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    <title language="deu">Die BAM als Partnerin in der Zivilen Sicherheitsforschung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Was kann die Partnerin in der Zivilen Sicherheitsforschung leisten, welche Möglichkeiten in der Zusammenarbeit mit BOS gibt es?</abstract>
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    <title language="deu">Primäres Explosionstrauma im militärischen Kontext - Herausforderungen für den Arbeitsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags wurden aktuelle Arbeiten der BAM im Rahmen der Forschungszusammenarbeit mit dem Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin zum primären Explosionstrauma vorgestellt. Den Schwerpunkt des Vortrags bildeten die Auswirkungen der kumulierten Belastung durch "low-level blast" auf das Gehirn von Einsatzkräften und Rückschlüsse für den Arbeitsschutz und die Arbeitsmedizin.</abstract>
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    <author>Steffen Grobert</author>
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    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Holz- und Biokohlen Gefahrguteinstufung sicher?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
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    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Biokohlen - Gefahrguteinstufung immer sicher?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">VDI-Berichte 2424</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0083-5560</identifier>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
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    <title language="deu">Holzkohlen im Seeverkehr - Selbstentzündung vermeiden, sichere Beförderungsbedingungen schaffen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holz- und Pflanzenkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Ergebnisse eines Projektes zur systematischen Untersuchung verschiedener Pflanzenkohlen werden vorgestellt.</abstract>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Holzkohlen</value>
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      <value>Pflanzenkohlen</value>
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      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
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      <value>Gefahrguteinstufung</value>
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      <value>Schiffsbrände</value>
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    <publisherName>Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg</publisherName>
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    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</parentTitle>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
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      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
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    <title language="deu">Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert.&#13;
Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet.</abstract>
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    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
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      <value>Selbstentzündung</value>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental Setup for the Reproducible Generation of Pressure Waves in Free Field Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The injuries caused by the primary blast are still poorly understood, especially in the torso region. To generate sufficiently large data sets, shock tubes are often used. However, these have some limitations, such as blockage, use of the exit jet, widening cross-sections, and scaling problems with respect to compressive strength and test objects. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct experiments under free-field conditions, but tests with real explosives are often associated with long preparation and setup times as well as high safety requirements.&#13;
Therefore, this paper presents an experimental setup for the reproducible generation of blast waves under free-field conditions. This experimental setup aims to provide a test environment for a sufficiently large specimen to investigate the behaviour of the shock wave within the specimen, especially at the media interfaces. As an example of application, the influence of the primary explosive effect on protective equipment or on tissue simulants for the investigation of blast injuries can be mentioned. An autoclave is used as a shock wave generator. It has a volume of 0.065 m3 and is filled with a stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen gas mixture. The setup and turnaround time is approximately 30 minutes. The following factors have been selected as target variables for the optimization of the shock wave generator: reproducibility of the pressure wave, use-case-relevant positive phase duration and peak overpressure, a pressure curve characteristic corresponding to that of a military explosive under undisturbed free field conditions, and short setup times of the experimental setup. For this purpose, the experimental setup is presented in this paper. Several series of measurements are presented, showing the characteristics of the generated pressure wave. For the generated pressure wave, the classical pressure curve characteristics can be clearly recognized. A peak pressure of 92 kPa is reached at a distance of 1 m from the opening, and the first positive pressure phase lasts 1.17 ms. Furthermore, the pressure wave propagates in a hemispherical shape. The typical characteristics of the blast wave generated by the SWG have been demonstrated using the military explosive PETN. It is shown that the actual load case corresponds to about 70 g of PETN.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">26th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock</enrichment>
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    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental Setup for the Reproducible Generation of Pressure Waves in Free Field Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The injuries caused by the primary blast are still poorly understood, especially in the torso region. To generate sufficiently large data sets, shock tubes are often used. However, these have some limitations, such as blockage, use of the exit jet, widening cross-sections, and scaling problems with respect to compressive strength and test objects. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct experiments under free-field conditions, but tests with real explosives are often associated with long preparation and setup times as well as high safety requirements.&#13;
Therefore, this paper presents an experimental setup for the reproducible generation of blast waves under free-field conditions. This experimental setup aims to provide a test environment for a sufficiently large specimen to investigate the behaviour of the shock wave within the specimen, especially at the media interfaces. As an example of application, the influence of the primary explosive effect on protective equipment or on tissue simulants for the investigation of blast injuries can be mentioned. An autoclave is used as a shock wave generator. It has a volume of 0.065 m3 and is filled with a stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen gas mixture. The setup and turnaround time is approximately 30 minutes. The following factors have been selected as target variables for the optimization of the shock wave generator: reproducibility of the pressure wave, use-case-relevant positive phase duration and peak overpressure, a pressure curve characteristic corresponding to that of a military explosive under undisturbed free field conditions, and short setup times of the experimental setup. For this purpose, the experimental setup is presented in this paper. Several series of measurements are presented, showing the characteristics of the generated pressure wave. For the generated pressure wave, the classical pressure curve characteristics can be clearly recognized. A peak pressure of 92 kPa is reached at a distance of 1 m from the opening, and the first positive pressure phase lasts 1.17 ms. Furthermore, the pressure wave propagates in a hemispherical shape. The typical characteristics of the blast wave generated by the SWG have been demonstrated using the military explosive PETN. It is shown that the actual load case corresponds to about 70 g of PETN.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">26th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Wolongong, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.12.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59066</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <volume/>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranst.-Nr. VA23-00065-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.12.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.12.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58452</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Oxygen service – Tests, Risks and Accidents</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Materials and components for oxygen service must be tested and found suitable for their intended use. For a fire or burn out, three requirments have to be present: Fuel, Oxygen and an ignition source. The presentation gives practival examples for all these three requirements and explaines the background and the assessment criteria of tests at BAM. However, risks still exist and can lead to severe accidents. Some accidents, their effects as well as the possible causes are presented to raise awareness of the specific dangers when handling oxygen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Teadit Open House</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kirchbichl, Austria</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Kasch</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxygen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accidents</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tests</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58639</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <edition/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Torso Protective Equipment on Intracorporeal  Shock Wave Behavior</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the field of explosive reactions, there is a type of explosive effect that lacks a sufficient database and reproducible experiments regarding biomechanics. It concerns the primary explosive effect. It is defined as pure shock wave of the explosion. The physical behavior of the shock wave when interacting with different types of tissue and, in particular, the subsequent transitions of the shock wave, have barely been investigated. The transition of the shock wave into other materials is the focus of the research Therefore, the aim of the investigations is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental test series with short set-up times. An autoclave is used to generate the pressure waves. A simplified torso model consisting of ballistic gelatin is used as a simulant. In this paper, the influence of protective equipment on the pressure load in the tissue simulant is investigated. For this purpose, consecutive test setups are used. First, the behavior of ballistic gelatin as a tissue simulant is investigated. Then, the simplified torso model is covered with typical combat clothing consisting of four layers. Afterwards a currently used UHMWPE ballistic protective plate is placed in front of the simplified torso model. Finally, the combat clothing and the protective plate are examined in combination. Three cast-in pressure sensors are used as measuring devices, as well as an acceleration sensor attached to the protective plate. The experiments show that the maximum overpressure in a model protected by combat clothing and the protective plate can be reduced by 95%. However, the propagation speed of the shock wave within the simplified torso model increases from 1535.5 m/s to 2204.5 m/s. This shows that even protective equipment, which is not primarily intended to protect against blast, offers a significant reduction in the pressure load in the protected area. On the one hand it is caused by the media transition from air to PE and the resulting higher reflection of the acceleration of the transmitted wave within the simulant. On the other hand, it is also reduced due to the damping and dispersion caused by the clothing layers.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">16th International Personal Armour Systems Symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dresden, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58640</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>178</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>187</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Brüssel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>IPAC</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of torso protective equipment on intracorporeal shock wave behavior</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the field of explosive reactions, there is a type of explosive effect that lacks a sufficient database and reproducible experiments regarding biomechanics. It concerns the primary explosive effect. It is defined as pure shock wave of the explosion. The physical behavior of the shock wave when interacting with different types of tissue and, in particular, the subsequent transitions of the shock wave, have barely been investigated. The transition of the shock wave into other materials is the focus of the research Therefore, the aim of the investigations is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental test series with short set-up times. An autoclave is used to generate the pressure waves. A simplified torso model consisting of ballistic gelatin is used as a simulant.&#13;
In this paper, the influence of protective equipment on the pressure load in the tissue simulant is investigated. For this purpose, consecutive test setups are used. First, the behavior of ballistic gelatin as a tissue simulant is investigated. Then, the simplified torso model is covered with typical combat clothing consisting of four layers. &#13;
Afterwards a currently used UHMWPE ballistic protective plate is placed in front of the simplified torso model. &#13;
Finally, the combat clothing and the protective plate are examined in combination. Three cast-in pressure sensors are used as measuring devices, as well as an acceleration sensor attached to the protective plate.&#13;
The experiments show that the maximum overpressure in a model rotected by combat clothing and the protective plate can be reduced by 95%. However, the propagation speed of the shock wave within the simplified torso model increases from 1535.5 m/s to 2204.5 m/s. This shows that even protective equipment, which is not primarily intended to protect against blast, offers a significant reduction in the pressure load in the protected area. On the one hand it is caused by the media transition from air to PE and the resulting higher reflection of the acceleration of the transmitted wave within the simulant. On the other hand, it is also reduced due to the damping and dispersion caused by the clothing layers.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Personal Armour Systems Symposium 2023: Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-9-0829-2732-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">16th International Personal Armour Systems Symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dresden, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <author>Steffen Grobert</author>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Thorsten Hauer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59323</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>409</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier BV</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An alternative explosion criterion of combustible dusts based on combustion duration time: Applications for minimum explosion concentration and limiting oxygen concentration</title>
    <abstract language="eng">minimum explosion concentration (MEC) and limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) in our recent works. This work further studies the reasonability and reliability of the alternative method experimentally and theoretically. Six different dust samples were tested via a 20-L spherical explosion chamber. The experimental results showed that the data of MEC and LOC determined by using the alternative and the standardized methods are in good agreement. The minimum flame propagation velocity (Sf) and the corresponding maximum combustion duration time (tc) were found at its MEC and LOC, suggesting that the theoretical analysis can well explain all the experimental data. It is the first time to study the theoretical basis of the explosion criterion, thus helping to improve our understandings of dust explosion characteristics, and to amend the explosion criterion in future test standards.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Powder Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117851</identifier>
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    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Freistrahlmodellierung für geringe Austrittsgeschwindigkeiten</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der zurzeit laufenden Überarbeitung der VDI Richtlinie 3783 Blatt 1 und dem Modellwechsel auf ein Lagrange'sches Partikelmodell ist das Fahnenmodell PLURIS in den Fokus der Störfallauswirkungsberechnungen gelangt. PLURIS wird schon seit Längerem zur Berechnung der Abgasfahnenüberhöhung von Schornsteinen und Kühltürmen eingesetzt und ist Grundlage der neuen VDI Richtlinie 3782 Blatt 3 (Entwurf), lm Gegensatz zu den bekannten Freistrahlmodellen zur Berechnung der Ausbreitung unter Druck stehender Gase, wird bei PLURIS nicht vorausgesetzt, dass die Strahlgeschwindigkeit deutlich größer als die Windgeschwindigkeit ist. Mit steigender Rechnerleistung wird auch die Gasausbreitungsberechnung mittels CFD-Programmen für die Praxis interessanter. Für eine genauere Berechnung der Geschwindigkeits- und Konzentrationsverteilung im Freistrahl wird eine feine Gitterauflösung erforderlich, die aber zu langen Rechenzeiten führt, wenn die Ausbreitung eines toxischen Gases in Entfernungen von mehreren 100 m berechnet werden soll. Durch die Kopplung der CFD-Berechnung mit einem Fahnen- oder Freistrahlmodell kann der Rechenaufwand reduziert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Technische Sicherheit</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Sebastian Schalau</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlmodellierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PLURIS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CFD</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56894</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Das primäre Explosionstrauma - experimenteller Ansatz zur Simulation der intrakorporalen Stoßwellenausbreitung nach Explosionen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages wurden aktuelle Arbeiten im Rahmen der Forschungszusammenarbeit mit dem Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin zum primären Explosionstrauma vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BBK-Fachkongress "Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bonn, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Primäres Explosionstrauma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Einsatzkräfte</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polizei</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Körpermodell</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56899</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz -  Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektr. Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten (Veranst.-Nr. VA23-01191-050-E) im Haus der Technik (HdT) - Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen und der Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanische Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56908</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-blended methane-air and natural gas-air mixtures, calculated from the early stage of p(t) records in a spherical vessel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The flammable hydrogen-blended methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures raise specific safety and environmental issues in the industry and transportation; therefore, their explosion characteristics such as the explosion limits, explosion pressures, and rates of pressure rise have significant importance from a safety point of view. At the same time, the laminar burning velocities are the most useful parameters for practical applications and in basic studies for the validation of reaction mechanisms and modeling turbulent combustion. In the present study, an experimental and numerical study of the effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures was conducted, using mixtures with equivalence ratios within 0.90 and 1.30 and various hydrogen fractions rH within 0.0 and 0.5. The experiments were performed in a 14 L spherical vessel with central ignition at ambient initial conditions. The LBVs were calculated from p(t) data, determined in accordance with EN 15967, by using only the early stage of flame propagation. The results show that hydrogen addition determines an increase in LBV for all examined binary flammable mixtures. The LBV variation versus the fraction of added hydrogen, rH, follows a linear trend only at moderate hydrogen fractions. The further increase in rH results in a stronger variation in LBV, as shown by both experimental and computed LBVs. Hydrogen addition significantly changes the thermal diffusivity of flammable CH4–air or NG–air mixtures, the rate of heat release, and the concentration of active radical species in the flame front and contribute, thus, to LBV variation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1073</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/en14227556</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569083</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.01.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>M. Mitu</author>
    <author>D. Razus</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Methane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laminar burning velocity (LBV)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Closed vessel combustion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56908/energies-14-07556.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60982</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Test set-up for reproducible shock wave generation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In industrial applications, the effects of explosions must be considered as important part of safety assessments. This is particularly crucial in applications involving explosives or pressurized containers. The evaluation of the effects of shock waves on the environment becomes essential in such scenarios and requires comprehensive experimental test series.&#13;
This article therefore presents a test bench that can generate and record reproducible, adjustable shock waves with short set-up times. The presented data proves the quality and validity of this set-up to generate case relevant data, like overpressure in comparison to explosives and shock tubes, with load cases of high relevance.&#13;
The presented free-field tests are carried out at BAM's Test Site Technical Safety (TTS) with a gas-operated shock wave generator. This shock wave generator consists of a pressure vessel (autoclave) that is operated with a detonable gas mixture or compressed air. The pressure is released through an orifice by the instantaneous bursting of a diaphragm.&#13;
The aim is to develop further the novel test bench that generates shock waves on models in a generic scenario and offers several advantages to create a valid database for the effects of shock waves.&#13;
In contrast to classic shock tubes, this test bench offers the advantage of realistic hemispherical shock wave propagation and scalability, both for the investigated model size and for the generation of load cases, so that different model variables can be investigated under different boundary conditions (mainly overpressure); at the same time, typical interference of a shock tube experiment due to reflections, blockage effects and the following fluid flow can be minimized. These negative influences are not realistic compared to the ideal event of a detonation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Naples, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Marco Gerbeit</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autoclave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Overpressure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55888</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>77</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of oxygen concentration, inert gas and CH4/H2 addition on the minimum ignition energy of coal dusts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">MIKE III apparatus tests were conducted to investigate the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of coal dusts in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with and without small amount of CH4/H2. The O2 mole fraction (XO2) in the gas mixtures varied from 21% to 50% with the CH4/H2 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Experimental result showed that MIE of coal dusts significantly decreases even by three orders of magnitude in mJ with increasing XO2 and the addition of CH4/H2. Compared with CH4, H2 had a relatively strong promotion effect on the spark ignition of coal dusts. The inhibiting effect of CO2 was found to be much stronger than N2, but this inhibiting effect of CO2 could be eliminated by 9% increment of XO2. The effect on MIE of coal dusts thus followed by the order: 9% increment of XO2 &gt; CO2 replacing N2 &gt; 2% CH4 or H2 addition. Moreover, two empirical models were used to estimate the MIE of hybrid dust-gas mixture (HMIE), and the results showed that calculated data can well reflect the promoting effect of elevated XO2 and flammable gas addition, and the inhibiting effect of inert gas</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 77 (2022) 104772</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104772</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oxygen rich</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inerting effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Empirical model</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55890</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>216</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Optimization of the content distribution of expanded natural graphite in a multilayer metal hydride bed for thermochemical heat storage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The poor thermal conductivity of MH beds limits hydrogen absorption in metal hydride (MH) reactors for thermochemical heat storage. The compaction of MH powder with expanded natural graphite (ENG) is an efficient and cost-effective approach for the heat transfer enhancement of MH beds. However, the addition of ENG reduces the hydrogen storage density of the compacted composites. How to optimize the allocation of a limited amount of ENG in the MH bed has not been studied. In this study, a multilayer MH bed configuration with an ENG grade content was adopted to improve the heat transfer performance of an MH reactor for thermochemical heat storage. The effect of the ENG content gradient on the performance of the MH reactor was investigated using a mathematical model of the MH reactor. Furthermore, an optimization method based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle (EDEP) was proposed to optimize the ENG distribution in magnesium hydride (MgH2)-ENG compacts. The results showed that a larger ENG content gradient resulted in faster hydrogen absorption and better heat-discharge performance. Compared with a configuration with a uniform ENG content, the optimized configuration based on the EDEP exhibited a shorter reaction time, more uniform bed temperature distribution, and 15.33% higher gravimetric exergy-output rate. In addition, the number of optimization iterations had little effect on the optimal results, which could be obtained by implementing only one optimization iteration. The optimization results showed that more ENG should be allocated to the internal layer of the MgH2-ENG compact. The compacts were divided into three layers, and the ENG content of each layer was calculated according to the optimized configuration based on the EDEP. The optimization method proposed in this study can be applied to optimize</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Thermal Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-4311</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119115</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.10.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Z. Zhu</author>
    <author>Z. Bao</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal hydride reactor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Expanded natural graphite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilayer bed</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Entransy dissipation exremum principle</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermochemical heat storage</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56211</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Zündgefahren durch Funken-Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten (Veranst.-Nr. VA22-00188-050-E) im Haus der Technik (HdT) - Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen und der Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56188</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Performance of the standardized testing method for detonation fl ame arresters at increased pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Detonation flame arresters are typically used as autonomous protection systems in industrial applications to prevent potential hazards associated with flammable and/ or explosive chemicals. To verify and examine the suitability of detonation flame arresters, a testing method originating from the DIN EN ISO 16852 standard is used, which is mainly designed for atmospheric conditions.&#13;
In order to optimize the production capabilities, numerous industrial processes are taking place at pressures, temperatures, or oxygen concentrations beyond the ambient range, i.e. at non-atmospheric conditions and information on the performance of the regulated testing method are therefore required when the standard testing protocols are modified with regard to pressure, temperature or oxidizer. &#13;
The main objective of this study is to develop an improved testing method for detonation flame arresters, which offers a higher reproducibility and moreover, an applicability under non-atmospheric conditions. Therefore, an interlaboratory comparison on the performance of in-line flame arresters for stable and unstable detonations is jointly conducted by the project partners (PTB, BAM, Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH and IBExU GmbH). The experiments are performed according to the testing method regulated in the DIN EN ISO 16852 standard for different pressures before ignition and different explosion groups. The experimental data is analyzed in detail to further optimize the test method and to thus achieve an improved reproducibility of detonation tests at high pressures, especially regarding the deflagration to detonation transition. &#13;
Potential ambiguities of the standardized testing method that might lead to the differing results at the different institutes are identified from the interlaboratory comparison and the test method is modified accordingly. Based on these results, an improved testing method for detonation flame arresters will be developed, which will ensure a greater safety at process plants while handling combustibles.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">39th International symposium on combustion</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Vancouver, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>A. Lucassen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame arrester</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60044</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of intracorporeal shock wave propagation using a simplified torso model and a shock wave generator –a progress report</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Following directly from the information presented at IFBIC 2023 on the research project 'Investigation of intracorporeal shock wave propagation using a simplified torso model and a shock wave generator', the latest results are presented below [1]. In order to contribute to the research efforts on the primary explosion effects, the aim of the investigation is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental series with short set-up times.&#13;
To achieve this, an autoclave with a volume of 0.065 m3 is used to generate reproducible pressure waves (Fig. 1). The autoclave will be referred to as Shockwave Generator (SWG). The pressure wave is produced by the detonation of a stoichiometric mixture of acetylene and oxygen under atmospheric conditions. The SWG-outlet is sealed by a rupture disc, which can be adjusted in thickness to vary the initial pressure. Additionally, modifying the composition of the acetylene-oxygen mixture can result in different load cases. The SWG requires approximately 30 minutes of set-up time between trials. The SWG was adjusted to match the characteristics of a real and typical explosive through free-field measurements. The experiments demonstrated that the pressure wave propagates in a hemispherical shape and has sufficient reproducibility.&#13;
To represent soft tissue, a basic model made of homogeneous ballistic gelatin is used in a geometrically simplified torso model (STM) (Fig. 2). The STM was enlarged to outer dimensions of 400 x 250 x 240 mm. Viscoelastic behavior of the ballistic gelatin can be assumed due to the collagen structure [2]. The density of the ballistic gelatin, and therefore the sound velocity, can be adjusted by changing the mixing ratio. Simplified simulants, such as hollow and solid material (bone simulant), were embedded in the STM. Additionally, the STM has been tested as a carrier material for biological substances, such as indicator species. The next step is to test the STM as a carrier material for larger organic tissue structures such as lungs or kidneys. The organic tissue samples will undergo histological examination to analyze their structural changes afterwards. The STM is equipped with embedded piezoelectric pressure sensors, an accelerometer and a temperature sensor. Visual documentation is captured using a high-speed camera. This measurement setup allows for the tracking of the coupled pressure wave and its behavior within the model and at the media transitions. Pressure values can be recorded after certain media changes, such as from soft tissue to a solid material (Figure 3).&#13;
The following is a review of the optimizations made to the entire experimental setup. The reproducibility of the SWG was increased. This was achieved by extending the evacuation process to the entire feed system of the SWG. Nitrogen residues in the SWG system can thus be avoided. As a result, the double peaks that occur at the first maximum can be avoided, as combustion runs more evenly without the nitrogen residues. In addition, partially varying peak overpressures can be avoided, as the acytelene-oxygen mixture is not too lean due to the elimination of the nitrogen residues. The workflow has been streamlined, resulting in an average set-up time of 25 minutes for the SWG. In the case of the STM, the manufacturing process in particular was optimized by examining and defining the manufacturing process based on scientific publications, which increases the reproducibility of the STM base bodies. As already mentioned in the previous paragraph, the STM was equipped with various additives in order to investigate the transition behavior of the pressure wave.&#13;
The following trail serves as an example: A comparison is made between the STM in the basic structure (Fig. 2 l.s.) and with an embedded solid material (bone plate) (Fig. 3 l.s.). An external overpressure of 100 kPa is generated by the SWG at a distance of 1 m, where the STM is placed. For the basic STM structure, the sensor distance is consistently 100 mm. The internal overpressure is visible in Fig. 2 r.s.. A typical ideal pressure curve can be seen. The characteristic points are easily distinguishable from the reflection peaks. In the STM with an embedded solid material, the sensor distance remains consistently at 66.6 mm</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">8th International Forum on Blast Injury Countermeasures</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Washington D.C., USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.052024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Primäre Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62382</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>126</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>127</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2023</volume>
    <type>bookpartcollection</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesministerium der Verteidigung</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Entwicklung eines Körpermodells und eines Stoßwellengenerators zur Simulation der intrakorporalen Stoßwellenausbreitung nach Explosionen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des wehrmedizinischen Sonderforschungsvorhabens 29K4 wird der Effekt der primären Explosionswirkung auf Soldaten untersucht. Dazu wird ein Stoßwellengenerator entwickelt, der relevante Überdrucklastfälle mit geringer Rüstzeit und hoher Reproduzierbarkeit erzeugt. Zudem wird ein vereinfachtes Torso-Modell erstellt, um das Verhalten des eingeleiteten Druckstoßes in das Körpermodell zu untersuchen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Wehrwissenschaftliche Forschung Jahresbericht 2023</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Steffen Grobert</author>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Thorsten Hauer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ballistik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionstrauma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Verdichtungsstoß</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62581</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>movingimage</type>
    <publisherName>YouTube, LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>San Bruno, CA, USA</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundeswehr</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Explosionen in Super Slow-Mo - Druckwellen und ihre Folgen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wissenschaftler der Bundeswehr und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, kurz BAM, erforschen die Auswirkungen von Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper. Um Druckwellen untersuchen zu können, kommt ein Stoßwellengenerator zum Einsatz. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Metallzylinder, in welchem ein explosives Gasgemisch zur Detonation gebracht wird. Wir geben einen Einblick in die Versuchsreihe.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1PCPTYdUMc</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificNote">MP4-video, 7:43 min</enrichment>
    <author>T. Engemann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-level blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionstrauma</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bundeswehr</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53936</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>33</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>37</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11-12</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>VDI Fachmedien</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Werkzeuge zur Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen - Erkenntnisse zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von Edelstahl und NE-Metallen gegen Baustahl und Estrichbeton in Wasserstoff und Acetylen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Üblicherweise werden Werkzeuge für den industriellen Einsatz aus hochlegierten Chromstählen hergestellt. Für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen werden oft Werkzeuge aus speziellen Nichteisen-Metalllegierungen (NE-Metall) verwendet. Für diese sogenannten funkenarmen Werkstoffe und deren mögliche Schlagpartner gibt es bisher keine umfassenden Untersuchungen mit Aussagen zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit.&#13;
&#13;
Die TRGS 723, Abschn. 5.15, fordert den Nachweis der Funkenfreiheit der verwendeten Werkstoffpaarung. Jedoch sind Werkzeuge keine Geräte oder Schutzsysteme im Sinne der Richtlinie 2014/34/EU. Deshalb ist es nicht möglich, Werkzeuge in Übereinstimmung mit dieser Richtlinie zu zertifizieren. Der Nachweis der Erfüllung dieser Anforderungen ist durch Zertifizierungen im sogenannten "gesetzlich nicht geregelten" Bereich möglich. Die BAM bietet diese Zertifizierung für "Funkenarme Werkzeuge" im Rahmen ihres Zertifizierungsprogrammes an.&#13;
&#13;
Die bisherigen Ergebnisse der hier vorgestellten Untersuchung haben gezeigt, dass es keine funkenfreien, metallischen Werkzeuge (non-sparking Tools) gibt. Entscheidend ist im Hinblick auf die TRGS 723, ob zündfähige Funken entstehen oder nicht. Es ist immer die Frage, worauf die Werkzeuge im praktischen Anwendungsfall schlagen oder fallen gelassen werden können, d.h. aus welchem Material der mögliche Schlagpartner besteht. Dies können metallische Schlagpartner, aber auch Betonoberflächen sein. Unterschiedliche Kombinationen von Werkstoffen ergeben bei Schlagbeanspruchung im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich jeweils unterschiedliche Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten. Aber auch die Höhe der beim Einsatz der Werkzeuge möglichen kinetischen Schlagenergie und der Brenngas/Luft-Atmosphäre im betreffenden explosionsgefährdeten Bereich sind wichtige Einflussgrößen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Technische Sicherheit</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.37544/2191-0073-2021-11-12-33</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2191-0073</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <author>Rainer Grätz</author>
    <author>Hans-Carsten Kühne</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenarmes Werkzeug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenfreies Werkzeug</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non sparking tools</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.4 Baustofftechnologie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>24107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24118</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>57</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Energy</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative analysis on temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional fossil-fueled vehicle fires in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not be avoided and may bring great damage to the passengers and infrastructure. Due to the large difference between pool fires of traditional fossil-fueled and jet fires of hydrogen-powered vehicles, it is in doubt whether the existing longitudinal ventilation design could still be effective for the safety issue of hydrogen powered vehicles. To solve this problem, it is necessary to compare temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional vehicle fires with and without longitudinal ventilations. In present work, we conducted a numerical investigation to discuss the different temperature distributions of traditional and hydrogen-fueled vehicle fires. Results indicate that the high temperature zone of the pool fire only exists above the ceiling of the vehicle. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the high-speed hydrogen jet with the strong inertial force could push the hot smoke flows back to the ground. The ceiling temperature of hydrogen-powered vehicle fire is larger since hydrogen-powered vehicle has a larger heat release rate and the fire hazard of jet fires bring more danger compared with the pool fire. Although the temperature stratification is also obvious for the hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the air temperature in the lower region could be heated and still high enough to bring a great damage to the passengers’ lives. This is quite different with the traditional pool fire. In addition, the critical ventilation velocity is also discussed. The theoretical equation could well predict the critical ventilation velocity of traditional vehicle fires. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fires, the critical ventilation velocity could reach up to 6 m/s. The theoretical equation could not well predict the critical ventilation velocity of hydrogen-powered vehicle fires due to exist of hydrogen jet fires.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of hydrogen energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.203</identifier>
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    <author>Liang Gong</author>
    <author>Xufeng Yang</author>
    <author>Yikai Zeng</author>
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      <value>Hydrogen fire</value>
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      <value>Longitudinal ventilation</value>
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    <title language="eng">Test set-up for reproducible shock wave generation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A test setup was developed at the BAM test site to generate and record reproducible, adjustable shock waves resulting from gas detonations. The setup is used to study the impact of blasts on humans and structures with short setup times. To further develop this innovative test bench and improve reproducibility, the ignition source and gas composition is analysed in more detail.&#13;
The experimental setup consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel (autoclave) that is operated with acetylene and oxygen at ambient pressure. The elevated pressure resulting from the combustion process is released through an orifice by the instantaneous rupture of a diaphragm. The shock propagates symmetrically into the free field, where it interacts with the models and sensors to be analysed. With this design, shock waves with a typical ideal Friedlander waveform characteristic, except for a reflection and a muzzle blast-like behavior that deviates from the ideal characteristics, can be generated. This setup enables an average peak overpressure of 88 kPa. By using exploding wires as an ignition source in comparison to a fusehead, the reproducibility was significantly increased during the test to &#13;
σ=2.8 kPa from σ=9.5 kPa previously.&#13;
The presented data confirms the quality and reliability of this setup in generating realistic, reproducible shocks.</abstract>
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    <author>Marco Gerbeit</author>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <author>Dennis Grasse</author>
    <author>Marcel Donner</author>
    <author>Steffen Grobert</author>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Overpressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Autoclave</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>933</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Atmospheric wind field modelling with OpenFOAM for near-ground gas dispersion</title>
    <abstract language="eng">CFD simulations of near-ground gas dispersion depend significantly on the accuracy of the wind field. When simulating wind fields with conventional RANS turbulence models, the velocity and turbulence profiles specified as inlet boundary conditions change rapidly in the approach flow region. As a result, when hazardous materials are released, the extent of hazardous areas is calculated based on an approach flow that differs significantly from the boundary conditions defined. To solve this problem, a turbulence model with consistent boundary conditions was developed to ensure a horizontally homogeneous approach flow. Instead of the logarithmic vertical velocity profile, a power law is used to overcome the problem that with the logarithmic profile, negative velocities would be calculated for heights within the roughness length. With this, the problem that the distance of the wall-adjacent cell midpoint has to be higher than the roughness length is solved, so that a high grid resolution can be ensured even in the near-ground region which is required to simulate&#13;
gas dispersion. The evaluation of the developed CFD model using the German guideline VDI 3783/9 and wind tunnel experiments with realistic obstacle configurations showed a good agreement between the calculated and the measured values and the ability to achieve a horizontally homogenous approach flow.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Atmosphere</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/atmos12080933</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539095</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.12.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Sebastian Schalau</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>OpenFOAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas dispersion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Atmospheric boundary layer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Turbulence model</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53909/Wind Field Modelling with OpenFOAM for Gas Dispersion.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Gas/liquid mass transport in falling film reactor versus theory</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Introduction: Mass transport at gas/liquid interfaces depends on many factors including the gas and liquid properties and hydrodynamics. The mass transport of a gas through the liquid is a limiting step in many chemical reactions. To gain a fundamental understanding of multiphase interfaces, the rate of mass transfer has been measured for pure gases (H2, N2, O2, He) into a thin liquid film with a well-defined surface area and velocity profile. This enables the mass transfer rate to be broken down into one parameter, which is the gas/liquid interfacial area (a), and a second parameter, which is the mass transfer coefficient (kL). Using gases with varying diffusion coefficients enables a comparison of the measured rates of mass transport to the rates predicted by film theory and penetration theory.&#13;
Method: A gravity-driven thin water film 0.000180 m in thickness flowing along the outer surface of a capillary was contacted with a gas phase inside a closed system. The liquid was circulated continuously until it was saturated with gas and the equilibrium pressure was reached. In this device, there is laminar flow, and therefore, the hydrodynamics of the liquid film are well defined. &#13;
Results: Penetration theory predicts a non-linear relationship between diffusion coefficient (DAB) and mass transfer coefficient (kL). by means of falling film reactor the actual rates of gas-liquid mass transfer are higher than those predicted by theory. Also, a linear relationship between DAB and kL is observed experimentally. The mass transfer coefficient can even, as a rule of thumb, be assumed to be relatively constant with a value of around 10-4 m/s for aqueous solutions.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE)</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>N. Afraz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mehrphasenströmung</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stofftransport</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63915</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Background oriented Schlieren measurements for pressure relief systems in the free field</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Shock waves or shocks are a supersonic phenomenon in which the flow variables change abruptly in a thin layer. These occur with super sonic flow, such as the supersonic flight of airplanes or rockets or with explosions.&#13;
As the pressure, temperature and density change in a shock, this can be recorded. The most commonly used approach is the use of pressure sensors. Pressure information is only available at the certain locations where the sensors are installed. Any body, such as free-standing sensors, that is introduced into the flow, distorts it. Therefore, not inverse measurement methods for measuring flow variables, such as the background orientated schlieren (BOS) method or the partical image velocimetry (PIV), are used.&#13;
For this reason, a BOS setup was carried out in an open field at the Test Site Technical Safety (TTS) of BAM using a shock wave generator to visualize the shocks that result from a gas explosion. These investigations are presented in this paper. The aim is also to draw conclusions about the pressure change caused by the shock and the advantages that such a simple structure provides to the tests.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">30th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ottawa, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">01.08.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Marco Gerbeit</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BOS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57747</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einsatz von Körpermnodellen bei der Auswirkungsbetrachtung auf das "System Mensch"</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In diesem Vortrag werden aktuelle Arbeiten der BAM zu Auswirkungsbetrachtungen bei Stoff- und Energiefreisetzungen mit Zielstellung der Erfassung und Beurteilung der Einwirkungen auf den Menschen vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">3. DUMMY.CRASHTEST.KONFERENZ.</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Münster, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dummy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Körpermodell</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58130</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Mild Traumatic Brain Injury - Current Research Works in the Field of Primary Blast Injury</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation, the team security research of division 2.1 informs about current research efforts in the field of traumatic brain injury. The focus lies on the consequences of low-level blast on the human brain. Also the general research approaches of the team for the investigation of the behaviour of shock waves within human tissues are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ATLAS ENTRY Seminar</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Göppingen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.08.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.08.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Dennis Grasse</author>
    <author>H. Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LLB</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>mTBI</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Primary blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Traumatic brain injury</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52676</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hazard Assessment and reality – or - The difference between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory.</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For hazard Assessment purposes we need models to predict what would happen in case of an accident.&#13;
The challenge in hazard assessment consists not only in choosing the right model, but beforehand to define the correct scenario .If models can be found for the physical effect to be simulated, the validation of these models is the next challenge. &#13;
Even if experimental data can be found it should always be checked, if these data are correct, even if in general experimental data are considered as “failsafe” or “the absolute truth”.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EPSC Webinar</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hasard assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas dispersion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52011</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Großversuchen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Vortrag über den Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Großversuchen auf dem BAM TTS im Rahmen des Projektes CoFi-ABV</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Öffentlicher Vortrag im Rahmen der Lehrveranstaltung "Experimentelle Methoden der Aerodynamik", TU Berlin</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.01.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alternative Antriebe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fahrzeugbrand</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Großversuch</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Messtechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51411</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Forschungsauftrag CNG- und LPG-Behälter: Gasbehälter bei Unterfeuerung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die BAM hat umfangreiche Versuchsreihen zur Auswirkungsbetrach-tung beim Versagen von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe (LPG, CNG) für PKW aufgrund unfallbedingter Brände durchgeführt. Im Rahmen des Vortrags werden die für Einsatzkräfte relevanten Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Symposium Technische Hilfeleistung im Rahmen der Messe FLORIAN</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Feuerwehr</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LPG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alternative Antriebe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60045</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of intracorporeal shock wave propagation using a simplified torso model and a shock wave generator</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Blast injuries are among the most common injuries in military operations. Also, in civilian environments, more explosive threats are expected in the future due to emerging conflicts and threats. While the effect of fragments, which is classified as secondary blast injury, could be minimized by police and military personnel’s modern ballistic body protection systems, the effects of shock wave propagation in the body as part of the primary explosion trauma still remain a serious threat needing further research.&#13;
The detonation-physical processes of highly dynamic pressure changes within the human body, the reflection-related amplification of shock waves at organ-dermis interfaces, and the consequences of injury mechanisms have become more prominent in international research. Various approaches have been used to investigate these aspects. Animal experiments on free field test sites or shock tube setups combined with a subsequent biological evaluation and numerical simulations provided promising results and allowed the discussion of different biomechanical aspects. However, due to poor reproducibility and a lack of short-term dynamic material properties, most research approaches have significant limitations. Laboratory test setups do not represent real-scale high explosive detonation parameters with regards to pressure characteristics, impulse duration and blockage problems. Measured values are interpreted with partly outdated, selective and not validated limit values for overpressures from field tests with animals. This is due to the lack of a validated and comprehensive data set covering a variation of the crucial parameter. Injury mechanisms and their effects have not yet been sufficiently elucidated for the torso and extremities.&#13;
In order to contribute to the research efforts on the primary explosion effects, the German Federal Armed Forces established an interdisciplinary military medical research project in cooperation of the Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin and the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). The aim of the planned investigation is the development of a multidisciplinary method to investigate shock wave behavior in various generic tissue simulants under the most reproducible conditions possible with realistic loads in an experimental test series with short set-up times.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">7th International Forum on Blast Injury Countermeasures</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tokio, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">19.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <author>Steffen Grobert</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Shock wave generator</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast injury</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Primäre Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental setup</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53814</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Großversuchen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Vortrag über den Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Großversuchen auf dem BAM TTS im Rahmen des Projektes CoFi-ABV</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Öffentlicher Vortrag im Rahmen der Lehrveranstaltung "Experimentelle Methoden der Aerodynamik" (Fachgebiet Aerodynamik, Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrt, TU Berlin)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>alternative Antriebe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fahrzeugbrand</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Großversuch</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53540</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a body model and a shock wave generator for the analysis of intracorporeal shock wave propagations after explosions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags wurden die ersten Ergebnisse des Sonderforschungsprojektes " Entwicklung und Validierung eines Körpermodells und eines Stoßwellengenerators zur Simulation der intrakorporalen Stoßwellenausbreitung nach Explosionen", welches in Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin und der BAM durchgeführt wird, vorgestellt. Der Versuchsaufbau (Stoßwellengenerator) und die verwendete Sensorik werden dargestelt, sowie eine vergeichende Studie zu den Protypen der Körpermodellen und Simulanzien.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Kick-off-Workshops der NATO-Gruppe HFM 338 "Development of military loading exposure guidelines for prevention of chronic traumatic encephalopathy"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>S. Grobert</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsverletzung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50570</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>55</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>70</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>130</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Druckgasbehälter im Feuer - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Es wurden insgesamt 57 Einzelversuche zum Versagen von Druckgasbehältern durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden dabei 11-kg-Propangasflaschen, PKW-Radmuldentanks für LPG sowie CNG-Tanks vom Typ III (Compositetanks mit Aluminiumliner) und Typ IV (Compositetanks mit Polymerliner). Mit 18 hydraulischen Berstversuchen wurde das Versagensverhalten unter kalten Bedingungen charakterisiert. In 39 Unterfeuerungsversuchen mit den gefüllten LPG- und CNG-Tanks, davon 36 mit Tanks ohne Sicherheitseinrichtung, wurde das Behälterversagen durch Brandbeaufschlagung untersucht. Neben verschiedenen Behältermanteltemperaturen und dem Behälterinnendruck wurde auch die Temperatur des gespeicherten Mediums dokumentiert. Dadurch war es möglich, genau zu dokumen-tieren, unter welchen Bedingungen und bei welchem Zustand der Behälter versagt hat. In einem Großteil der Unterfeuerungsversuche mit Behältern ohne Sicherheitseinrichtungen kam es zur Bildung eines Feuerballs, einer massiven Druck- und Temperaturwirkung auf den Nahbereich sowie einer Vielzahl von Fragmenten im Nah- und Fernbereich. In einer Entfernung von l = 7 m wurden Überdrücke von bis zu p = 0,41 bar gemessen. In 30 Unterfeuerungsversuchen kam es zur Fragmentierung des Behälters. Dabei konnten 159 Fragmente mit Wurfweite und Masse dokumentiert werden. Die dabei maximal festgestellte Wurfweite eines Fragments lag bei  &#13;
l = 311 m.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">PTB-Mitteilungen</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.7795/310.20200199</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0030-834X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Brunswick, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckgasbehälter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propan</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LPG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CNG</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56951</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Großversuchen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags werden die Besonderheiten beim Einsatz von Messtechnik bei Versuchen im Groß- und Realmaßstab und unter Freifeldbedingungen dargestellt. Anhand des Themenfeldprojektes CoFi-ABV und der dort durchgeführten Versuchsreihen werden die Rand- und Rahmenbedingungen beim Durchführen der Experimente, Instrumentierung und Versuchsaufbau sowie beispielhafte Ergebnisse erläutert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Lehrveranstaltung "Experimentelle Methoden der Aerodynamik" an der TU Berlin</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alternative Antriebe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fahrzeugbrand</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Großversuch</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51845</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>117887</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>244</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Results of comparisons of the predictions of 17 dense gas dispersion models with observations from the Jack Rabbit II chlorine field experiment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Jack Rabbit II (JR II) chlorine field trials in 2015 and 2016 involved nine 5–20 ton releases of pressurized liquefied chlorine from a tank mounted 1 m above a broad flat desert sand surface. A model comparison study was initiated, where 17 widely-used dense-gas dispersion models were run by scientists in seven countries. &#13;
Predictions were submitted following specified formats, using specified emissions and meteorology inputs. To compare with the model predictions, sets of observations were defined for the arc-maximum 1–3 s averaged concentrations (arc max C) and for cloud widths and heights (to 20 ppm and 200 ppm contours) at distances from 0.2 to 11.0 km from the release. The initial focus is on the three field trials (1, 6, and 7) that have the highest observed concentrations and that have detailed emissions information. It is found that these models are able to satisfactorily simulate (generally within a factor of two) the observed arc max C’s and their variation with downwind distance at this flat desert site. At each downwind distance, the scatter in the arc max C predictions covers about 1 ½ orders of magnitude, but the observed arc max C is within the range of the predictions. The median of the cloud width predictions is about 50% larger than the observed value for the three trials. The median of the cloud height predictions is within about 10% of the observed value. For both cloud width and/or height, there are a few models with large (factor of 3 or higher) overpredictions. Of the 17 models, when compared to observations, there is a core group of 5 or 6 with consistently (across all three trials and all distances) less mean error and scatter in their predictions of arc max C and cloud width and height. However, as a group, the 17 models are performing adequately (using the “factor of two” rule of thumb). An important caveat is that, at the JR II desert site, chlorine deposition is minimal. At a site with vegetation and/or organic-rich soil, the effects of removal of chlorine by deposition are expected to be significant.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Atmospheric Environment</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117887</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">16.12.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>T. Mazzola</author>
    <author>S. Hanna</author>
    <author>J. Chang</author>
    <author>S. Bradley</author>
    <author>R. Meris</author>
    <author>S. Simpson</author>
    <author>S. Miner</author>
    <author>S. Gant</author>
    <author>J. Weil</author>
    <author>M. Harper</author>
    <author>J. Nikmo</author>
    <author>J. Kukkonen</author>
    <author>J.-M. Lacome</author>
    <author>M. Nibart</author>
    <author>O. Björnham</author>
    <author>S. Khajehnajafi</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>P. Armand</author>
    <author>T. Bauer</author>
    <author>L. Fabbri</author>
    <author>T. Spicer</author>
    <author>N. Ek</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jack rabbit II chlorine field experiment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dense gas dispersion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Model evaluation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65012</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>225</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>doctoralthesis</type>
    <publisherName>Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Magdeburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>2025-02-27</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Untersuchungen zur Ausbreitung brennbarer Schwergase in längsdurchströmten Straßentunneln</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In combination with new types of drive technologies, more and more flammable gases could be introduced into the traffic area “road tunnel” in future. If these vehicles have an accident and the gases are subsequently released, there is the possibility that the mentioned substances show a heavy gas behavior due to their storage conditions. From a safety point of view, this scenario has to be assessed with regard to its effects on the tunnel structure and the people involved. The aim of the experimental investigations carried out in this work is to create the basis for such an analysis by investigating the spreading behavior of the gases after they have been released in the tunnel and determining the influence of individual geometric and operational parameters on this behavior. Specifically, this work is based on the scenario of a continuous, momentum-free release of propane within a vaulted road tunnel with active longitudinal ventilation. The tunnel-specific boundary conditions that are relevant to this scenario are first worked out by a theoretical analysis. The basis of the subsequent experimental part is formed by two test rigs built as part of the work, which are similar in their essential features, but differ in scale. In both facilities, the aforementioned release scenario was simulated under various boundary conditions based on an idealized tunnel segment. The dispersion behavior is primarily assessed by the averaged concentration distribution near the ground, which results from a large number of detectors arranged in the experimental area. The detectors operate on the principle of weakening infrared light in the presence of hydrocarbons. Measurements of the flow field properties accompany the concentration measurements. The conception of the test rig on a scale of 1:12 is based on dimensional analysis. The actual release campaign comprises a large number of individual experiments in which selected parameters were varied over the tunnel-relevant range. The predicted heavy gas behavior for propane emerged clearly in the experiments. In cases in which the cloud laterally reaches the tunnel walls, the gases are channeled, which is accompanied by reduced longitudinal dilution. It was possible to identify the release rate and the flow velocity as the factors that have the greatest influence. The former basically increased the concentration, while the latter decreased it. All other tested parameters resulted in more complex propagation situations, which force a differentiated consideration of the influence. Lifting the source from the ground also reduced the concentration. In the case of an eccentrically arranged source and a transverse slope of the roadway, the influence is largely limited to the lateral concentration distribution in the immediate vicinity of the source. Nevertheless, both parameters plus a possible longitudinal slope of the roadway only showed a slight effect on the area far-downstream from the source. In addition, the phenomenon of  backlayering, which is known from the spreading of fire smoke in the tunnel, could be demonstrated with a steep longitudinal slope. Obstacles increased the complexity of the situation. While globally the dilution of the cloud is partly invariant to obstacles, locally an increase as well as a decrease in concentration can be observed under certain conditions. For the unobstructed tunnel, it was finally possible to define a dimensionless parameter that describes the curve of the longitudinal dilution on the ground within the heavy gas cloud. From this, a simple graphical nomogram is derived for the continuous release of heavy gases in an unobstructed tunnel environment, which can be used to estimate the concentration in relation of a dimensionless source distance. For exploring the real, undistorted behavior experiments were also carried out in original scale. Due to the similarity of both test rigs in terms of scale, the test results can also be used to check the scalability of the spreading situations. For that, two configurations that have already been examined in small scale were selected. The main limitation for test execution and regarding the scalability comparison was the dependence of the flow conditions within the test rig from external wind conditions which occurred despite of taken countermeasures. The large-scale release was associated with pronounced fog formation. The near-ground spreading corresponding to the heavy gas behavior could be confirmed. However, in detail the spread was far more unsteady. Looking at the time-averaged concentrations, the processes already known from the small-scale test were qualitatively well approximated. Remaining quantitative differences, however, require critical consideration. This discrepancy is more likely a consequence of the experimental compromises have to be made in the specific case. From the observed gas behavior, the development of a surface fire initiated by ignition of the re-leased gases is considered to be the most likely subsequent scenario for the release of heavy, flam-mable gases in tunnel-like enclosures. The thesis concludes with recommendations on the methodological approach to be favored in the future.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.25673/118683</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:gbv:ma9:1-1981185920-1206411</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Erik Scharff</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schwergas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stoffausbreitung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propan</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Dissertationen ohne Nummerierung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <thesisGrantor>Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg</thesisGrantor>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65012/Scharff_Erik_Dissertation_2025.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51748</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>41</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>46</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>56</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Hüthig GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe Franzke</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">N2O/CO2-Gemische als Kältemittel für Temperaturen unter -50 °C</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die F-Gas-Verordnung der EU gewährt Ausnahmen vom GWPbezogenen Verbot des Inverkehrbringens für stationäre Kühlgeräte für Anwendungen unter -50 °C. Brennbare Alternativen auf der Basis von Methan, Ethan und Ethylen stehen zur Verfügung, sind aber aufgrund ihrer Entzündbarkeit nicht für alle Anwendungen einsetzbar. Distickstoffmonoxid (N2O) mit einem Tripelpunkt bei -92 °C scheint aber eine Alternative zu sein. Die mögliche exotherme Zersetzung von N2O erfordert jedoch zusätzliche Maßnahmen, um solche Systeme sicher betreiben zu können. Am ILK und an der Hochschule Karlsruhe wurden zwei Tieftemperatursysteme mit Gemischen aus N2O und CO2 und verschiedenen Schmierstoffen entwickelt, gebaut und bei Verdampfungstemperaturen bis -80 °C erfolgreich betrieben.&#13;
VORSICHT: Reines N2O sowie Mischungen von N2O und CO2 mit Schmiermitteln auf Kohlenwasserstoffbasis können explosionsartig reagieren.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">KI Fachzeitschrift für Kälte - Luft - Klimatechnik</parentTitle>
    <author>M. Kauffeld</author>
    <author>T. Maurath</author>
    <author>J. Germanus</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kohlendioxid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefriertrocknung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distickstoffmonoxid</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheitsmaßnahmen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50946</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>316</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>327</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>117</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">N2O/CO2-mixtures as refrigerants for temperatures below -50 °C</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The EU F-Gas Regulation grants exceptions from the GWP-related placing on the market prohibition for stationary refrigeration equipment for applications below -50 °C. Nonetheless, non-flammable refrigerants, which can be used for that temperature range, become increasingly expensive and rare inside the EU due to the phase down of HFCs under the regulation. Flammable alternatives based on methane, ethane and ethylene are available, but are not viable for all applications due to their flammability. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for applications below -50 °C due to CO 2 ’s triple point at -56 °C. Nitrous oxide with a triple point at -92 °C seems to be an alternative. However, possible exothermal decomposition of N 2 O calls for additional measures in order to be able to operate such systems safely. Two low-temperature systems have been developed, built and successfully operated at evaporation temperatures down to - 80 °C with mixtures of N 2 O and CO 2 and different lubricants at ILK and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences. The units achieved similar energy efficiency as the standard HFC-equipment used for freeze drying. Possible decomposition of N 2 O could successfully be supressed by various measures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Refrigeration</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.04.026</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0140-7007</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.08.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>M. Kauffeld</author>
    <author>T. Maurath</author>
    <author>J. Germanus</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon dioxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freeze-dryer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nitrous oxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety measures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56517</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>104863</issue>
    <volume>201</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Science</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Damage evolution detection in a pipeline segment under bending by means of acoustic emission</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A steel pipeline segment of 2.5 m length was subjected to quasi-static four-point bending load in three steps for studying the initial cracking and damage accumulation based on the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique and by the direct current potential drop (DCPD) technique. For the latter, a new post-test analysis method was established.&#13;
AE is found more sensitive to crack initiation than DCPD. Formation of mesoscopic and macroscopic cracks as well as their closure and the resulting friction generate weighted peak frequencies below 400 kHz, whereas microscopic cracking produces AE with broad band spectra identifiable by weighted peak frequencies above 400 kHz. Critical states alike the maximum load level and the leak opening were accompanied by peak amplitudes above 85 dBAE. This rather fundamental study provides a data base for possibly developing advanced strategies of detection and alarm systems based on acoustic monitoring of pipelines, or at least, steel structures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of pressure vessels and piping</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.104863</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565171</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0308-0161</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Franziska Baensch</author>
    <author>Wolfram Baer</author>
    <author>Peter Wossidlo</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accoustic emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Frequency domain</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Potential drop technique</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fracture</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.6 Additive Fertigung metallischer Komponenten</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56517/Baensch et al 2023 Damage evol detect in pipeline segm under bend by accoust emiss.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56856</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>54</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>82</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A review on hybrid mixture explosions: Safety parameters, explosion regimes and criteria, flame characteristics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The hybrid mixture of combustible dusts and flammable gases/vapours widely exist in various industries, including mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, textile and pharmaceutical. It may pose a higher explosion risk than gas/vapor or dust/mist explosions since the hybrid explosions can still be initiated even though both the gas and the dust concentration are lower than their lower explosion limit (LEL) values. Understanding the explosion threat of hybrid mixtures not only contributes to the inherent safety and sustainability of industrial process design, but promotes the efficiency of loss prevention and mitigation. To date, however, there is no test standard with reliable explosion criteria available to determine the safety parameters of all types of hybrid mixture explosions, nor the flame propagation and quenching mechanism or theoretical explanation behind these parameters. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of the comprehensive understanding of hybrid mixture explosions mainly in an experimental study level; thereby, the main limitations and challenges to be faced are explored. The discussed main contents include the experimental measurement for the safety parameters of hybrid mixtures (i.e., explosion sensitivity and severity parameters) via typical test apparatuses, explosion regime and criterion of hybrid mixtures, the detailed flame propagation/quenching characteristics behind the explosion severities/sensitivities of hybrid mixtures. This work aims to summarize the essential basics of experimental studies, and to provide the perspectives based on the current research gaps to understand the explosion hazards of hybrid mixtures in-depth.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of loss prevention in the process industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104969</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">27.02.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>P. Zhao</author>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>P. Amyotte</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52548</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>July</issue>
    <volume>71</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative study on standardized ignition sources used for explosion testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the determination of safety characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts different types of ignition sources are used in international standards and guidelines. The paper presents test results of a comparative calorimetric and visual study between four different types of ignition sources. The ignition procedures were analyzed visually with a high-speed camera and electric recordings. In addition to that, the influence of the electrode-orientation, -distance as well as ignition energy on the reproducibility of the exploding wire igniter was tested.&#13;
&#13;
The exploding wire is already in use for standardized determination of safety characteristics of gases, first tests on the suitability of the exploding wire igniter for dust testing have been carried out but are not standardized yet. Using the exploding wire, the ignition energy can be varied from 2 J to 10 000 J (2 x 5000 J) and thus it could be used for gases, vapors, dusts and hybrid mixtures. Moreover it can be used at high initial pressures and it is the only ignition source with an easily measurable ignition energy release. Furthermore, it does not introduce another chemical reaction into the system.&#13;
&#13;
Finally, a proposal for a standard ignition source for explosion tests on hybrid mixtures is derived from the test results.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of loss prevention in the process industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104516</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.07.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Exploding wire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics determination</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53557</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the pressure difference on the safety characteristics of dusts and potential ignition sources for hybrid mixtures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the standards for the determination of safety characteristics of dusts an initial pressure difference of 400 mbar (all: abs) is applied, that increases to 1013 mbar to achieve a homogeneous dust-air mixture. Since the measuring equipment accuracy is given with ± 0,1 bar the initial pressure could range somewhere between 300 and 500 mbar and the pressure increase between 500 and 700 mbar, leading to a testing pressure of 800 to 1200 mbar. &#13;
This variation does not only affect the testing pressure but also the concentration of dust and the level of turbulence, leading to wrong values of Pmax, Kst and assigning them to wrong concentrations. When tests for hybrid mixtures are conducted there are more degrees of freedom leading to even higher variations. To overcome these variations a higher accuracy is demanded for hybrid mixture testing. Further, in this presentation four standardized ignition sources are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Global Dust Safety Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Halifax, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hybrid mixtures, ignition sources, safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
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