TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Krämer, J. A1 - Müller, P. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Zang, L. A1 - Döring, M. T1 - Flame retardancy of polymers: the role of specific reactions in the condensed phase N2 - Condensed-phase mechanisms play a major role in fire-retardant polymers. Generations of development have followed the concept of charring to improve fire properties. Whereas the principal reactions are believed to be known, the specific description for multicomponent systems is lacking, as is the picture across different systems. A two-step approach is proposed in general, and also presented in greater detail. The second step covers the specific reactions controlling charring, whereas the actual reactants are provided in the preceding step. This model consistently incorporates the variety of structure–property relationships reported. A comprehensive case study is presented on seven phosphorus flame retardants in two epoxy resins to breathe life into the two-step approach. KW - Charring KW - Epoxy KW - Flame retardancy KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201500250 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 301 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 35 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-35273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seefeldt, Henrik A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - A new flame retardant for wood materials tested in wood-plastic composites N2 - A new flame retardant based on an ammonium phosphonate is studied with respect to its thermal decomposition and its mode of action in wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The measurements are carried out by means of fire tests (cone calorimeter) and pyrolysis investigations (thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy). The flame retardant acts mainly in the condensed phase by increasing the amount of residue formed by the wood part in the WPC. Additional flame dilution is achieved by the release of water, ammonia and carbon dioxide during the decomposition of the flame retardant. KW - Disflamoll TP LXS 51064 KW - Flame retardance KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) KW - Wood-plastic composites (WPC) PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100382 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 297 IS - 8 SP - 814 EP - 820 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-26566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Pyrolysis of Epoxy Resins and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Resin Composites Flame-Retarded with 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Additives N2 - The pyrolysis of an epoxy resin and the fire behavior of corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites, both flame-retarded with either 10-ethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide or 1,3,5-tris[2-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide-10-)ethyl]1, 3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, are investigated. The different fire retardancy mechanisms are discussed, and their influence on the fire properties assessed, in particular for flammability (limiting oxygen index, UL 94) and developing fires (cone calorimeter with different external heat fluxes of 35, 50, and 70 kW m-2). Adding the flame retardants containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide affects the fire behavior by both condensed phase and gas phase mechanisms. Interactions between the additives and the epoxy resin result in a change in the decomposition pathways and an increased char formation. The release of phosphorous products results in significant flame inhibition. The fire properties achieved are thus interesting with respect to industrial exploration. KW - Flame retardance KW - Thermosets KW - Composites KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) KW - Pyrolysis KW - High performance polymers KW - Epoxy resin PY - 2007 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 2260 EP - 2269 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-14573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez-Graterol, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Novel Phosphorus-Containing Poly(ether sulfone)s and Their Blends with an Epoxy Resin: Thermal Decomposition and Fire Retardancy N2 - Summary: The decomposition of novel phosphorus-containing poly(oxyphenylene-sulfonyl-phenylene-oxy-diphenyl phenylene phosphine oxide) (PSU_I), 2,5-dihydroxy-1-biphenylene-phosphine oxide based polysulfone (PSU_II), poly(sulfonyl-diphenylphenylene phosphonate) (PSU_P) and bisphenol A-based polysulfone (PSU) is studied. The influence of the chemical structure, charring and phosphorus release is discussed based on the mass loss, kinetics and products. The pyrolysis and fire behaviour of blends with epoxy resin (EP) are studied. For EP-PSU_II, phosphorus initiates water elimination and changes the decomposition pathway of EP. The fire behaviour of EP-PSU shows some improvements, whereas the heat release rate is crucially reduced for EP-PSU_II due to simultaneous char formation and flame inhibition. KW - Epoxy KW - Flame retardance KW - High performance polymers KW - Polysulfones KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) PY - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600182 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 207 IS - 16 SP - 1501 EP - 1514 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-12650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -