TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Psychology at BAM: Is it science and how can we benefit from it? N2 - The aim of this presentation is twofold: first, to present the field of psychology including its research methods and, second, to show on an example how psychology can be used in material research. The example is of the study of human factors in non-destructive testing (NDT), in which the author has more than 10 years of experience. The conclusion is that psychological methods can be used to identify human-related problems during different tasks and to generate mitigation strategies that can be used to decrease human error and enhance safety. T2 - Abteilungsseminar der Abteilung 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.04.2020 KW - Psychology KW - Human factors KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT) KW - Safety PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human machine interaction in the era of industry 4.0 N2 - The fourth industrial revolution (also known as “Industry 4.0”) promises to relieve people from manual and physical work by developing cyber-physical systems and smart automation and thereby achieving a more efficient, reliable and safe performance. This will change people’s work from being operators of the system into becoming strategical decision makers and flexible problem solvers. This shift will require a new division of work between people and technical systems, a new division of responsibilities and new ways of interacting with technology, which in turn will pose new demands on people. People will require different physical and cognitive capabilities, different competencies and new strategies to cope with the upcoming challenges. The focus of Industry 4.0 is therefore on designing systems with human in the centre: systems that will extend people’s capabilities, that will allow collaborative work and take advantage of performances in which either people or technology excel. This presentation will focus on the benefits of consideration of human-machine interaction in the context of industry 4.0. T2 - Les assises de L’Industrie 4.0 CY - INSA Centre Val de Loire, Campus de Blois, France DA - 29.09.2020 KW - Human machine interaction KW - Industry 4.0 KW - NDT 4.0 KW - Safety KW - non-destructive testing (NDT) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - The Past and the Future of Human Factors: The “Uncontrollable” Aspect of NDT Reliability? N2 - That human factors (HF) affect the reliability of NDT is not novelty. Still, when it comes to reliability assessments, the role of people is often neglected. Reliability is typically expressed in terms of POD curves, and the effects of human and organisational factors on the inspection are typically tackled by the regulations, procedures and by the qualification and training of the inspection personnel. However, studies have shown that even the most experienced personnel can make mistakes and that the reliability in the field is never as high as the reliability measured in the POD experiments. Generally, HF are considered too unpredictable and too uncontrollable to model. If that is the fact, then what can we do? The engineering perspective to this problem has often been to find ways to automate inspections and, recently, to make use of artificial intelligence tools to decrease the direct effect of people on the inspection results and improve the overall efficiency and reliability. However, despite automation and AI, people remain the key players, though their tasks change. The contemporary approach to HF is not to engineer them out of the system but to design human-machine systems that make the best use of both. In this talk, ways of tackling HF in the design of systems and processes will be presented. T2 - Reliability of NDT webinar, The Scottish Branch of the British Institute of NDT CY - Online meeting DA - 29.01.2021 KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - NDT KW - Human Factors KW - Reliability PY - 2021 UR - www.bindt.org/admin/Downloads/2021-01%20BINDT_Bertovic_Human%20factors_new.pdf AN - OPUS4-53544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - NDE 4.0: Redefining Traditional Inspector Roles N2 - The successful shift to NDE 4.0 will not only require developing and embracing new technologies associated with the fourth industrial revolution or becoming an integral part of the overall Industry 4.0, but also developing and adopting new ways of working. It is undoubtful that people will remain in charge of the inspections. However, it is arguable if the current “procedure-following” “level I-III” paradigm can withstand the changes that come along NDE 4.0. With the increased autonomy and interconnectedness expected with NDT 4.0, the majority of traditional NDE tasks will no longer be needed. Instead, different skills, such as that of programming and adapting systems, as well as problem solving, will become vital for the inspections. Therefore, we suggest that a new paradigm is needed—one in which inspector roles and, thus, also the requirements will have to be reinvented. We expect the inspectors to be relieved from the tedious and error prone aspects of the current system and to take responsibility for increasingly complex automated systems and work in closer collaboration with other experts. Thus, we propose that the traditional inspector roles will be transformed into that of the system developer, caretaker and problem solver, each requiring a specific set of skills and assuming different responsibilities. In this talk, we will present the new roles and discuss the challenges that may arise with them. T2 - HOIS Digitalisation Forum (HDF) virtual seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 10.08.2021 KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - NDE 4.0 KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Inspection Personnel KW - Human-Centered Approach KW - Human Factors KW - Acceptance PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - NDE 4.0: Redefining Traditional Inspector Roles N2 - The successful shift to NDE 4.0 will not only require developing and embracing new technologies associated with the fourth industrial revolution or becoming an integral part of the overall Industry 4.0, but also developing and adopting new ways of working. It is undoubtful that people will remain in charge of the inspections. However, it is arguable if the current “procedure-following” “level I-III” paradigm can withstand the changes that come along NDE 4.0. With the increased autonomy and interconnectedness expected with NDT 4.0, the majority of traditional NDE tasks will no longer be needed. Instead, different skills, such as that of programming and adapting systems, as well as problem solving, will become vital for the inspections. Therefore, we suggest that a new paradigm is needed—one in which inspector roles and, thus, also the requirements will have to be reinvented. We expect the inspectors to be relieved from the tedious and error prone aspects of the current system and to take responsibility for increasingly complex automated systems and work in closer collaboration with other experts. Thus, we propose that the traditional inspector roles will be transformed into that of the system developer, caretaker and problem solver, each requiring a specific set of skills and assuming different responsibilities. In this talk, we will present the new roles and discuss the challenges that may arise with them. T2 - International Virtual Conference on NDE 4.0, DGZfP CY - Online meeting DA - 14.04.2021 KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - NDE 4.0 KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Inspection Personnel KW - Human-Centered Approach KW - Human Factors KW - Acceptance PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-535524 UR - www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=26328 AN - OPUS4-53552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Embracing AI and User-Centered Design in Modern Technological Systems: The Case of Non-Destructive Testing N2 - The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of technological systems is now ubiquitous. Non-destructive testing (NDT)—a set of techniques used to evaluate the properties and integrity of materials, components, or structures without causing damage to the tested object—is one of the disciplines seeking to benefit from this technology to increase reliability, safety, and productivity. Human-machine interaction (HMI), a recognized key area within Industry 4.0, plays an important role in the design, development, acceptance, and successful implementation of these systems. The integration of AI will significantly transform NDT tasks, introducing new tools, higher levels of process automation, and fully automated integration into production systems. The addition of assistive technologies like augmented reality will alleviate manual tasks but increase complexity, marking a transitional phase. For an NDT system to fully integrate into the broader Industry 4.0 framework, it must move beyond its traditional role as a self-contained entity and become part of a larger interconnected system. This transition will require new ways of interacting with technology, new task demands, and new competencies such as data analytics, automation, usability, control, oversight, communication, and complex problem-solving. We propose a paradigm shift to new roles: the Systems Developer, responsible for strategizing, developing, and integrating NDT systems with input from multiple sources and automation systems; the Caretaker, monitoring system functionality, resolving errors, and managing day-to-day operations; and the Problem Solver, diagnosing system problems and ensuring proper functioning. This development involves a multidisciplinary team, known as the "UX Design" role, tasked with creating a physical system that mediates between users and information sources to enhance inspection reliability and user acceptance. It is agreed that AI systems will continue to be operated and controlled by humans, so addressing human-machine interaction is paramount. The transition to more advanced NDT systems presents challenges such as adapting to complex technologies, addressing skill loss, and ensuring user acceptance. To overcome these hurdles, a user-centered approach that emphasizes intuitive interfaces and appropriate roles for humans and automation is critical. In addition, training programs tailored to new roles and responsibilities can help mitigate skill loss, while clear communication and phased implementation strategies are essential to manage organizational change and user resistance. By effectively addressing these challenges, companies can maximize the benefits of advanced AI technologies. Non-destructive testing serves as an illustrative example, but the principles and strategies discussed apply broadly across various technological systems integrating AI and HMI. The evolution towards more advanced, AI-driven systems demands a careful balance between technological capabilities and human factors, ensuring that the full potential of these innovations can be realized in a practical, user-friendly manner. T2 - 6th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2024) CY - Split, Croatia DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Human Factors KW - Artificial intelligence KW - AI KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Acceptance PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Tutorial: NDE Reliability and the Influence of Human Factors N2 - Human factors significantly influence the reliability of non-destructive testing (NDT) systems, impacting safety, efficiency, and cost. This tutorial explores the interplay between human capabilities, organizational context, and technological systems in NDT inspections. It starts with a short overview of reliability models, including the Probability of Detection (POD) framework, alongside with advanced approaches for reliability assessment. The distinction between human factors and human error is emphasized, advocating a systemic approach to human error that addresses underlying organizational and environmental conditions. The implications of increasing automation and AI integration are discussed, highlighting the challenges of trust, usability, and skill preservation in human-AI collaboration. Practical strategies, including user-centered design, targeted training, and risk management frameworks, are proposed to enhance inspection performance and maintain NDT reliability in evolving technological landscapes. This tutorial underscores the critical role of human factors in the transition to NDT 4.0 and the development of effective human-machine systems. T2 - USES2 Training week#2 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.06.2024 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Reliability KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Artificial Intelligence PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human Factors in Non Destructive Testing: Traditional and Emerging Trends N2 - Human factors (HF) play a critical role in ensuring the reliability and safety of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). This presentation begins by defining human factors and explaining their relevance to performance and error prevention in NDT. It distinguishes between human factors and human error, introduces selected HF methods, and discusses key factors influencing human performance in NDT—supported by study examples. Building on this foundation, the presentation explores emerging trends associated with the integration of assistive and AI-driven technologies in NDT. Major challenges such as user acceptance, trust, usability, human-AI task allocation, responsibility, and skill degradation are examined. Finally, strategies for fostering acceptance and designing user-centered systems are proposed to support effective and reliable implementation. T2 - NDT Seminar 2025 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.04.2025 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Acceptance KW - Reliability PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Shifting Paradigms: User-Centred Design for Successful Implementation of AI-Driven and Assistive Technologies in Non-Destructive Testing N2 - The successful implementation of AI-driven and assistive technologies in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) requires a fundamental shift from a technology-driven approach to a user-centred paradigm. This presentation will explore the key challenges associated with the development and implementation of these technologies, including issues of acceptance, trust, skill degradation, and the complexities of working with highly automated systems. User-centred design is critical to the effective integration of advanced technologies in NDT. However, merely involving users in the design process is not sufficient to address all challenges. The addition of new technologies may initially increase the burden on personnel rather than improve reliability. Therefore, a new paradigm for the training and qualification of NDT personnel is essential to effectively benefit from human-AI interaction. This presentation will argue that only after this paradigm shift and the provision of appropriate training can the full benefits of AI-driven technologies be realised. The aim is to highlight the need for this change and provide insights into how it can be achieved. T2 - 62nd Annual British Conference on NDT (NDT 2025) CY - Edinburgh, United Kingdom DA - 09.09.2025 KW - NDT KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Human Factors KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - User-centred design KW - Acceptance PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - NDE 4.0: Redefining Traditional Inspector Roles N2 - The successful shift to NDE 4.0 will not only require developing and embracing new technologies associated with the fourth industrial revolution or becoming an integral part of the overall Industry 4.0, but also developing and adopting new ways of working. It is undoubtful that people will remain in charge of the inspections. However, it is arguable if the current “procedure-following” “level I-III” paradigm can withstand the changes that come along NDE 4.0. With the increased autonomy and interconnectedness expected with NDT 4.0, the majority of traditional NDE tasks will no longer be needed. Instead, different skills, such as that of programming and adapting systems, as well as problem solving, will become vital for the inspections. Therefore, we suggest that a new paradigm is needed—one in which inspector roles and, thus, also the requirements will have to be reinvented. We expect the inspectors to be relieved from the tedious and error prone aspects of the current system and to take responsibility for increasingly complex automated systems and work in closer collaboration with other experts. Thus, we propose that the traditional inspector roles will be transformed into that of the system developer, caretaker and problem solver, each requiring a specific set of skills and assuming different responsibilities. In this talk, we will present the new roles and discuss the challenges that may arise with them. T2 - NDE for industry – annual workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 29.06.2021 KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - NDE 4.0 KW - Human-Machine Interaction KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Inspection Personnel KW - Human-Centered Approach KW - Human Factors KW - Acceptance PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -