TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Explosion behaviour of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20 L-sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. KW - Dust explosion KW - Nano powder KW - Ignition KW - Explosion protection PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.03.016 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 36 SP - 237 EP - 243 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-33026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molnarne, M. A1 - Seifert, Alexander A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Explosion protection according to the EU directives using the data from CHEMSAFE database N2 - For international trade and production of machinery used in potentially explosive atmospheres it is important to know about the regulations within the European Union. This paper presents an application of CHEMSAFE flammability data for fulfilling the requirements of the EU explosion protection directives. Most of the published data for flammability of substances are measured under atmospheric conditions although chemical processes operate often under non-atmospheric conditions. A couple of R&D projects were initiated in Germany to get more knowledge on explosion characteristics for non-atmospheric conditions. The explosion protection for machinery operated under non-atmospheric conditions is defined in the 2006/42/EU Directive. CHEMSAFE fulfills this requirement while it contains data of flammable compounds measured under non-atmospheric conditions and with other oxidizers than air. Furthermore it includes flammability data for gas mixtures consisting of flammable, inert, and different oxidizing components and most of the data are measured according to international standards. Safety data on flammable dusts - such as minimum ignition energy, maximum explosion pressure, ignition temperatures - represents also an important part of the database. The potentially explosive atmospheres are defined in revised Directive 2014/34/EU. For preparing risk assessment documents the following data for flammable gases and vapors, relating to the use of equipment, among others are necessary: Flammability limit, flash point, temperature class - auto-ignition temperature, maximum experimental safe gap. CHEMSAFE'2013 includes not only these data but also more than 200 triangular explosion diagrams, e.g. the newly measured methane/nitrogen/oxygen system under pressures up to 50 bars. The international standard Draft of IEC 80079-1-1 publishes data tables for flammable substances originated from CHEMSAFE which represents the international acceptance of these data. KW - Flammability limits KW - Gas and dust explosion KW - Explosion protection KW - Safety characteristics KW - Technical regulations KW - Safety data KW - CHEMSAFE database PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.432 SN - 1877-7058 VL - 84 SP - 247 EP - 258 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-32086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Molnarne, M. T1 - Explosion protection in biogas and hybrid power plants N2 - Renewable energies became more and more important in the last years. The production of biogas using agricultural waste and the use of wind and solar energy in combination with water electrolysis is one way to substitute natural gas. Therefore the number of biogas plants is growing very fast in Germany. In the meantime, the operation of such plants is responsible for a significant number of accidents. New safety regulations on biogas plants and a short statistical summary of accidents in Germany are presented in the first part of this presentation. The main focus of the paper is the principle hazards arising from the substances and materials in biogas and hybrid power plants. Primarily, these are the hazards of fire and explosion induced by flammable methane gas. However, further hazards are the dangers of asphyxiation and poisoning by gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. Furthermore, hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis in hybrid power plants and mixed with bio methane in some cases. In order to prevent explosions when handling biogas and hydrogen it is necessary to know the explosion limits of gas and gas mixtures in mixture with air. However, biogas from agricultural plants can vary significantly in its composition. Therefore, for each gas composition the explosion limits would have to be determined. This would require a considerable amount of time and effort. Due to this fact, the explosion limits of biogas are frequently referred to only by the methane fraction of the gas mixture in the safety-relevant literature. In reality as biogas can consist of methane, carbon dioxide and further residual gases the explosion limits are generally over or underestimated. A calculation method for explosion limits was developed by means of explosion diagrams to avoid such errors. In a last topic methods are shown for the calculation of gas spreading in case of leakages in gas buffers for risk evaluation and land use planning. For this purpose the German directive VDI 3783 was evaluated. KW - Biogas KW - Explosion protection KW - Hybrid power plants KW - Safety characteristics KW - Technical regulations PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.433 SN - 1877-7058 VL - 84 SP - 259 EP - 272 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-32085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Explosion behaviour of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20 L-sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. T2 - X ISHPMIE - 10th International symposium on hazards, prevention, and mitigation of industrial explosions CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 10.06.2014 KW - Dust explosion KW - Nano dust KW - Ignition KW - Explosion protection PY - 2014 SN - 978-82-999683-0-0 SP - 1475 EP - 1485 AN - OPUS4-30938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Burning and explosion properties of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, .iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental Setup for the test apparatus 20-L sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. T2 - Hazards 24 Symposium CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 07.05.2014 KW - Nano powder KW - Explosion protection KW - Nano materials PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-85295-582-6 N1 - Serientitel: IChemE Symposium Series – Series title: IChemE Symposium Series VL - 159 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-30903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Flammable gases and vapors N2 - ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life science engineering, covering inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, and much more. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Gases KW - Safety characteristics KW - Flammability KW - Explosion protection PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-527-30673-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007 IS - Chapter 2.2 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-28382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grätz, Rainer A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - History and present - Explosion protection in the BAM N2 - The development ofthe Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), a federal Institute underthe auspices ofthe Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), is closely connected with the field of explosion protection. KW - History of BAM KW - Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt KW - Explosion protection KW - Chemical safety engineering PY - 2012 SN - 0176-0920 VL - 38 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - Stahl CY - Waldenburg AN - OPUS4-27038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - Explosion protection - using the database CHEMSAFE T2 - 12th Annual symposium, Mary Kay O´Connor Process Safety Center "Beyond regulatory compliance: making safety second nature" CY - College Station, Texas, USA DA - 2009-10-27 KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Explosion protection PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-692-00459-3 IS - Chapter "Explosion - I" SP - 686 EP - 696 AN - OPUS4-20720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molnarne, Maria A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Chemical safety database - application for flammability limits of biogases N2 - The article addresses safety characteristics of hazardous substances, particularly biogas plants that require specific safety measures. KW - Explosion limit KW - Biogas KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Flammability limit KW - Explosion protection KW - Renewable energy PY - 2009 IS - Spring 2009 SP - 20 EP - 26 PB - Fire & safety group CY - Cedar Grove, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-19614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molnarne, Maria T1 - How the uncertainty in measurement influences the derived explosion characteristics - Examples from the TRIANGLE program T2 - 28th International Workshop on Chemical Engineering Mathematics CY - Meissen, Germany DA - 2008-08-17 KW - Explosion limit KW - Oxidizing ability KW - CHEMSAFE KW - Flammability limit KW - Explosion protection KW - TRIANGLE KW - Messunsicherheiten PY - 2008 SN - 978-963-420-960-7 SP - 29 EP - 32 CY - Budapest, Hungary AN - OPUS4-17858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -