63589 2025 eng 1 17 163 article Elsevier Amsterdam 1 -- -- -- A comprehensive analysis aimed at understanding and assessing the high-temperature behavior of concretes containing blended cements (CEM III/A, CEM II/B-Q, and CEM IV), characterized by low carbon-dioxide emissions (during clinker’s production) is necessary to reliably model the damage in the concrete, thermal spalling included. To this purpose, a numerical chemo-thermo-hygro-mechanical model is formulated, to investigate – among other phenomena – heat transmission and pore pressure for different aggregate types. Based on an available hydration model, a dehydration model is established to numerically investigate the evolution of dehydration and porosity at elevated temperatures. Based on the properties of concrete and cement constituents on multiple scales, an analytical homogenization process is proposed to predict the thermal conductivity of the concrete. This process is later validated and implemented into a macroscopic modeling framework. Chemo-thermo-hygro-mechanical analyses show that the dehydration characteristics of blended low carbon-dioxide release cements may increase pore pressure in the concrete by up to 13% compared to the concrete containing ordinary Portland cement. In addition, aggregates exhibiting high thermal conductivity may contribute to a further increase (even more than 35%) in pore pressure compared to aggregates with low thermal conductivity. Last but not least, the proposed model provides the basis for the reduction of the number of the parameters commonly required in the chemo-thermo-hygro-mechanical modeling of cementitious materials. Cement and concrete composites 0958-9465 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163 urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-635894 true {"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:11:42Z","timestamp":1751515902746,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME 1848\/11-1"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T07:04:34Z","timestamp":1751439874000},"page":"106163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Concretes containing blended-cements with reduced carbon-dioxide emissions: A chemo-thermo-hygro-mechanical model for elevated temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4368-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Pittrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3955-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig","family":"Stelzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Weise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Meschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials","volume":"114","author":"Scrivener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106564","article-title":"Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"149","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b3","unstructured":"T. Pittrich, L. Stelzner, F. Weise, Fire-induced spalling of normal strength concrete with different types of blended Portland cement, in: The 13th International Conference on Structures Is Fire, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b4","series-title":"11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building","first-page":"253","article-title":"Tunnelbrand - abplatzverhalten von normalfesten betonen mit verschiedenen klinkereffizienten zementen","author":"Pittrich","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/bate.201800031","article-title":"Einfluss der zusammensetzung von zementstein auf das abplatzverhalten von beton im brandfall, einfluss der zusammensetzung von zementstein auf das abplatzverhalten von beton im brandfall\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Reiners","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bautechnik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107485","article-title":"Computational multiscale modelling of thermally induced dehydration of blended hardened cement paste","volume":"180","author":"Peters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107508","article-title":"Fast vapour migration next to a depressurizing interface: A possible driving mechanism of explosive spalling revealed by neutron imaging","volume":"180","author":"Felicetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.07.010","article-title":"A meso-level investigation into the explosive spalling mechanism of high-performance concrete under fire exposure","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2013.03.019","article-title":"A numerical investigation of the influence of pore pressures and thermally induced stresses for spalling of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00384-7","article-title":"Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures","volume":"30","author":"Kalifa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1318-0","article-title":"Fire spalling sensitivity of high-performanceconcrete in heated slabs under biaxial compressive loading","volume":"52","author":"Lo Monte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.070","article-title":"Study of mechanisms of explosive spalling in high-strength concrete at high temperatures using acoustic emission","volume":"37","author":"Ozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2005.10.021","article-title":"Towards prediction of the thermal spalling risk through a multi-phase porous media model of concrete","volume":"195","author":"Gawin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103388","article-title":"The influence of pore pressure on fracture behaviour of Normal-Strength and High-Performance Concretes at high temperature","volume":"104","author":"Lo Monte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b15","first-page":"86","article-title":"Stress and deformation characteristics of concrete at high temperature: 2. Experimental investigation and material behaviour model","volume":"46","author":"Anderberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2016.08.021","article-title":"Concrete strains under transient thermal conditions: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"127","author":"Torelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEA3.0002404","article-title":"Pore pressure and drying of concrete at high temperature","volume":"104","author":"Ba\u017eant","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech. Div."},{"year":"1966","series-title":"Heat and Mass Transfer in Capillary-porous Bodies","author":"Luikov","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1979.31.107.67","article-title":"Pore pressure in heated concrete walls: theoretical prediction","volume":"31","author":"Ba\u017eant","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b20","first-page":"525","article-title":"Measurement and prediction of pore pressures in saturated cement mortar subjected to radiant heating","volume":"95","author":"Consolazio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2006.03.007","article-title":"Finite element stress analysis of a reinforced high-strength concrete column in severe fires","volume":"84","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2003.06.011","article-title":"Prediction of moisture migration and pore pressure build-up in concrete at high temperatures","volume":"228","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/10407780152032839","article-title":"Finite element analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer in concrete subjected to fire","volume":"39","author":"Tenchev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Numer. Heat Transf. Part A: Appl."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2005.06.016","article-title":"An application of a damage constitutive model to concrete at high temperature and prediction of spalling","volume":"42","author":"Tenchev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/10407780500503854","article-title":"Coupled heat and moisture transport in concrete at elevated temperatures\u2013effects of capillary pressure and adsorbed water","volume":"49","author":"Davie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Numer. Heat Transf. Part A: Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.01.012","article-title":"Modelling of transport processes in concrete exposed to elevated temperatures - An alternative formulation for sorption isotherms","volume":"106","author":"Davie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1999)125:3(272)","article-title":"The \u201cChunnel\u201d fire. I: Chemoplastic softening in rapidly heated concrete","volume":"125","author":"Ulm","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1999)125:3(283)","article-title":"The Chunnel fire. II: Analysis of concrete damage","volume":"125","author":"Ulm","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2008.09.001","article-title":"Hydrothermal model for predicting fire-induced spalling in concrete structural systems","volume":"44","author":"Dwaikat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1484(199901)4:1<37::AID-CFM58>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Numerical analysis of hygro-thermic behavior and damage of concrete at high temperature","volume":"4","author":"Gawin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech. Cohesive-Frict. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(03)00200-7","article-title":"Modelling of hygro-thermal behaviour of concrete at high temperature with thermo-chemical and mechanical material degradation","volume":"192","author":"Gawin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1108\/02644400210444320","article-title":"Thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of high performance concrete at high temperatures","volume":"19","author":"Schrefler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2011.03.003","article-title":"What physical phenomena can be neglected when modelling concrete at high temperature? A comparative study. Part 2: Comparison between models","volume":"48","author":"Gawin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164525","article-title":"Multiphase model for predicting the thermal conductivity of cement paste and its applications","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7225(86)90162-X","article-title":"The effective conductivity of composites with imperfect thermal contact at constituent interfaces","volume":"24","author":"Benveniste","year":"1986","journal-title":"Internat. J. Engrg. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6160(73)90064-3","article-title":"Average stress in the matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions","volume":"21","author":"Mori","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Met."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.07.034","article-title":"Towards better characterizing thermal conductivity of cement-based materials: The effects of interfacial thermal resistance and inclusion size","volume":"157","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1177\/002199839102501202","article-title":"Effect of interfacial thermal barrier on the thermal stresses near spherical inclusion in matrix subjected to linear heat flow","volume":"25","author":"Osiroff","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2004.06.016","article-title":"On quantitative characterization of microstructures and effective properties","volume":"42","author":"Kachanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1680\/jmacr.17.00174","article-title":"Characterisation of temperature-dependent heat conduction in heterogeneous concrete","volume":"70","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022359","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004533","article-title":"Multiscale theoretical model of thermal conductivity of concrete and the mesoscale simulation of its temperature field","volume":"35","author":"Jinsong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121732","article-title":"A thermal cracking pattern-based multiscale homogenization method for effective thermal conductivity of steel fiber reinforced concrete after high temperature","volume":"180","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.05.008","article-title":"A multiscale model for modulus of elasticity of concrete at high temperatures","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000423","article-title":"Prediction of thermal decomposition of hardened cement paste","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-018-1306-9","article-title":"Multicomponent modelling of cement paste dehydration under different heating rates","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-011-0216-y","article-title":"An overview of modeling cement based materials at elevated temperatures with mechanics of multi-phase porous media","volume":"48","author":"Gawin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2021.140","article-title":"CemGEMS - an easy-to-use web application for thermodynamic modelling of cementitious materials","volume":"6","author":"Kulik","year":"2021","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126129","article-title":"Using PHREEQC to model cement hydration","volume":"319","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"year":"2005","series-title":"CEMHYD3D: A Three-Dimensional Cement Hydration and Microstructure Development Modeling Package. Version 3.0.","author":"Bentz","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b49"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b50","unstructured":"J. Zelic, L. Ugrina, D. Jozi\u2019c, Application of thermal methods in the chemistry of cement: Kinetic analysis of portlandite from non-sothermal thermogravimetric data, in: First International Proficiency Testing Conference. Sinaia, Romania, 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2015-5334","article-title":"Hydrogrossular, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(H4O4)x: An ab initio investigation of its structural and energetic properties","volume":"11","author":"Lacivita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1139\/cjr41b-017","article-title":"Dehydration of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate","volume":"19B","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.12.038","article-title":"Dehydration of Ca3Al2(SiO4)y(OH)4(3-y) (0\u00a1y\u00a10.176) studied by neutron thermodiffractometry","volume":"28:9","author":"Rivas-Mercury","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b54","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of ettringite Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)326H2O","volume":"92","author":"Hall","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2009.07.029","article-title":"The hydrothermal decomposition of calcium monosulfoaluminate 14-hydrate to katoite hydrogarnet and \u03b2-anhydrite: An in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study","volume":"182","author":"Meller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.07.009","article-title":"Methods to determine hydration states of minerals and cement hydrates","volume":"65","author":"Baquerizo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.09.005","article-title":"Thermodynamic modeling of solid solutions between monosulfate and monochromate 3CaO-Al2O3-Ca[(CrO4)x(SO4)1-x]-nH2O","volume":"42","author":"Leisinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2012.05335.x","article-title":"Stability of monosulfate in the presence of iron","volume":"10","author":"Dilnesa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00209-4","article-title":"A model for the microstructure of calcium silicate hydrate in cement paste","volume":"30","author":"Jennings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.06.005","article-title":"The density of cement phases","volume":"39","author":"Balonis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.05.002","article-title":"Temperature influence on water transport in hardened cement pastes","volume":"76","author":"Drouet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6636(87)90005-6","article-title":"A new approach to the application of Mori-Tanaka\u2019s theory in composite materials","volume":"6","author":"Benveniste","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"year":"2008","series-title":"Introduction to Micromechanics and Nanomechanics","author":"Li","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b63"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00257-X","article-title":"A model for two types of calcium silicate hydrate in the microstructure of Portland cement pastes","volume":"30","author":"Tennis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064010","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.3.064010","article-title":"Physical origins of thermal properties of cement paste","volume":"3","author":"Abdolhosseini Qomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-006-9206-9","article-title":"Transient plane source measurements of the thermal properties of hydrating cement pastes","volume":"40","author":"Bentz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9995-y","article-title":"Analytical and experimental study on thermal conductivity of hardened cement pastes","volume":"46","author":"Hajmohammadian Baghban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00965-1","article-title":"An experimental study on thermal conductivity of concrete","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.016","article-title":"A fractal approach to determine thermal conductivity in cement pastes","volume":"74","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(01)00061-0","article-title":"Factors affecting the thermal properties of concrete and applicability of its prediction models","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b71","series-title":"Handbook of Terrestrial Heat-Flow Density Determination: with Guidelines and Recommendations of the International Heat-Flow Commission","first-page":"449","article-title":"Appendix","author":"Zoth","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2013.07.004","article-title":"Heat transfer in concrete-filled carbon and stainless steel tubes exposed to fire","volume":"61","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"year":"1998","series-title":"The Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media","author":"Lewis","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b73"},{"year":"2024","series-title":"A multiscale model for predicting the young\u2019s modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of concrete at high temperatures","author":"Peters","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b74"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00596-8","article-title":"High-temperature behaviour of HPC with polypropylene fibres: From spalling to microstructure","volume":"31","author":"Kalifa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"year":"1996","series-title":"Fire Performance of High-Strength Concrete: A Report of the State-of-the-Art","author":"Phan","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b76"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b77","article-title":"Heat and mass transfer in heated concrete: evaluation and validation of five numerical models","volume":"v1","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"PREPRINT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.10.018","article-title":"Estimating the mechanical properties of hydrating blended cementitious materials: An investigation based on micromechanics","volume":"104","author":"Lavergne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-017-0867-3","article-title":"Self-consistent channel approach for upscaling chloride diffusivity in cement pastes","volume":"118","author":"Damrongwiriyanupap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-018-1126-y","article-title":"Effective diffusivity of porous materials with microcracks - Self-similar mean-field homogenization and Pixel Finite Element simulations","volume":"125","author":"Timothy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2673","article-title":"The intrinsic permeability of microcracks in porous solids: Analytical models and Lattice Boltzmann simulations","volume":"41","author":"Timothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103508","article-title":"On the origins of transient thermal deformation of concrete","volume":"107","author":"Manzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"year":"1982","series-title":"Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity","author":"Gregg","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b83"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003219702440","article-title":"D.J. Furbish. Fluid physics in Geology - an introduction to fluid motions on the earth\u2019s surface and within its crust","volume":"76","author":"van Balen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geol. Mijnb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00102-7","article-title":"Characterization and identification of equilibrium and transfer moisture properties for ordinary and high-performance cementitious materials","volume":"29","author":"Baroghel-Bouny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135671","article-title":"A Meso-scale study to predict high-temperature behavior of concrete structures in a hygral-thermal-chemical-mechanical framework","volume":"421","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2011.03.004","article-title":"What physical phenomena can be neglected when modelling concrete at high temperature? A comparative study. Part 1: Physical phenomena and mathematical model","volume":"48","author":"Gawin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131636","article-title":"Various gas transport properties in concrete considering transporting mechanisms and testing methods-A review","volume":"389","author":"Rusheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946525002458?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946525002458?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T16:21:46Z","timestamp":1751473306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0958946525002458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S0958946525002458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-9465"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0958-9465"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Concretes containing blended-cements with reduced carbon-dioxide emissions: A chemo-thermo-hygro-mechanical model for elevated temperatures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cement and Concrete Composites","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106163","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106163"}} journal-article https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ crossref PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,PublishedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence doi-import 28.07.2025 1 Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International Simon Peters Tim Pittrich Ludwig Stelzner Frank Weise Günther Meschke eng uncontrolled Concrete at high temperature eng uncontrolled Dehydration eng uncontrolled Multiscale modeling eng uncontrolled Thermal conductivity eng uncontrolled Chemo-hygro-thermal analysis eng uncontrolled Micromechanics Ingenieurbau 7 Bauwerkssicherheit 7.1 Baustoffe 7.3 Brandingenieurwesen Infrastruktur Fire Science Verlagsliteratur Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access") Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63589/1-s2.0-S0958946525002458-main.pdf