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  <doc>
    <id>64377</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Exploring Age-Induced Lithium Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study explores Microwave-Inductively Coupled Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MICAP-MS) as a cost-effective alternative to Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We investigate the performance of MICAP-MS in measuring Li isotope ratios in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Our results show that MICAP-MS, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch position, achieves results metrologically compatible with MC-ICP-MS, with a precision ranging from 0.6‰ to 3.4‰ for δ7Li values. MICAP-MS benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency. Optimal settings were identified with dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study of LIBs revealed that 6Li migrates towards the anode over multiple charge–discharge cycles, causing 7Li to accumulate in the cathode, a fractionation effect that becomes more pronounced with prolonged cycling. MICAP-MS provides a cost-effective, precise alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with lower operational costs and enhanced portability, advancing the study of isotopic fractionation and aging in lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0267-9477</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/d4ja00324a</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643777</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.10.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dalia Morcillo</author>
    <author>Alexander Winckelmann</author>
    <author>Marcus Oelze</author>
    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <author>Silke Richter</author>
    <author>Sebastian Recknagel</author>
    <author>Jochen Vogl</author>
    <author>Ulrich Panne</author>
    <author>Carlos Enrique Abad Andrade</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MICAP-MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery aging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium isotopes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrogen plasma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Isotope fractionation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>lithium cobalt oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LCO</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">P Präsident</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.1 Anorganische Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">S Qualitätsinfrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">S.1 Qualität im Prüfwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">P.0 Präsident und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64377/Morcillo_et_al_2025.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64377/Supporting_information_Morcillo_et_al_2025.pdf</file>
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