TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Hielscher, R. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Electron backscatter diffraction beyond the mainstream N2 - We present special applications of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) which aim to overcome some of the limitations of this technique as it is currently applied in the scanning electron microscope. We stress that the raw EBSD signal carries additional information which is useful beyond the conventional orientation determination. The background signal underlying the backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) patterns reflects the chemical composition and surface topography but also contains channeling-in information which is used for qualitative real-time orientation imaging using various backscattered electron signals. A significantly improved orientation precision can be achieved when dynamically simulated pattern are matched to the experimental BKD patterns. The breaking of Friedel’s rule makes it possible to obtain orientation mappings with respect to the point-group symmetries. Finally, we discuss the determination of lattice parameters from individual BKD patterns. Subgrain structure in a single quartz grain. The increased noise level in the left map reflects the lower precision of a standard orientation determination using band detection by the Hough transform. The right map results from the same experimental raw data after orientation refinement using a pattern matching approach. The colors correspond an adapted inverse pole figure color key with a maximum angular deviation of about 2° from the mean orientation. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.201600252 SN - Online 1521-4079 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - Special Issue - Article Number: UNSP 1600252, 1 EP - 24 PB - WILEY-VCH AN - OPUS4-37935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Payton, E. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - The Backscatter Electron Signal as an Additional Tool for Phase Segmentation in Electron Backscatter Diffraction N2 - The advent of simultaneous energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data collection has vastly improved the phase separation capabilities for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping. A major problem remains, however, in distinguishing between multiple cubic phases in a specimen, especially when the compositions of the phases are similar or their particle sizes are small because the EDS interaction volume is much larger than that of EBSD, and the EDS spectra collected during spatial mapping are generally noisy due to time limitations and the need to minimize sample drift. The backscatter electron (BSE) signal is very sensitive to the local composition due to its atomic number (Z) dependence. BSE imaging is investigated as a complimentary tool to EDS to assist phase segmentation and identification in EBSD through examination of specimens of meteorite, Cu dross, and steel oxidation layers. The results demonstrate that the simultaneous acquisition of EBSD patterns, EDS spectra, and the BSE signal can provide new potential for advancing multiphase material characterization in the scanning electron microscope. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Multiphase microstructure KW - Phase identification KW - Backscattered electron imaging KW - Meteorite KW - Monte Carlo simulation PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613000305 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 929 EP - 941 AN - OPUS4-37895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martin, S. A1 - Walnsch, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Leineweber, A. A1 - Léaux, F. A1 - Scheuerlein, C. T1 - The crystal structure of (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn-2 in the Cu-Nb-Sn system N2 - During the processing of superconducting Nb3Sn wire, several intermediate intermetallic phases including a previously encountered Cu-Nb-Sn phase show up. The yet unknown crystal structure of this phase is now identified by a combination of different experimental techniques and database search to be of the hexagonal NiMg2 type with a proposed composition of about (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. The structure determination started from an evaluation of the lattice parameters from EBSD Kikuchi patterns from quenched material suggesting hexagonal or orthorhombic symmetry. A database search then led to the hexagonal NiMg2 type structure, the presence of which was confirmed by a Rietveld analysis on the basis of high energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Assuming a partial substitution of Nb in orthorhombic NbSn2 by Cu, the change of the valence electron concentration provokes a structural transformation from the CuMg2 type for NbSn2 to the NiMg2 type for (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. In the previous literature the (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2 phase described here has occasionally been referred to as Nausite. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Intermetallic compound KW - Structure solution KW - Superconductor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.09.008 SN - 0966-9795 SN - 1879-0216 VL - 80 SP - 16 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Petrushin, N. V. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Loshchinin, Yu. V. A1 - Gerstein, G. T1 - Thermal stability of the structure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy hardened with intermetallic γ'-phase precipitates N2 - The thermal stability of the microstructure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy, which consists of a γ solid solution strengthened with γ'-phase precipitates, has been studied. The temperature behavior of the dissolution of the hardening γ' phase and the kinetics of its coarsening at 700 and 800°C have been determined. It is found that, during prolonged annealing at 800°C, the γ' → β phase transformation occurs. KW - Superalloy KW - Microstructure KW - Hardening KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - TEM PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029516040078 SN - 0036-0295 VL - 2016 IS - 4 SP - 286 EP - 291 PB - Pleiades Publishing AN - OPUS4-37768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, L. A1 - Han, M. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - The determination of lattice parameters using single EBSD patterns N2 - A typical electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) pattern usually contains more than a hundred of Kikuchi poles that formed by intersecting dozens of visible Kikuchi bands. The poles correspond to zone axes in real space or lattice planes in reciprocal space. The band widths are inversely proportional to the interplanar spacings of diffracting lattice planes, and the angle formed by the beam source and two band center-lines approximately corresponds to angle between two lattice planes. However, EBSD patterns always suffer from gnomic distortions. In addition, the band width measurement has a relative error of 5-20% due to the complex profile. Thus, an EBSD pattern always provides abundant crystallographic information but disappointingly low accuracy. T2 - Microscopy & MicroAnalysis 2016 CY - Columbus, Ohio, USA DA - 24.07.2016 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Lattice parameter determination PY - 2016 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1431927616004025 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 22 SP - Suppl. 3, 634 EP - 635 AN - OPUS4-37742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Hielscher, R. ED - Hielscher, Ralf T1 - Orientations - perfectly colored N2 - The inverse pole figure (IPF) coloring for a suitable evaluation of crystal orientation data is discussed. The major goal is a high correlation between encoding color and crystal orientation. Revised color distributions of the fundamental sectors are introduced which have the advantages of (1) being applicable for all point groups, (2) not causing color discontinuities within grains, (3) featuring carefully balanced regions for red, cyan, blue, magenta, green and yellow, and (4) an enlarged gray center in opposition to a tiny white center. A new set of IPF color keys is proposed which is the result of a thorough analysis of the colorization problem. The discussion considers several topics: (a) the majority of presently applied IPF color keys generate color discontinuities for specifically oriented grains; (b) if a unique correlation between crystal direction and color is requested, discontinuity-preventing keys are possible for all point groups, except for 4, 3 and 1; (c) for a specific symmetry group several IPF color keys are available, visualizing different features of a microstructure; and (d) for higher symmetries a simultaneous IPF mapping of two or three standard reference directions is insufficient for an unequivocal orientation assignment. All color keys are available in MTEX, a freely available MATLAB toolbox. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Color coding KW - Symmetry groups KW - Orientation description PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716012942 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 1786 EP - 1802 AN - OPUS4-37741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Grosse, C. A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo T1 - Kikuchi pattern analysis of noncentrosymmetric crystals N2 - Different models of Kikuchi pattern formation are compared with respect to their applicability to noncentrosymmetric crystals, and the breakdown of Friedel's rule in experimental electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns is discussed. Different AIIIBV semiconductor materials are used to evaluate the resulting asymmetry of Kikuchi band profiles for polar lattice planes. By comparison with the characteristic etch pit morphology on a single-crystal surface, the polar character of the measured lattice planes can be assigned absolutely. The presented approach enables point-group-resolved orientation mapping, which goes beyond the commonly applied Laue group analysis in EBSD. KW - EBSD KW - Pattern simulation KW - Point groups KW - Laue groups KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Enantiomorphy; polarity KW - Friedel's rule PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715014016 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 48 SP - 1405 EP - 1419 PB - Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-34477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Point-group sensitive orientation mapping of non-centrosymmetric crystals N2 - We demonstrate polarity-sensitive orientation mapping of non-centrosymmetric phases by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). The method overcomes the restrictions of kinematic orientation determination by EBSD, which is limited to the centro-symmetric Laue-groups according to Friedel's rule. Using polycrystalline GaP as an example, we apply a quantitative pattern matching approach based on simulations using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction. This procedure results in a distinct assignment of the local orientation according to the non-centrosymmetric point group of the crystal structure under investigation. KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Orientation mapping KW - Non-centrosymmetric crystals PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907938 SN - 0003-6951 SN - 1077-3118 VL - 106 SP - 072101-1 EP - 072101-4 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-32670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Chirality determination of quartz crystals using electron backscatter diffraction N2 - We demonstrate the determination of crystal chirality using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope. The chirality of a-quartz as a space-group-dependent property is verified via direct comparison of experimental diffraction features to simulations using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Chirality KW - Quartz PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.013 SN - 0304-3991 VL - 149 SP - 58 EP - 63 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-31384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Analysis of Kikuchi band contrast reversal in electron backscatter diffraction patterns of silicon N2 - We analyze the contrast reversal of Kikuchi bands that can be seen in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns under specific experimental conditions. The observed effect can be reproduced using dynamical electron diffraction calculations. Two crucial contributions are identified to be at work: First, the incident beam creates a depth distribution of incoherently backscattered electrons which depends on the incidence angle of the beam. Second, the localized inelastic scattering in the outgoing path leads to pronounced anomalous absorption effects for electrons at grazing emission angles, as these electrons have to go through the largest amount of material. We use simple model depth distributions to account for the incident beam effect, and we assume art exit angle dependent effective crystal thickness in the dynamical electron diffraction calculations. Very good agreement is obtained with experimental observations for silicon at 20 key primary beam energy. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi patterns KW - Dynamical electron diffraction simulation PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.11.008 SN - 0304-3991 VL - 110 IS - 3 SP - 190 EP - 194 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-24008 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -