TY - JOUR A1 - Deng, C. A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Li, R.-M. A1 - Huang, S.-C. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wang, Y.-Z. T1 - Modes of action of a mono-component intumescent flame retardant MAPP in polyethylene-octene elastomer JF - Polymer Degradation and Stability N2 - A mono-component intumescent flame retardant named ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) is used in polyethylene-octene elastomer (POE). Insight into the flame-retardant mechanisms of the MAPP is provided from a new perspective. The fire performance of POE/MAPP composites is investigated by oxygen index (OI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests. POE Composite containing 35 wt% MAPP achieves a V-0 rating, and its OI is 29.3 vol%. The thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) confirm that the incorporation of ethylenediamine changes the thermal decomposition of APP, mainly resulting in the formation of char layer with a thermally stable structure. Cone calorimeter analysis revealed the flame-retardant modes of action of MAPP in POE under forced-flaming conditions. Quantitative analysis illustrates that both the residue due to charring and the fuel dilution/flame Inhibition resulting from the release of incombustible products/ phosphorus species decrease the total heat release (fire load) by 20e28%. The residue increases linearly with increasing MAPP content, whereas the reduction in effective heat of combustion levels off. Moreover, the flame-retardant effect resulting from the protective properties of the char is discovered to be the dominant mode of action (up to 85% reduction) with respect to the peak heat release rate, leading to the excellent flame retardancy of POE/MAPP. KW - Ammonium polyphosphate KW - Flame retardant KW - Carbonization KW - Elastomer PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.006 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 138 SP - 142 EP - 150 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-39901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Wartig, K.-A. A1 - Mülhaupt, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame-retardancy properties of intumescent ammonium poly(phosphate) and mineral filler magnesium hydroxide in combination with graphene JF - Polymers N2 - Thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), containing only four single carbon layers on average, was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and magnesium hydroxide (MH), respectively, in polypropylene (PP). The nanoparticle's influence on different flame-retarding systems and possible synergisms in pyrolysis, reaction to small flame, fire behavior and mechanical properties were determined. TRGO has a positive effect on the yield stress, which is decreased by both flame-retardants and acts as a synergist with regard to Young's modulus. The applicability and effects of TRGO as an adjuvant in combination with conventional flame-retardants depends strongly on the particular flame-retardancy mechanism. In the intumescent system, even small concentrations of TRGO change the viscosity of the pyrolysing melt crucially. In case of oxygen index (OI) and UL 94 test, the addition of increasing amounts of TRGO to PP/APP had a negative impact on the oxygen index and the UL 94 classification. Nevertheless, systems with only low amounts (≤1 wt%) of TRGO achieved V-0 classification in the UL 94 test and high oxygen indices (>31 vol%). TRGO strengthens the residue structure of MH and therefore functions as a strong synergist in terms of OI and UL 94 classification (from HB to V-0). KW - Graphene KW - Intumescence KW - Ammonium polyphosphate KW - Magnesium hydroxide KW - Synergy KW - Polypropylene PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-320685 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6112875 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 6 IS - 11 SP - 2875 EP - 2895 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-32068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Weiß, André A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kleemeier, M. A1 - Hartwig, A. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Flame retarded epoxy resins by adding layered silicate in combination with the conventional protection-layer-building flame retardants melamine borate and ammonium polyphosphate JF - Journal of applied polymer science N2 - The pyrolysis and flammability of phosphonium-modified layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites (EP/LS) were evaluated when LS was combined with two flame retardants, melamine borate (MB) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), that also act via a surface protection layer. Thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 burning chamber (UL 94) and cone calorimeter were used. The glassy coating because of 10 wt % MB during combustion showed effects in the cone calorimeter test similar to nanodispersed LS, and somewhat better flame retardancy in flammability tests, such as LOI and UL 94. Adding APP to EP resulted in intumescent systems. The fire retardancy was particularly convincing when 15 wt % APP was used, especially for low external heat flux, and thus, also in flammability tests like LOI and UL 94. V0 classification is achieved when 15 wt % APP is used in EP. The flame retardancy efficiency of the protection layers formed does not increase linearly with the MB and APP concentrations used. The combination of LS with MB or APP shows antagonism; thus the performance of the combination of LS with MB or APP, respectively, was disappointing. No optimization of the carbonaceous-inorganic surface layer occurred for LS-MB. Combining LS with APP inhibited the intumescence, most probably through an increase in viscosity clearly above the value needed for intumescent behavior. KW - Nanocomposites KW - Fire retardance KW - Thermosets KW - Organoclay KW - Ammonium polyphosphate KW - Melamine borate PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32512 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 1134 EP - 1143 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-21725 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Aluminium diethylphosphinate versus ammonium polyphosphate: A comprehensive comparison of the chemical interactions during pyrolysis in flame-retarded polyolefine/poly(phenylene oxide) JF - Thermochimica Acta N2 - A systematic comparison of chemical interactions and fire behaviour is presented for the thermoplas-tic elastomer (block copolymer styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene) (TPE-S)/diethyl- and methylvinylsiloxane (Si)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), flame-retarded with aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi)and with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. TPE-S/APP/Si/PPO performed better in the conecalorimeter test (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2042 to 475 kW m−2), but TPE-S/AlPi/Si/PPO inthe flammability tests (oxygen index (OI) and UL 94). This difference was caused by the different modes ofaction of APP (more in the condensed phase) and AlPi (mainly in the gas phase). Thermogravimetry cou-pled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used to analyse the mass loss and theevolved gas products, while a Linkam hot-stage cell to investigate the decomposition in the condensedphase. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the fire residues was done using solid-state NMR.13C MAS NMRshowed that both flame-retarded compositions form graphite-like amorphous carbonaceous char, orig-inating from PPO.31P MAS NMR and29Si MAS NMR delivered important information about interactionbetween phosphorus and the siloxane. For TPE-S/AlPi/Si/PPO aluminium phosphate and silicon dioxideoccurred, while also silicophosphate was produced in TPE-S/APP/Si/PPO. The direct comparison of two ofthe most prominent halogen-free flame retardants containing phosphorus delivered meaningful insightsinto the modes of action and molecular mechanisms controlling flame retardancy. KW - Aluminium diethylphosphinate KW - Ammonium polyphosphate KW - Flame retardancy KW - Solid-state NMR KW - SEBS PY - 2016 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 640 SP - 74 EP - 84 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-37802 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -