobereitschaft und eingeschränkten Überprüfungsverhalten auf Grund des automation bias erklärt werden kann, wird disuse dem möglichen Missverstehen der Aufgabe zugeordnet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien haben das Bewusstsein dafür erhöht, dass Methoden zur Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit sowie Automatisierung und menschliche Redundanz versagen können, wenn die potenziellen Risiken ihrer Umsetzung aufgrund der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Technik nicht bedacht werden. Um diese Risiken bei der Anwendung präventiver Maßnahmen zu minimieren, wurden Vorschläge für die ZfP-Praxis erarbeitet. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 145 KW - Failure modes and effects analysis KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Menschliche Faktoren KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Fehlzustandsart- und auswirkungsanalyse KW - Personelle Redundanz KW - Human factors KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Human redundancy KW - Automation bias KW - Reliability PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus4-71292 SN - 978-3-9817502-7-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-4685 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 145 SP - 1 EP - 161 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Basedau, Frank A1 - Hofmann, Detlef A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Jentsch, H. A1 - Senze, A. ED - Ilki, A. ED - Motavalli, M. ED - Inci, P. ED - Köhli, M. T1 - Online-detection of slipping soil areas by embedded fiber-optic sensing rods N2 - Movements in geological areas are often caused by shear zones deep in the underground or by hardly observable slipping zones. Detection of movements reaching critical values is of crucial importance to avoid losses and harms. Optical sensor fibers with gauge lengths of several meters or even distributed fiber-optic sensors with gauge lengths of hundreds of meters allow detecting deformation of such zones with quite good resolution. The paper presents a new technology of detecting deformations and movements in soil or rock massifs. The core part of the sensing system is a tiny pultruded rod with an outer diameter of 3 mm to 6 mm. It contains two fiber-optic sensor systems. One sensor system is used for permanent online measurement and provides integral strain information along the whole length of the rod; in case of critical deformations, it provides a warning signal. The second sensing system uses fiber-optic Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors located close to the expected shear zone. This measurement system will be activated after the warning signal has been initiated by the integral strain measurement system. The FBG strain sensor system records then resulting deformations in detail. The sensing rod containing both sensor systems can be installed in a borehole to detect beginning soil movements automatically. The electronic equipment is powered by a solar panel; the amount of deformation in soil or rock formations can be estimated from the strain change measured in the sensor fibers. The effectiveness of this warning system will be shown using the example of a critically sliding slope in an open brown coal pit in Germany. T2 - SMAR 2015 - 3rd Conference on smart monitoring, assessment and rehabilitation of civil structures CY - Antalya, Turkey DA - 07.09.2015 KW - SHM KW - Standardization KW - Reliability KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Embedded sensor KW - Monitoring KW - Maintenance PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-905594-65-2 SP - Paper 222, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-34544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Wenzel, H. ED - Ilki, A. ED - Motavalli, M. ED - Inci, P. ED - Köhli, M. T1 - Importance of standardization to promote the use of SHM systems N2 - Measurement and data recording systems are important parts of a holistic Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. They are often based on modern measurement and data communication technologies for which standards (or at least guidelines) do not exist yet. A lack in standardization, however, makes the establishment of new sensing and application technologies - and thus up-to-date SHM systems - substantially difficult. Successful commercialization and wide acceptance of SHM systems needs widely accepted standards and guidelines. Standards help to design SHM systems in an optimal way. Currently, standardization gets increasing attention in civil engineering field; there are some activities e.g. in ISHMII, IEC and ISO groups to develop standards for the most important components of SHM systems. The paper gives an overview on current activities in standardization to propose sound and safe procedures for assessment of the existing structure's behavior and for estimation of its residual life. Special attention is paid in this paper to newly developed standards for fiber-optic measurement systems; important aspects of such sensor systems are mentioned. The contribution is aimed at owners of structures that have to be assessed as well as at developers of sensors and monitoring systems who have to select appropriate effective sensing technologies. Using standards, both parties find recommendations how to proceed in development SHM systems to estimate the design or residual life, and how to find out the optimal maintenance strategy. The usefulness of standardized procedures is shown using the example of risk-based management of structures. T2 - SMAR 2015 - 3rd Conference on smart monitoring, assessment and rehabilitation of civil structures CY - Antalya, Turkey DA - 07.09.2015 KW - SHM KW - Standardization KW - Reliability KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Embedded sensor KW - Monitoring KW - Maintenance PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-905594-65-2 SP - Paper 66, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-34192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Daum, Werner ED - Peters, K.J. T1 - Standardization in fibre-optic sensing for structural safety - activities in the ISHMII and IEC N2 - Fiber-optic sensors are increasingly established in the sensor market. Their advantages have unquestionably been verified by numerous demonstrations to enhance the operational performance of aged structures or to monitor the structural behavior of safety-relevant structures or their components. However, there are some barriers in use due to a lack of extensive standardization of fiber-optic sensors. This leads very often to restraints in the user’s community. The paper shows the status in international standardization of fiber-optic sensors as well as current activities in leading institutions such as IEC and ISHMII and others with the purpose of providing relevant standards for a broader use of selected fiber-optic sensor technologies. T2 - Smart sensor phenomena, technology, networks, and systems integration 2015 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 08.03.2015 KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Standard KW - Temperature KW - Strain KW - Monitoring KW - Reliability KW - Application PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185602 SN - 0277-786X VL - 9436 SP - 94360S-1 EP - 94360S-7 AN - OPUS4-33814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang ED - De Stefano, A. T1 - The role of standardization in establishing new monitoring technologies - example fibre-optic sensors N2 - Sensors for assessment of the structure’s behaviour must work durably and reliably. Even if the performance of produced and delivered sensor is well specified, the sensor's strain characteristics and the performance of an applied sensor can significantly differ from the virgin sensor’s performance. The quality and appropriateness of installation decides over the long-term operability and getting reliable measurement results. The paper shows how important a clear terminology is, which problems might occur when sensor are not well characterized according to Standards or guidelines. Short outlook to experimental methods providing clear knowledge and appropriate Validation of the sensor’s performance for a defined measurement task is given. Finally, the state of-the-art in fibre-optic sensor Standardization is given. T2 - SHMII-7 - 7th International conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure CY - Torino, Italy DA - 01.07.2015 KW - SHM KW - Standardization KW - Reliability KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Embedded sensor KW - Surface-applied sensor KW - Application KW - Validation KW - Calibration PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-33779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Hofmann, Detlef T1 - Requirements to establish fibre-optic sensors for monitoring of structures N2 - Fibre-optic sensors need to be more established in the sensor market. Their advantages have unquestionably been verified by numerous demonstrations. However, there are some open questions leading now and then to restraints in the user's community. The paper dicusses examples where fibre-optic sensors provide outstanding knowledge about the structure's behaviour, but application is often challenging. Requirements are listed and open questions to be solved are discussed. Short outlook to standards useful for better design, characterization and application is given. Standards are the basis for establiching SHM systems, especially for safety-critical structural diagnostics. T2 - EWSHM 2014 - 7th European workshop on structural health monitoring CY - Nantes, France DA - 08.07.2014 KW - Monitoring KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Reliability KW - Application PY - 2014 SP - 2330 EP - 2337 AN - OPUS4-32662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Ways to understand and approach rare events N2 - As a matter of fact, avoiding unexpected events with an undesired outcome is an element of survival strategies. Such events are encountered unexpectedly mainly because they occur rarely. Both, safety and security measures are the main pillars to prevent them by appropriate inspections. Common tools in both areas e.g. are radiological technologies enabling an insight into objects to detect suspicious features without even touching them. Since any of these measures is linked to efforts, costs or even obstructions of ongoing processes, it needs a rationale to invest into an appropriate activity. A putative objection to take action in this direction always could be the question 'when and how often it could happen'. This gave rise to find approaches how to define 'rare events' and how to deal with them. Since they entail both, the frequency of occurrence and the unpleasantness of the possible outcome make them to have something in common with the definition of risk: a combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Tackling putative consequences is one side of the coin whereas understanding the rareness of an event is the other, an aspect that worries but not always fully understood. As a first step in approaching the subject 'rare events', the putative occurrence rate is considered in terms of probability distribution functions or their cumulative ones, resp. The problems of estimating an incidence of such an event will be tackled subsequently with the problem of assessing the reliability of diagnostic measures. Any numeric approach of dealing with rare events inevitably remains an ill defined or 'ill-posed' problem that needs additional information for a reasonably satisfying solution. Ways to ease this situation can be found in utilizing additional information, also commonly called prior knowledge, that might be introduced via the Bayesian inference or by regularization algorithms. Simplified models will demonstrate how to apply such tools. As a consequence, there are ways helping to avoid unexpected ad 'surprises' by taking adequate measures in due time upon the correct perception of certain indications. T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2014 KW - NDT-wide KW - Public security KW - Technical safety KW - Reliability KW - Indications and inspections KW - Compensation of insufficient knowledge PY - 2014 UR - http://www.ndt.net/events/ECNDT2014/app/content/Paper/562_Osterloh.pdf SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-32302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wolf, Marcus A1 - Heynert, Katharina A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Pfennig, A. T1 - First in-situ electrochemical measurement during fatigue testing of injection pipe steels to determine the reliability of a saline aquifer water CCS-site in the Northern German basin N2 - During carbon dioxide storage technology (carbon capture and storage, CCS) components are exposed to a corrosive environment and mechanical stress, which results in corrosion fatigue and inevitably followed by the a lifetime reduction of these components. In order to gain knowledge upon the corrosion fatigue strength of materials, Samples of high alloyed stainless injection-pipe steels AISI 420 X46Cr13, and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 AISI 630 were tested in a at T=60 °C and ambient pressure in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. Therefore a corrosion chamber applied to a resonant testing machine allowing for “in situ” test conditions was designed and successfully tested. In-situ tension compression experiments were established using a resonant testing machine at a frequency as low as 30 – 40 Hz. In addition technical CO2 was introduced into the closed system at a rate close to 9 L/h to keep stable environmental conditions. Simultaneously electrochemical testing was performed to get information on failure causes and the mechanism of failure during the injection of CO2 into deep geological layers. S-N plots, micrographic analysis, and surface analysis of the fracture surface were applied to obtain sustainable information on the corrosion fatigue behavior of injection pipe steels. Samples used have a surface roughness of Rz = 4, to simulate technically machined surfaces. X46Cr13 reached the maximum number of cycles (12.5 x 106) at a stress amplitude of 173 MPa. X5CrNiCuNb16-4 reached the maximum number of cycles (10 x 106) at a stress amplitude at 150 MPa. The scatter range of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 is very high (1:34); by comparison the scatter range of X46Cr13 is only 1:3.5. T2 - GHGT-12 - Greenhouse gas control technologies conference CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.10.2014 KW - Steel KW - Corrosion fatigue KW - Electrochemistry KW - Reliability KW - CCS KW - CO2-storage PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-319426 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.610 SN - 1876-6102 N1 - Serientitel: Energy Procedia – Series title: Energy Procedia VL - 63 SP - 5773 EP - 5786 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-31942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konshina, V. A1 - Dymkin, G. A1 - Shevelev, A. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Evaluation of the reliability of NDTesting in Russian railway transport N2 - Es werden Algorithmen zur Untersuchung von Ultraschallverfahren basierend auf integralen Größen wie Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit vorgestellt, die die Art der verwendeten Techniken, ihre Anwendung in der Praxis und den Zweck der Untersuchung berücksichtigen (Vergleich von Techniken, Einführung neuer Methoden und Prüfanweisungen, usw.). Die Revision der Standards ISO 5725-1, ISO 5725-2 gibt die Bestimmung von Reproduzierbarkeit und Wiederholbarkeit gemessener Charakteristiken, das Design von Reflektoren und realer Fehler vor und bestimmt somit die Zuverlässigkeit zerstörungsfreier Verfahren, einschließlich der Ultraschallprüfung im Eisenbahnwesen. N2 - Algorithms to estimate ultrasonic testing method based on the integrated use of indicators of reliability and accuracy are presented, and built according to the nature of techniques, features of their application and evaluation purposes (comparison of techniques, introduction of new methods, test procedures, etc.). On the basis of the main revision of ISO 5725-1, 5725-2 the estimation of reproducibility and repeatability of measured characteristics determine the design of reflectors and real defects, and thus the reliability of non-destructive testing, including ultrasonic inspection of railways. KW - Reliability KW - Reproducibility KW - Repeatability KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Railways PY - 2014 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 9 SP - 758 EP - 762 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-31369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilder, Constanze A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Steffen, Milan A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - López-Higuera, J.M. ED - Jones, J. ED - López-Amo, M. ED - Santos, J.L. T1 - Evaluating distributed fibre optic sensors integrated into thermoplastic composites for structural health monitoring N2 - Strain sensors used for structural health monitoring (SHM) must provide reliable measurement data during their entire service lifetime. To achieve this for fibre optic sensors integrated into composites, the integration of the sensor has to be adapted according to the process conditions. This paper describes the fabrication of thermoplastic composite samples with integrated distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) based on copper-nickel and polyimide coated silica optical fibres. The performance of these DFOS as SHM sensors is evaluated in terms of reliability by measurements derived from comparative measurements with resistance strain gauges and from fatigue tests with 10 million load cycles. T2 - OFS2014 - 23rd International conference on optical fibre sensors CY - Santander, Spain DA - 02.06.2014 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensor KW - Integrated sensor KW - Reliability KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Strain gauge KW - Optical frequency domain reflectometry KW - Fatigue test PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2058604 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 9157 SP - 91575Q-1 - 91575Q-4 AN - OPUS4-30861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heideklang, René A1 - Shokouhi, Parisa T1 - Quantitative multi-modal NDT data analysis N2 - A single NDT technique is often not adequate to provide assessments about the integrity of test objects with the required coverage or accuracy. In such situations, it is often resorted to multi-modal testing, where complementary and overlapping information from different NDT techniques are combined for a more comprehensive evaluation. Multimodal material and defect characterization is an interesting task which involves several diverse fields of research, including signal and image processing, statistics and data mining. The fusion of different modalities may improve quantitative nondestructive evaluation by effectively exploiting the augmented set of multi-sensor information about the material. It is the redundant information in particular, whose quantification is expected to lead to increased reliability and robustness of the inspection results. There are different systematic approaches to data fusion, each with its specific advantages and drawbacks. In our contribution, these will be discussed in the context of nondestructive materials testing. A practical study adopting a high-level scheme for the fusion of Eddy Current, GMR and Thermography measurements on a reference metallic specimen with built-in grooves will be presented. Results show that fusion is able to outperform the best single sensor regarding detection specificity, while retaining the same level of sensitivity. T2 - Quantitative nondestructive Evaluation conference 2013 (QNDE) CY - Baltimore, MD, USA DA - 2013-07-21 KW - Data fusion KW - Multi-sensor KW - Reliability PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 5(?) AN - OPUS4-30058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Kusche, Nadine T1 - Fibre-optic strain sensors are making the leap from lab to industrial use-reliability and validation as a precondition for standards N2 - Currently, fibre-optic sensors (FOSs) are commonly used if special requirements make the application of electrical sensors impossible, or economic benefit is promised. The scientific background of FOS technology is well developed; however, there are still some restrictions with respect to long-term reliable use. For widespread practical use, sensor products must be manufactured, characterized and validated according to standards. Guidelines on how to apply sensors and evaluate their operation on-site including special facilities to evaluate applied sensors are needed. This paper will focus on important aspects, such as when FOSs may be used under real practical conditions, and will present validation methodologies to evaluate the overall quality of the sensor system's function. It will also indicate the lack of knowledge and methods to be elaborated to promote the use of FOS. KW - Fibre-optic sensor KW - Application KW - Reliability KW - Validation KW - Strain transfer KW - Standards KW - Guideline PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/9/094006 SN - 0957-0233 SN - 1361-6501 VL - 24 SP - 094006-1 EP - 094006-13 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-29916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Tkachenko, Viktoriya A1 - Hofmann, Detlef A1 - Basedau, Frank ED - Xu, Y. L. ED - Zhu, S. ED - Xia, Y. ED - Ni, Y.Q. ED - Law, S.S. ED - Yin, J. H. ED - Su, Z.Q. T1 - Values gained from composite-embedded sensor fibres - trustworthy results or vague estimations; possibilities and limitations of getting reliable measurement results T2 - SHMII-6 - 6th International conference on structural health monitoring of intelligent infrastructure CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 2013-12-09 KW - Composite materials KW - Embedded sensors KW - Monitoring KW - Early damage detection KW - Validation KW - Reliability KW - Maintenance KW - Repair PY - 2013 SN - 978-962-367-768-4 SP - 1 EP - 11(?) AN - OPUS4-29912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -