On the Stability of an Atomically‐Dispersed Fe−N−C ORR Catalyst: An In Situ XAS Study in a PEMFC

63898 2024 eng 1 16 18 11 article Wiley VHC-Verlag 1 -- -- -- On the Stability of an Atomically‐Dispersed Fe−N−C ORR Catalyst: An In Situ XAS Study in a PEMFC The stability of Fe−N−C oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has been considered a primary challenge for their practical application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). While several studies have attempted to reveal the possible degradation mechanism of Fe−N−C ORR catalysts, there are few research results reporting on their stability as well as the possible Fe species formed under different voltages in real PEMFC operation. In this work, we employ in‐situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) to monitor the active‐site degradation byproducts of an atomically dispersed Fe−N−C ORR catalyst under a H2/O2‐operating PEMFC at 90 % relative humidity and 80 °C. For this, stability tests were carried out at two constant cell voltages, namely 0.4 and at 0.8 V. Even though the ORR activity of the Fe−N−C catalyst decreased significantly and was almost identical at the end of the tests for the two voltages employed, the analysis of the XANES recorded under H2/N2 configuration at 0.6 and 0.9 V within the stability test suggests that two different degradation mechanisms occur. They are demetalation of iron cations followed by their precipitation into Fe oxides upon operation at 0.8 V, versus a chemical carbon oxidation close to the active sites, likely triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originated from the H2O2 formation, during the operation at 0.4 V. ChemElectroChem 2196-0216 10.1002/celc.202400228 urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638981 true {"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:08:43Z","timestamp":1753862923179,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemElectroChem"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The stability of Fe\u2212N\u2212C oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has been considered a primary challenge for their practical application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). While several studies have attempted to reveal the possible degradation mechanism of Fe\u2212N\u2212C ORR catalysts, there are few research results reporting on their stability as well as the possible Fe species formed under different voltages in real PEMFC operation. In this work, we employ in\u2010situ<\/jats:italic> X\u2010ray absorption near\u2010edge structure (XANES) to monitor the active\u2010site degradation byproducts of an atomically dispersed Fe\u2212N\u2212C ORR catalyst under a H2<\/jats:sub>\/O2<\/jats:sub>\u2010operating PEMFC at 90\u2009% relative humidity and 80\u2009\u00b0C. For this, stability tests were carried out at two constant cell voltages, namely 0.4 and at 0.8\u2005V. Even though the ORR activity of the Fe\u2212N\u2212C catalyst decreased significantly and was almost identical at the end of the tests for the two voltages employed, the analysis of the XANES recorded under H2<\/jats:sub>\/N2<\/jats:sub> configuration at 0.6 and 0.9\u2005V within the stability test suggests that two different degradation mechanisms occur. They are demetalation of iron cations followed by their precipitation into Fe oxides upon operation at 0.8\u2005V, versus a chemical carbon oxidation close to the active sites, likely triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originated from the H2<\/jats:sub>O2<\/jats:sub> formation, during the operation at 0.4\u2005V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202400228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T12:00:36Z","timestamp":1724673636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On the Stability of an Atomically\u2010Dispersed Fe\u2212N\u2212C ORR Catalyst: An In Situ<\/i> XAS Study in a PEMFC"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Menga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Chair of Technical Electrochemistry Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0106-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan\u2010Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Chair of Technical Electrochemistry Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]},{"given":"Ana Marija","family":"Damjanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Chair of Technical Electrochemistry Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0385-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Proux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG) UAR 832 CNRS Univ. Grenoble Alpes F-38041 Grenoble France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich E.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Physics Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6332-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim\u2010Patrick","family":"Fellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -Pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 12203 Berlin Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert A.","family":"Gasteiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Chair of Technical Electrochemistry Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Chair of Technical Electrochemistry Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1595\/205651318X696828","volume":"62","author":"Jaouen F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Johns. 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