TY - JOUR A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria A1 - Sunder, S. A1 - Tabaka, Weronika A1 - Klaffke, Benjamin A1 - Ruckdäschel, H. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Unveiling aluminum diethyl phosphinate dual identity: Transfer from epoxy resins to glass fiber-reinforced composites N2 - This study examines the transfer of the flame-retardant aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) from epoxy resins to composites and the impact of AlPi on fire behavior and fire stability. Further, the effects of different particle sizes and the addition of zinc hydroxy stannate (ZHS) and inorganic silicate (InSi) are investigated. The research provides a detailed analysis of the fire behavior, fire stability, pyrolysis, flame-retardant modes of action, and flame retardancy index. Interestingly, the particle sizes did not significantly affect the flammability, fire behavior, or fire stability in the systems investigated. AlPi acts primarily in the gas phase, releasing phosphorus that yields flame inhibition. Adding glass fibers (GFs) to the epoxy resin boosts the flame retardancy in the condensed phase, reducing the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and peak heat release rate (PHRR) by about 60%. This improvement is largely due to replacing fuel and forming a protective layer during burning. Despite the differences between thermoset and composite, the study demonstrates an effective transfer of flame-retardant properties from epoxy resins to fiber-reinforced composites, significantly enhancing the flame retardancy performance in both material systems. KW - Aluminum diethyl phosphinate KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fire behavior KW - Fire stability KW - Gas-phase active KW - Glass fiber-reinforced composites KW - Particle sizes PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29911 SN - 1548-0569 SN - 0272-8397 VL - 46 IS - 14 SP - 12981 EP - 12999 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-64301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabe, Sebastian A1 - Chuenban, Yuttapong A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems N2 - Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species. KW - Flame retardants KW - Flame inhibition KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Aluminum diethyl phosphinate KW - Polyester KW - PMMA KW - Epoxy resin KW - Red phosphorus KW - BDP PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-402731 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050455 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 455, 1 EP - 455, 23 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-40273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -