TY - GEN A1 - Munz, Martin A1 - Chung, Jae Un A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard ED - Possart, W. T1 - Mapping Epoxy Interphases T2 - Adhesion : current research and applications T2 - 7th European Conference on Adhesion ; 7th EURADH CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2004-09-01 KW - Interface KW - Interphase KW - Epoxy KW - Copper (Cu) KW - Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) KW - AFM/SFM KW - DSI KW - EDX/EDS KW - Stiffness KW - Modulus KW - Interdiffusion PY - 2005 SN - 3-527-31263-3 VL - 7 SP - 103 EP - 123 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-10894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A.R.J. A1 - Scheers, J. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Structural supercapacitor electrolytes based on bicontinuous ionic liquid-epoxy resin systems JF - Journal of materials chemistry A N2 - 'Structural electrolytes' retain the desirable mechanical characteristics of structural (epoxy) resins whilst introducing sufficient ionic conductivity to operate as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. Here, a series of ionic liquid–epoxy resin composites were prepared to identify the optimum system microstructure required to achieve a high level of multifunctionality. The ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphology of the cured epoxy based structural electrolytes were studied as a function of phase composition for three fully formulated high performance structural epoxy systems. At only 30 wt% of structural resin and 70 wt% of ionic liquid based electrolyte, stiff monolithic plaques with thicknesses of 2–3 mm were obtained with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.8 mS cm-1 and a Young's modulus of 0.2 GPa. This promising performance can be attributed to a long characteristic length scale spinodal microstructure, suggesting routes to further optimisation in the future. KW - Epoxy KW - Ionic liquid KW - Supercapacitor PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13163g SN - 2050-7496 SN - 2050-7488 VL - 1 IS - 48 SP - 15300 EP - 15309 PB - RSC CY - London [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-29735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Elabshihy, Karim A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Investigation of the time-dependent behavior of cnt-filled epoxy using nanoindentation N2 - Epoxy/Carbon nanotube (CNT) composites are interesting materials that could be used in a wide variety of applications. In this study, CNT contents of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt% were used for reinforcing epoxy. A nanoindentation device and a temperature regulating system were developed in order to investigate the effect of CNTs on the time-dependent properties of epoxy using relaxations and creep tests on the nano scale. The relaxation tests showed a significant shift for the relaxation spectrum towards shorter times with introducing a low CNT content of 0.25 wt%. Additionally, creep tests showed that both the holding time at a constant load and the unloading velocity have a major effect on the contact stiffness. However, there was no effect for the CNTs on the creep behavior with contents lower than 1 wt%, which was related to the presence of a percolation threshold around this value. T2 - Nanobrücken 2013 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 20.03.2013 KW - Epoxy KW - CNT KW - Time-dependent KW - Nanoindentation PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-35533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Composition as a means to control morphology and properties of epoxy based dual-phase structural electrolytes JF - The journal of physical chemistry / C N2 - Structural electrolytes were prepared using a fully formulated commercially available high performance epoxy resin (MTM57) and an ionic liquid based electrolyte: lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI). Through a systematic study, the composition of the formulations was found to have a greater effect than the curing temperature on the morphology and properties of the resulting structural electrolytes. The presence of lithium salt is essential to form a structurally homogeneous electrolyte. Bicontinuous morphologies containing continuous (coarse) epoxy networks surrounded by connected spherical epoxy nodules were obtained with different length scales upon varying the lithium salt concentration. Increasing the LiTFSI concentration improved the miscibility of MTM57 with the electrolyte and decreased the characteristic length scale of the resulting bicontinuous microstructure. The properties of the structural electrolytes correlated with the morphology, showing increased Young’s modulus and decreased ionic conductivity with increasing lithium salt concentration. The miscibility of the epoxy system with the electrolyte was also improved by substitution of EMIM-TFSI with an equal weight of an aprotic organic solvent, propylene carbonate (PC); however, the window of PC concentrations which resulted in structural electrolytes with bicontinuous microstructures was very narrow; at PC concentrations above 1 wt %, gel-like polymers with no permanent mesoporosity were obtained. KW - Functional composites KW - Mechanical properties KW - Elastic properties KW - Epoxy KW - Morphology KW - Electrolyte PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jp507952b SN - 1932-7447 SN - 1089-5639 VL - 118 IS - 49 SP - 28377 EP - 28387 PB - Soc. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-34565 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Elabshihy, Karim T1 - Nano-mechanical characterization of epoxy/Cu interphase N2 - Characterization of the mechanical properties of interphases is essential when designing multicomponent materials such as fiber-reinforced matrices, protective coatings or multi-layered structures for integrated circuits. It can provide vital information about the durability of the finished product as a composite because failure is often initiated in the interfacial region induced by internal or external stress during fabrication or service. Nanoindentation is a powerful tool for investigating mechanical properties on the micro/nano scale. However, there are some challenges associated with conducting nanoindentation near interface regions. One main challenge is that the small thickness of the interphase region (typically 1-2µm) makes it difficult to apply several adjacent indents without overlap. Another issue is that the indentations are usually restricted by local reinforcement, and it becomes difficult to isolate the change in mechanical properties due solely to interphase formation. In this study we try to gauge the feasibility of nanoindentation for characterizing epoxy/Cu interphases. We develop a sample preparation method and optimize nanoindentation parameters in an attempt to avoid the restrictions mentioned above. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and finite element analysis are employed as reference techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of our technique. We show the influence of preparation method and nanoindentaion parameters on measurements of interphase properties and how they relate the mentioned challenges. T2 - Nanobrücken 2016 CY - Saarbrücken, Germany DA - 02.03.2016 KW - Composite KW - Epoxy KW - Interphase KW - Nanoindentation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - ElAbshihy, K. T1 - Circumventing boundary effects while characterizing epoxy/copper interphases using nanoindentation JF - Composite Interfaces N2 - Characterization of the size and mechanical properties of interphases is essential when designing multicomponent materials. When nanoindentation is used to investigate the size and mechanical properties of an interphase, a common challenge is that the indenter or the stress zone formed around it are often restricted by the reinforcement, making it difficult to distinguish the mechanical property variations caused by the interphase itself from those caused by the boundary effect. In this work, a testing system was developed that allows determining the indent affected zone and accounting for it in the interphase measurements of an epoxy/Cu system. Using finite element analysis, we confirmed the validity of the proposed system. Nanoindentation was used to investigate the Interphase between copper and two different epoxy systems; amine-cured and anhydride-cured. Nanoindentation results showed that a copper layer that is only 10 nm thick still exhibits a constriction effect on the indentations in its vicinity. The amine-cured epoxy did not show any sign of interphase existence using the introduced method. However, a soft interphase with a thickness of ~1.7 μm was measured on theanhydride-cured epoxy. Furthermore, we show that the proposed system can be used to determine the interphase thickness as well as its relative mechanical properties regardless of the indentation depth. This system can be further used for investigating other polymer/metal interphases to better understand the factors influencing them, thus helping engineer the interphase size and properties to enhance composite performance. KW - Interphase KW - Polymer-metal KW - Epoxy KW - Copper KW - Composites KW - Nanoindentation PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2017.1286878 SN - 0927-6440 SN - 1568-5543 VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - 833 EP - 848 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - UK AN - OPUS4-39128 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pavasarytė, Lina A1 - Azevedo do Nascimento, Allana A1 - Cysne Barbosa, Ana Paula A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Melo, Daniel T1 - Effects of particle size and particle concentration of poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) on properties of epoxy resin JF - Journal of Applied Polymer Sciene N2 - Self-healing polymers have been developed to improve durability and reduce costs associated with maintenance during service. The addition of thermoplastics to thermosets to produce mendable polymers appears as a promising selfhealing technique. In this study, poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) was added to epoxy resin and the effects of EMAA addition on epoxy properties were evaluated. Specimens with two different contents of thermoplastic and particles sizes were manufactured. A two-level full factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of particle size and particle content on properties of epoxy modified with addition of EMAA. Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used and the evaluated responses were tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and glass transition temperature (Tg). X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was used to investigate particle size and concentration after manufacturing. It was found that the particle concentration has greater effects on stress–strain behavior of epoxy while Tg was not significantly affected by neither of the analyzed entrance variables. KW - Fracture KW - Self-healing KW - Epoxy KW - Thermoplastic PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55677 SN - 0021-8995 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-60205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -