TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing). KW - Reliability KW - Cylinder KW - Safety KW - Consequence PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319917303117 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.145 SN - 0360-3199 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 42 IS - 19 SP - 13810 EP - 13817 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-40691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Bousek, J. A1 - Black, G. A1 - Moretto, P. A1 - Castello, P. A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Banach, Ulrich T1 - Identifiying performance gaps in hydrogen safety sensor technology for automotive and stationary applications N2 - A market survey has been performed of commercially available hydrogen safety sensors, resulting in a total sample size of 53 sensors from 21 manufacturers. The technical specifications, as provided by the manufacturer, have been collated and are displayed herein as a function of sensor working principle. These specifications comprise measuring range, response and recovery times, ambient temperature, pressure and relative humidity, power consumption and lifetime. These are then compared against known performance targets for both automotive and stationary applications in order to establish in how far current technology satisfies current requirements of sensor end users. Gaps in the performance of hydrogen sensing technologies are thus identified and areas recommended for future research and development. KW - Hydrogen sensor KW - Hydrogen detection KW - Safety KW - Sensor performance testing KW - Performance specifications KW - Performance targets PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.064 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 373 EP - 384 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-22893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Cozzolino, Chiara A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Safety Assessment of MLI Super-Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Liquid-Hydrogen Tanks in Fire Scenarios N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks insulated by MLI and vacuum are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents a safety assessment of non-combustible MLI under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety KW - Tank PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116036 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 211 EP - 216 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Chianese, Carmela A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Modeling the performance of multilayer insulation in cryogenic tanks undergoing external fire scenarios N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) is frequently used in vacuum conditions for the thermal insulation of cryogenic storage tanks. The severe consequences of the degradation of such materials in engulfing fire scenarios were recently evidenced by several large-scale experimental tests. In the present study, an innovative modelling approach was developed to assess the performance of heat transfer in polyester-based MLI materials for cryogenic applications under fire conditions. A specific layer-by-layer approach was integrated with an apparent kinetic thermal degradation model based on thermogravimetric analysis results. The modeling results provided a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained by High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber tests reproducing fire exposure conditions. The model was then applied to assess the behavior of MLI systems for liquid hydrogen tanks in realistic fire scenarios. The results show that in intense fire scenarios degradation occurs rapidly, compromising the thermal insulation performances of the system within a few minutes. KW - Multilayer Insulation KW - Cryogenic Vessels KW - Liquefied Hydrogen KW - Liquefied Natural Gas KW - Safety KW - Fire PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599418 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.061 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 186 SP - 1169 EP - 1182 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colmenares, Daniel A1 - Costa, Giancarlo A1 - Civera, Marco A1 - Surace, Cecilia A1 - Karoumi, Raid T1 - Quantification of the human–structure interaction effect through full-scale dynamic testing: The Folke Bernadotte Bridge N2 - An analytical expression for the frequency response function of a coupled pedestrian-bridge system is presented and evaluated using an experimental measurement campaign performed on the Folke Bernadotte Bridge in Stockholm, Sweden. A finite element model and the modal models that consider the human–structure interaction effect are calibrated with respect to the measurements. The properties of the spring–mass–damper model representing the pedestrians were identified, considering the different structural modes of the system. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical frequency response functions. A sensitivity analysis of the obtained solution was performed, validating the determined analytical expression for the frequency response function of the coupled pedestrian-bridge system that takes into account the human–structure interaction effect. KW - Safety KW - Building and Construction KW - Architecture KW - Civil and Structural Engineering KW - Risk KW - Reliability KW - Quality PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584038 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.133 SN - 2352-0124 VL - 55 SP - 2249 EP - 2265 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-58403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Tank KW - Safety PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116031 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 181 EP - 186 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Modeling the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during and after the exposure to fire N2 - In this paper two different approaches for predicting the heating-up of an acetylene cylinder involved in a fire and the afterward cooling with water are presented. In the simulations polynomial functions were used to describe the temperature dependency of the thermal properties of the cylinder interior, which is a complex system composed by a solid porous material, a solvent (typically acetone) and acetylene dissolved in it. Model equations covered heat conduction in the cylinder interior and at its walls. In the first approach the cylinder surroundings were simulated as a further domain constituted by CO2, during the fire exposure, and for water, during the cooling. In this domain the coupled heat transfer (convection and conduction) and the momentum equation (Navier-Stokes) were solved. In the second approach no further domain was considered but boundary conditions were set directly on the cylinder walls. Results of the calculations performed with both approaches are presented. This work could prove helpful in predicting to which extent the interior of an acetylene cylinder exposed to fire reaches temperatures capable of initiating the decomposition of acetylene and to determine how long a water cooling should be applied, so that the system is brought again under non-critical conditions. KW - Safety KW - Acetylene KW - Heat transfer KW - Fire KW - Water cooling PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2010.06.012 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 23 SP - 654 EP - 661 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-21808 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, J. A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Klemm, A. T1 - Maximum safe diameters of microcapillaries for a stoichiometric ethene/oxygen mixture KW - Combustion KW - Explosions KW - Microstructure KW - Safety KW - Ethene KW - Oxygen PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.03.038 SN - 0009-2509 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 2951 EP - 2956 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-19446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fomine, Pavel A1 - Mitropetros, Constantinos A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut T1 - Modeling of detonation processes in chemically active bubble systems at normal and elevated initial pressures N2 - The detonation processes in chemically active bubble liquids under elevated initial pressures are investigated theoretically. It is shown, that supersonic regimes of wave propagation can exist, if the initial pressure is relatively high and the volume fraction of the bubbles is relatively small. Characteristic values of the bubble detonation wave pressure at sub- and supersonic regimes differ by an order of magnitude. The principal possibility of detonation wave structure transformation in the case of propagation in the mixture with high initial pressure and longitudinal gradient of bubble volume fraction is predicted. The leading shock may transform into a smooth wave of compression. The Chapman-Jouguet conditions for self-sustaining supersonic bubble detonation wave is obtained. A model of shock induced single bubble dynamics and ignition taking into account the real properties of the liquid, inter-phase transition processes, mechanical mixing of phases, ignition delay and continuous shift of chemical equilibrium have been described. Calculations for the oxygen containing bubble in liquid cyclohexane have been performed. KW - Bubble detonation KW - Bubble dynamics KW - Inter-phase exchange KW - Explosion hazard KW - Safety PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(03)00018-4 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 16 SP - 323 EP - 331 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-2579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Cryogenic storage safety: Experimental evaluation of insulation under extreme conditions N2 - Hydrogen is recognized as a keystone of the global energy transition, offering a clean, high-energy-density energy carrier ideal for storage and transportation. Among various storage options, liquid hydrogen (LH2) is especially advantageous for both mobile and stationary applications. However, ensuring the safety and performance of LH2 storage systems under extreme thermal conditions, such as fire exposure, remains an engineering challenge. This study introduces an experimental framework, called the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), designed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic response of vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks under fire-like conditions. The apparatus enables evaluation of insulation performance, such as perlite and multilayer insulation (MLI), with a focus on thermal degradation, heat ingress, and vacuum stability. Results indicate that combustible MLIs undergo substantial thermal degradation, leading to heat ingress rates of up to 6.5 kW and the formation of hazardous combustion by-products. In contrast, non-combustible MLIs and bulk insulation materials restrict heat ingress to approximately 3 kW while more effectively preserving vacuum integrity. Combustible MLIs also exhibit pronounced pressure increases in the evacuated section, reaching ∼6 × 104 Pa, nearly six times higher than those observed for non-combustible counterparts. Analysis of effective emissivity further reveals an enhancement in radiative heat transfer, approximately five times, for combustible MLIs following degradation. Additionally, marked thermal stratification develops under both nominal and extreme heat loads, with temperature gradients approaching 10 °C per 100 mm during sustained thermal exposure. KW - Multi-Layer Insulation KW - Cryogenic Storage KW - Safety PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655380 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105961 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 101 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65538 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -