TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Menschen in ZfP: Wie gut verstehen wir die menschliche Faktoren? N2 - Menschliche Faktoren spielen eine zentrale Rolle für die Zuverlässigkeit, Sicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit zerstörungsfreier Prüfsysteme (ZfP), werden jedoch in technischen Bewertungen häufig nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Der Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss individueller, organisatorischer und technologischer Faktoren auf die menschliche Leistung in manuellen und mechanisierten ZfP-Verfahren. Auf Basis empirischer Untersuchungen und systemorientierter Analysen werden typische Risiken wie Arbeitsbelastung, Automatisierungsbias, unzureichendes Interaktionsdesign und organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass der Einsatz automatisierter und KI-gestützter Technologien menschliche Risiken nicht per se reduziert, sondern teilweise neue, weniger sichtbare Risiken erzeugt. Der Beitrag plädiert daher für einen ganzheitlichen, menschzentrierten Ansatz, der Human Factors systematisch in Entwicklung, Einführung und Bewertung von ZfP-Systemen integriert, um die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit nachhaltig zu verbessern. T2 - Hamburger NDT Tage 2016 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 16.11.2016 KW - Human Factors KW - Menschliche Faktoren KW - NDT Reliability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-65459 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Automation in non-destructive testing: new risks and risk sources N2 - Over the past couple of decades Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has seen a significant increase in the use of automation. In addition to increased reliability, objectivity, consistency, repeatability, productivity, and so on, automating parts of the process is expected to decrease the potential for human error. However, the literature on human-automation interaction suggests that automation is not only associated with benefits, but also with new risks and risk sources. First, this paper will present the methodology used to identify—for the first time—possible risks associated with mechanised data acquisition and corresponding data evaluation. Moreover, it will highlight possible risks, their causes, consequences, and ways of preventing them. Second, those preventive measures will be further analysed by examining new risks that can arise from their implementation, i.e. potential for failure that can arise from (a) working with automated defect-detection and sizing aids, (b) implementing human redundancy, and (c) improvement of the inspection procedures without due consideration of the procedure users. And third, some optimisations strategies will be provided. The purpose of this work is to show that mechanised testing is associated with potential for failure and that the sources of those risks go beyond single inspectors and need to be looked at in the interaction of people with other systems, i.e. the technology, the team and, most importantly, the organisation. T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Human Factors KW - Automation KW - NDT Reliability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-65458 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lisec, Jan T1 - InterpretMSSpectrum (R package to annotate mass spectra) N2 - Gas chromatography using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/APCI-MS) is an emerging metabolomics platform, providing much-enhanced capabilities for structural mass spectrometry as compared to traditional electron ionization (EI)-based techniques. To exploit the potential of GC/APCI-MS for more comprehensive metabolite annotation, a major bottleneck in metabolomics, we here present the novel R-based tool InterpretMSSpectrum assisting in the common task of annotating and evaluating in-source mass spectra as obtained from typical full-scan experiments. After passing a list of mass-intensity pairs, InterpretMSSpectrum locates the molecular ion (M0), fragment, and adduct peaks, calculates their most likely sum formula combination, and graphically summarizes results as an annotated mass spectrum. Using (modifiable) filter rules for the commonly used methoximated-trimethylsilylated (MeOx-TMS) derivatives, covering elemental composition, typical substructures, neutral losses, and adducts, InterpretMSSpectrum significantly reduces the number of sum formula candidates, minimizing manual effort for postprocessing candidate lists. We demonstrate the utility of InterpretMSSpectrum for 86 in-source spectra of derivatized standard compounds, in which rank-1 sum formula assignments were achieved in 84% of the cases, compared to only 63% when using mass and isotope information on the M0 alone. We further use, for the first time, automated annotation to evaluate the purity of pseudospectra generated by different metabolomics preprocessing tools, showing that automated annotation can serve as an integrative quality measure for peak picking/deconvolution methods. As an R package, InterpretMSSpectrum integrates flexibly into existing metabolomics pipelines and is freely available from CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/). KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - Spectra annotation KW - Software KW - R package PY - 2016 UR - https://github.com/cran/InterpretMSSpectrum/ PB - GitHub CY - San Francisco, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-57856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Burger, S. T1 - Berichterstattung zum laufenden Projekt: „Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen“ N2 - Dieses Dokument fasst den Projekfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen" im Rahmen des Fachausschusses 1 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" des DVS e. V. zusammen. T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" der Forschungsvereinigung Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren des DVS e. V. CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 08.09.2016 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - Wasserstoff KW - MAG-Schweißen PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-53671 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Burger, S. T1 - Berichterstattung zum laufenden Projekt: „Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen“ N2 - Dieses Dokument fasst den Projekfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Ermittlung geeigneter Wärmeführungen zur Wasserstoffreduktion beim Schweißen höherfester Feinkornbaustähle mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen" im Rahmen des Fachausschusses 1 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" des DVS e. V. zusammen. T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 "Schweißmetallurgie & Werkstoffverhalten" der Forschungsvereinigung Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren des DVS e. V. CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 17.03.2016 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - Wasserstoff KW - MAG-Schweißen PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-53670 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costa e Silva, A. A1 - Coelho, D. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Rizzo, Fernando T1 - Simulation of Fe-Cr-X Alloy Exposed to an Oxyfuel Combustion Atmosphere at 600°C N2 - In coal-fired power plants using oxyfuel combustion process with carbon capture and sequestration, instead of air, a mixture of oxygen and recirculated flue gas is injected in the boiler. A series of steels were exposed to CO2-SO2-Ar-H2O gas mixtures at 600 °C for 1000 h to compare their high temperature corrosion behavior. During the corrosion process, carburization, decarburization and recrystallization were observed underneath the oxide scale depending on the gas mixture and alloy composition. The conditions that lead to carburization are not yet completely understood, but decarburization can be simulated using thermodynamic and kinetic models. In this work, the results of these simulations are compared with measured values for one of the alloys that displayed a decarburized region. Since the mobility of carbon in the scale is not known, two strategies were adopted: simulation of alloy-atmosphere contact; and estimation of the carbon flux to produce the observed decarburization. The second approach might give an insight on how permeable to carbon the scale is. KW - CALPHAD approach KW - Corrosion KW - Decarburization KW - DICTRA modeling KW - Experimental kinetics PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-015-0421-3 SN - 1547-7037 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 24 PB - ASTM International AN - OPUS4-50612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schulz, Wencke T1 - Abscheidung und Charakterisierung von Sol-Gel-Aluminiumoxidschichten auf kommerziellen Kraftwerksstählen zum Schutz gegen Korrosion bei Oxyfuel-Verbrennung N2 - The objective of the present work was the investigation and demonstration of the potential of sol-gel alumina layers as corrosion protection of commercial power plant steels under oxyfuel conditions. The starting points of this work were modified Yoldas-sols which were developed in the BAM-department 5.6. These sols were suitable for the spin-coating method only. The application of coatings on tubes by spin-coating is impossible. Therefore, the chemical composition of the modified Yoldas-sol had to be adapted to the dip- and spray-coating techniques. Exclusively the sol with the composition s-0.52-6-1.5 with a nitrate/aluminium ratio of 0.52; a solid content of 6 wt.% and a PVP (binder) content of 1.5 wt.% could fulfill the necessary criteria: long-term stability; formation of a dense, crack-free and well adhered layer on polished metal surfaces; as well as high protective abilities against corrosion in H2O-CO2-O2-SO2. The commercial power plant steel X20CrMoV12-1 (X20) and the steel X12Cr13 were successfully coated with the sol s-0.52-6-1.5 by means of the dip-coating method. An at least 400 nm thick alumina layer (δ-Al2O3) is necessary to ensure the corrosion protection of these steels. The corrosion of the coated samples compared to that of the uncoated ones was significantly reduced, even after 1000 h of exposure in a H2O-CO2-O2-SO2 atmosphere at 600°C. Sulfur and carbon were not detected at the substrate surface or beneath the coating. Hence the transport of the flue gas components SO2 and CO2 into as well as through the alumina layer could be hindered. The diffusion of the alloying elements (Cr, Mn, Si) into the alumina layer resulted in the formation of mixed oxides like δ-(Al,Cr)2O3. Formation of such phases considerably contributed to the corrosion protection. The long-term stability of the sol s-0.52-6-1.5 and the high protective abilities of the alumina layer on commercial power plant steels provide a good basis for an industrial application. KW - TEM KW - Alumina KW - Coating KW - Oxyfuel KW - Steel KW - High-Temperature Corrosion PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-fudissthesis000000102280-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-6842 SP - 0 EP - 179 PB - Freie Universität CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50310 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Friedrich, Jörg A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Farag, Zeinab R. A1 - Moustapha, Moustapha E. A1 - Azzam, Maged M. T1 - Promotion of adhesion of green flame retardant coatings onto polyolefins by depositing ultra-thin plasma polymer films: A critical review N2 - Various methods have been used for introducing fire retardant additives into polymers. Deposition of thick fire retardant coatings directly onto polymer substrates is an alternative technique. An important Advantage of the coating technique is the preservation of the physical and chemical integrity of the polymer material. Moreover, the fire retardancy of the polymer materials can be achieved following their production. Suitable coating materials are inorganics, intumescent, char-forming, oxygendiluting, and cooling or radical quenching layers. The most important problem is to achieve sufficient coating thickness to withstand the direct attack of flame and to protect the polymer bulk from pyrolysis, otherwise blistering of coating, caused by emitted pyrolysis gases, is often observed. To avoid blistering of coating, the adhesion between polyolefin Substrate and fire retardant coating has to be extraordinarily high. In order to achieve such a high level of adhesion, the polymer surface has to be modified with adhesion-promoting functional groups. The deposition of thin plasma polymers as adhesion-promoting layers with NH2, OH or COOH groups has been the most suited method. These functional groups are able to form covalent bonds and other interactions between the fire-resistant coating and the plasma-modified polyolefin substrate. Additionally, the plasma polymer counteracts the strong mechanical stresses in the laminate on exposure to high temperatures by its flexibility. The thick fire retardant coatings were chosen based on “green” ecological aspects to avoid flame-initiated emission of toxic or corrosive gases and remains of toxic char. KW - Flame retardant KW - Adhesion KW - Coating PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.7569/RAA.2016.097314 SN - 2168-0965 SN - 2168-0973 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 417 EP - 447 PB - Scrivener Publishing LLC AN - OPUS4-48164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kastanias, Elaine A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Chemical and electrochemical interaction mechanisms of metal-reducing bacteria with gold surfaces N2 - Bacterial biofilms are considered one of the salient contributing factors to the deterioration of metals and their alloys, occurring in virtually all environments and across various industrial systems. Considering the sheer magnitude of detrimental effects, it is of pertinent interest to elucidate the interaction mechanisms of sessile bacteria with metal and metal oxide surfaces to facilitate the development of efficient antifouling strategies. A common constituent of microbial communities within aquatic and sedimentary settings, the Shewanella genus consists of facultatively aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium which exhibit exceptional plasticity in respiratory capacities. During aerobic conditions, Shewanella utilizes oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor; conversely, under anaerobic conditions, it is able to undertake respiration by reducing alternative terminal electron acceptors such as oxidized metals via extracellular electron transfer mechanisms not yet thoroughly discerned. The aim of this work is to explicate the mechanisms governing the initial bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on metallic surfaces. To investigate this dynamic interplay, a combined approach has been followed which couples surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with electrochemical techniques using Shewanella sp. model biofilms. Gold nano-islands deposited on thin glass slides have been chosen as inert model substrates with good uniformity and high surface enhancement factor. Furthermore, the utilization of gold as substrate material not only allowed the differentiation of the sole effect of substrate polarization on bacterial attachment but also enabled a precise adjustment of the surface chemistry and surface energy by means of surface functionalization with organothiol self-assembled monolayers. The results present the correlation of the primary settlement rate of bacteria on metallic substrates with the environmental parameters such as electrolyte composition and pH as well as surface-related properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and polarization. With the overall strategic goal of transferring this methodology to technical systems the results provide the fundamental basis for the bottom-up design of anti-fouling surfaces. T2 - Electrochemistry 2016 CY - Goslar, Germany DA - 26.09.2016 KW - Biofilms KW - Electrochemistry KW - Microbiology KW - Bacterial Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms KW - Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy KW - Spectroelectrochemical Techniques KW - Biocorrosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-47249 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Chemical and electrochemical interaction mechanisms of metal-reducing bacteria with gold surfaces N2 - Bacterial biofilms are considered one of the salient contributing factors to the deterioration of metals and their alloys, occurring in virtually all environments and across various industrial systems. Considering the sheer magnitude of detrimental effects, it is of pertinent interest to elucidate the interaction mechanisms of sessile bacteria with metal and metal oxide surfaces to facilitate the development of efficient antifouling strategies. A common constituent of microbial communities within aquatic and sedimentary settings, the Shewanella genus consists of facultatively aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium which exhibit exceptional plasticity in respiratory capacities. During aerobic conditions, Shewanella utilizes oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor; conversely, under anaerobic conditions, it is able to undertake respiration by reducing alternative terminal electron acceptors such as oxidized metals via extracellular electron transfer mechanisms not yet thoroughly discerned. The aim of this work is to explicate the mechanisms governing the initial bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation on metallic surfaces. To investigate this dynamic interplay, a combined approach has been followed which couples surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with electrochemical techniques using Shewanella sp. model biofilms. Gold nano-islands deposited on thin glass slides have been chosen as inert model substrates with good uniformity and high surface enhancement factor. Furthermore, the utilization of gold as substrate material not only allowed the differentiation of the sole effect of substrate polarization on bacterial attachment but also enabled a precise adjustment of the surface chemistry and surface energy by means of surface functionalization with organothiol self-assembled monolayers. The results present the correlation of the primary settlement rate of bacteria on metallic substrates with the environmental parameters such as electrolyte composition and pH as well as surface-related properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and polarization. With the overall strategic goal of transferring this methodology to technical systems the results provide the fundamental basis for the bottom-up design of anti-fouling surfaces. T2 - Electrochemistry 2016 CY - Göslar, Germany DA - 26.09.2016 KW - Biofilms KW - Electrochemistry KW - Biocorrosion KW - Surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy KW - Bacteria KW - Microbiological induced corrosion KW - Microbiology PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-47246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -