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    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
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      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Reibfunken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00187-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>111</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>122</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>73. Jahrgang</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Ebner Media Group GmbH &amp; Co. KG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ulm</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e. V. (vfdb)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L - Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Second-Life-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien auf Modulebene</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Elektrische Energiespeicher können unter bestimmten Bedingungen thermisch Durchgehen. Dies ist mit der Freisetzung von großen Mengen an Wärme sowie toxischen und/oder brennbaren Gasen assoziiert. Um die potenziellen Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens zu quantifizieren, wurden Versuche mit Zellen und Modulen mit einem Energieinhalt von bis zu E = 6,85 kWh durchgeführt. Es wurden verschiedene Kenngrößen, wie z.B. Temperatur, Spannung, Massenabbrand, qualitative Gaszusammensetzung sowie Fragmente, messtechnisch erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl für Bemessungen im vorbeugenden baulichen Brandschutz als auch in der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit verwendet werden. Ebenso können sie in Konzept des abwehrenden Brandschutzes integriert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">vfdb-Zeitschrift - Forschung, Technik und Management im Brandschutz</parentTitle>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61120</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <title language="deu">Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Forschungskooperation zwischen BG-RCI und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens „HySpark“ untersucht, wie sich die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von verschiedenen, metallischen Werkstoffpaarungen in unterschiedlichen Methan-Wasserstoff-Gemischen verhält. Es bestehen signifikante Unterschiede in der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlagvorgänge zwischen den ver¬schiedenen Metallen bzw. Stählen und insbesondere zwischen den einzelnen Brenngas/Luft-Gemischen. &#13;
Mechanisch erzeugte Schlagfunken stellen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen eine potentielle Zündquelle dar, oft in Verbindung mit der Zündquelle „heiße Oberflächen“. Eine Vielzahl von mechanischen und reaktionskinetischen Einflüssen verursacht dabei eine komplexe Interaktion von Parametern, von deren Auswirkung auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bislang wenig bekannt ist. Die statistisch erfassten Eigenschaften von Schlagfunken in verschiedenen Untersuchung der BAM lassen auf stochastische Prozesse schließen, bei denen die Anzahl der durch einen Schlagprozess abgetrennten Partikel und deren Oxidationsverhalten sowie die Höhe der kinetischen Schlagenergie entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit hat /L4/; /L5/. &#13;
&#13;
Werkzeuge sind keine Geräte oder Schutzsysteme im Sinne der Richtlinie 2014/34/EU /L1/. Deshalb ist es nicht möglich, Werkzeuge in Übereinstimmung mit dieser Richtlinie zu zertifizieren. Trotzdem müssen die Materialien für solche Werkzeuge bestimmte Mindestanforderungen gemäß TRGS 723 /L2/ erfüllen. Die TRGS 723 Abschnitt 5.15 fordert den Nachweis der Funkenfreiheit der verwendeten Werkstoffpaarung bei Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Berei¬chen. Der Nachweis der Erfül¬lung dieser Anforderungen ist durch Zertifizierungen im sogenannten „gesetzlich nicht geregelten“ Bereich möglich. Die BAM bietet diese Zertifizierung im Rahmen ihres Zertifizierungsprogrammes 2.8 „Funkenarme Werkzeuge“ an /L3/. &#13;
&#13;
Bei der Gefährdungsbeurteilung für den Gebrauch von Werkzeugen im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich müssen mechanisch erzeugte Funken oder heiße Reibflächen, die bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen durch den Einsatz von Werkzeugen oder Geräten bzw. Maschinen entstehen können, müssen als Zündquelle gesondert betrachtet werden. Üblicherweise wird die Mindestzündenergie bzw. die Explosionsgruppe auch für die Beurteilung der Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen für Brenngase herangezogen [6]. Während Schlagvorgänge als Zündquelle für explosionsfähige Atmosphären der Explosionsgruppe IIA in vielen Fällen weniger relevant sind, werden sie besonders bei Vorhandensein einer explosionsfähigen Atmosphäre der Explosionsgruppe IIC als sehr wirksame Zündquelle angesehen, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Entsprechend wird in der TRGS 723 [6] sowie der DIN EN ISO 80079-36 [21] als Schutzmaßnahme z.B. die Verwendung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus nicht gehärtetem schwer oxidierbarem Nicht-Eisen-Metall genannt, wobei die mögliche kinetische Schlagenergie unter 60 J bleiben und die Funkenfreiheit für die jeweils vorliegende mögliche Werkstoffpaarung (Werkstück, Stützen, Boden usw.) nachgewiesen sein muss.&#13;
&#13;
Manche Hersteller von Werkzeugen, die für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen vorgesehen sind, nennen ihre Werkzeuge „funkenfrei“. Die Bezeichnung wird missverständlicher Weise abgeleitet aus dem englischen „non sparking tools“. Die Bezeichnung funkenarme Werkzeuge, „low sparking tools“, trifft eher zu, denn es gibt tatsächlich keine funkenfreien, metallischen Werkzeuge. Denn es ist immer eine Frage mit welcher kinetischen Energie und gegen welchen weiteren potentiellen Schlagpartner/Werkstoff die funkenarmen Werkzeuge geschlagen werden. &#13;
&#13;
Üblicherweise werden Werkzeuge für den industriellen Einsatz aus hochlegierten Chromstählen hergestellt. Mit steigender kinetischer Schlagenergie und sinken¬der Zündenergie der Brenngas-Luft-Atmosphäre im explosionsgefährdeten Be¬reich, steigt die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit im Falle von Schlag- oder Reibbeanspru¬chung deutlich. &#13;
&#13;
Funkenarme Werkzeuge für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen wer¬den überwiegend aus speziellen Nichteisen-Metalllegierungen (NE-Metall) her¬stellt. Die beiden großen Werkstoffsorten zur Herstellung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen sind Aluminium-Bronze und Kupfer-Aluminium. Für diese beiden Werkstoffe und deren mögliche Schlagpartner gibt es bisher nur wenige umfassenden Untersuchungen mit Aussagen zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18. Essener Explosionsschutztage, Haus der Technik e.V. (HdT), Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen, Veranst.-Nr. VA24-00428-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenarme Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenfreie Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ex-Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56401</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>23</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Sonderheft E-Mobility Magazin 2022</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ProPress</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit stationärer Energiespeicher - Zwischenspeicher als wichtiger Beitrag für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Artikel stellt das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Beitrag des Vorhabens für die Sicherheit von stationären Energiespeichern. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, welche Versuche bisher durchgeführt wurden und mit welchen Ergebnissen bis Projektende zu rechnen ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Behörden-Spiegel</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.behoerden-spiegel.de/e-mobility-magazin-2022/</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1437-8337</identifier>
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    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaways</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <title language="deu">Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Aus diesen Versuche werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse gezeigt, insbesondere die Teperatur-, Spannungs, Gas- und Gewichtsmessung beim thermischen Durchgehen.</abstract>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <title language="deu">Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Brände von Lithium-Ionen Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
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      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
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      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
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  </doc>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit stationärer elektrischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einleitend wird im Vortrag das Aktivitätsfeld Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung vorgestellt sowie eine kurze Einführung in die Terminologie der elektrischen Energiespeicher gegeben. Im Folgenden wird das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Hier wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung und den Aufbau eines Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene gelegt. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten Versuchsserie vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss wird ein kurzer Ausblick zu weiteren anstehenden Versuchen gegeben.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
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      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
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      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <id>60067</id>
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    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes sowie Realisierung von Brandversuchen mit elektrischen Energiespeichern im Bereich bis 500 kWh - Schlussbericht zum Teilvorhaben BAM, Teil I: Kurzbericht</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Abschlussbericht stellt die wesentlichen Arbeitsschritte und Ergebnisse des Teilvorhabens der BAM im BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vor. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Der Abschlussbericht umfasst zwei Teile, im Teil I den Kurzbricht und im Teil II die eingehende Darstellung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Verbundprojekt SEE-2L - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in der Second Life Anwendung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2314/KXP:1887873864</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600676</identifier>
    <note>Das Projekt SEE-2L ist ein drittmittelfinanziertes Verbundvorhaben des BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 13N15493, Projektlaufzeit 01.02.2021 - 30.04.2023.</note>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband der 70. Jahresfachtagung vom 6. bis 8. Mai 2024 in Magdeburg</parentTitle>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher - Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des BMBF-Vorhabens SEE-2L wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgestellt.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62178</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway characteristics and gas emission from sodium-ion cells – impact of state of charge level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Like lithium batteries, sodium batteries can also undergo thermal runaway. In a series of tests, 30 thermal runaway tests were carried out with sodium battery cells. The tests were carried out both in nitrogen and in air with different SOCs. The presentation shows the main results of these tests.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">7th International Battery Production Conference (IBPC)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SIB</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61736</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Sulfur Spillover on Carbon Materials and its Relevance for Metall-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-sulfur batteries are commonly assembled using a composite material containing porous carbon and sulfur as the cathode. While much work has been done on the design of such high performance composites, the interaction between sulfur and carbon is poorly unterstood. Here we provide further evidence that sulfur and porous carbon undergo a spontaneous reaction at room temperature, recently described as "sulfur spillover". Thermal measurements, XRD, XAS and EPR are used to provide insight into the interaction energy and structure of sulfur after spillover. We also show that the effect may cause a loss in cell voltage by about 70 mV.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th Workshop Lithium-Sulfur Batteries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dresden, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Francesco Piccolo Román Healy Corominas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfur Spillover</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TAM IV</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XRD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EPR</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62550</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sensorträger Einsatzkraft – System zur Erfassung der kurzzeitdynamischen Belastung von Einsatzkräften</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einsatzkräfte von Feuerwehr, Polizei, THW, etc., aber auch Passanten, sind im Training und auch der realen Gefahrenlage einer Vielzahl von Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben u.a. Gefahrstoffen, elektromagnetischer Strahlung gibt es besondere Gefährdungen wie z. B. Explosionen, die durch eine kurzzeitdynamische Einwirkung charakterisiert sind. Dabei stellt die Überdruckbelastung eine unzureichend erfasste Gefährdung dar [1]. Zur Beurteilung dieser Gefährdung und potenzieller Schutzmöglichkeiten, ist die Erfassung und Charakterisierung der auftretenden Lastfälle in realistischen Einsatz- und Trainingsszenarien mit hochauflösender Messtechnik nötig [2, 3]. Bei der Erfassung sollen der Trainings- oder Einsatzablauf und die körperliche Belastung so gering wie möglich beeinflusst werden. Dies kann mit aktuell verfügbaren Messsystemen nicht gewährleistet werden.&#13;
&#13;
Die BAM stellt daher ein System, den „Sensorträger Einsatzkraft“ (StEk), als Prototyp vor. Dieser Prototyp besteht aus einem autarken, kurzzeitdynamischen Messsystem zur Erfassung der Überdruckbelastung von exponierten Personen. Das in einem Rucksack untergebrachte Messsystem zeichnet sich durch geringes Gewicht und Autarkie aus und ermöglicht damit erstmals den dynamischen Einsatz hochauflösender Messtechnik in Trainings- oder Einsatzszenarien mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch.&#13;
&#13;
In Situationen, in denen der Einsatz eines Menschen nicht möglich ist, kann der StEk auch mit einem teilweise biofidelen Dummy mit ergänzender, verbauter Sensorik, eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus können mit diesem Ansatz kommerziell erhältliche Druckmonitoring-Tools auf ihre Eignung evaluiert und validiert werden.&#13;
&#13;
Derzeit wird ein weiteres autarkes Messsystem aufgebaut, das hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit der verbauten Messtechnik eine Weiterentwicklung des Prototyps darstellt. Neben der Erfassung kurzzeitiger dynamischer Belastungen sollen auch Belastungen des Trägers wie Lärm, körpernahe Temperatur und Wärmestrahlung erfasst werden können.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Fachkongress „Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz“</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bonn, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-level blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Einsatzkraft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Messtechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>24107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24118</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>57</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Energy</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative analysis on temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional fossil-fueled vehicle fires in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not be avoided and may bring great damage to the passengers and infrastructure. Due to the large difference between pool fires of traditional fossil-fueled and jet fires of hydrogen-powered vehicles, it is in doubt whether the existing longitudinal ventilation design could still be effective for the safety issue of hydrogen powered vehicles. To solve this problem, it is necessary to compare temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional vehicle fires with and without longitudinal ventilations. In present work, we conducted a numerical investigation to discuss the different temperature distributions of traditional and hydrogen-fueled vehicle fires. Results indicate that the high temperature zone of the pool fire only exists above the ceiling of the vehicle. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the high-speed hydrogen jet with the strong inertial force could push the hot smoke flows back to the ground. The ceiling temperature of hydrogen-powered vehicle fire is larger since hydrogen-powered vehicle has a larger heat release rate and the fire hazard of jet fires bring more danger compared with the pool fire. Although the temperature stratification is also obvious for the hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the air temperature in the lower region could be heated and still high enough to bring a great damage to the passengers’ lives. This is quite different with the traditional pool fire. In addition, the critical ventilation velocity is also discussed. The theoretical equation could well predict the critical ventilation velocity of traditional vehicle fires. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fires, the critical ventilation velocity could reach up to 6 m/s. The theoretical equation could not well predict the critical ventilation velocity of hydrogen-powered vehicle fires due to exist of hydrogen jet fires.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of hydrogen energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.203</identifier>
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    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway and explosibility of the gas release from 18650 sodium-ion cells of NFM chemistry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present study investigates the thermal runaway behaviour and  explosibility of the gas mixture released from sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). A total of 30 tests comprising two test series were performed using 18650 SIBs with a NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) chemistry. The cells of SOC level = 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were subjected to thermal abuse inside a 10 L pressurized reaction vessel. In test series 1, the tests were performed in an air atmosphere. In test series 2, an inert atmosphere was used. First, the total amount of gas released from the SIBs was calculated based on the temperature and pressure measured in the reaction vessel. Subsequently, a gas composition analysis was performed using a Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. This study revealed that the thermal runaway in SIBs could be categorized into four phases. At the onset of thermal runaway, the thermal runaway-induced explosion of the cells resulted in a rate of  temperature rise ranging from 2 K/s to 70 K/s. The investigation further revealed a peak reaction temperature of 415 ◦C and a maximum pressure of 4 bar could be reached at thermal runaway in the 10 L vessel. The gas release of up to 5 ± 0.3 L (4 ± 0.2 L/Ah, 1.3 ± 0.1 L/Wh) from test series 1 and 2.4 ± 0.2 L (2 ± 0.1 L/Ah, 0.53 ± 0.04 L/Wh) from test series 2 showed a dependence on SOC and failure environment used. By applying Le Chatelier's mixing rule, the measured gas release from the air atmosphere showed a calculated lower explosion limit and upper explosion limit values of 4.8 % and 24 % in volume fraction, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2025.116614</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Elena Gimadieva</author>
    <author>Florian Köhler</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63178/2025 Journal of Energy Storage 122 116614.pdf</file>
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    <id>63180</id>
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    <title language="deu">Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Brände von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">H2Safety@BAM: Competence Center for safe hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Presentation of the competence center H2Safety@BAM at the European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 in Ghent, Belgium.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ghent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Raduan Sarif</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Competence center</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63994</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>14</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Institut für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer e.V. (IFS)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kiel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit von Elektroenergiespeichern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Umstellung der Energieversorgung von fossilen auf „erneuerbare“ Energieträger kommt der Zwischenspeicherung von Energie eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Volatile Energieträger wie Solar- und Windenergie werden in Abhängigkeit der Tageszeit und des Wetters gewonnen, sodass die Energiegewinnung starken Schwankungen unterliegt und gleichzeitig begrenzt vorhersagbar ist. Hinzu kommt, dass der Zeitpunkt von Spitzenwerten verfügbarer Energie (z. B. Sommernachmittag bei Wind und Sonnenschein) nur bedingt mit den Zeiten des größten Energiebedarfs (z. B. Winterabend mit niedrigen Temperaturen) übereinstimmt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">schadenprisma - Zeitschrift für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0343-3560</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.schadenprisma.de/archiv/artikel/forschung-zur-sicherheit-von-elektroenergiespeichern/</identifier>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Schmitz Pascal</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59709</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>136</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Magedburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Otto von Guericke Universität Magedburg</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Untersuchung der Freisetzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz.&#13;
Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Konferenzband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-42-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigwasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freisetzung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaswolkenexplosion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Large-scale investigations of the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen.&#13;
To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests with a horizontal outlet at large-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar), mass flow (up to max. 0.175 kg/s) at an outlet diameter of 30 mm (with an upstream nozzle of 7.7 mm). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration (currently 120 s) to obtain a stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. The comparison of the flame geometry shows that hydrogen jet flames with the same outlet mass flow have a greater flame length (average deviation of 15 %) but a smaller flame diameter than methane jet flames (average deviation of 17 %). Conclusions regarding thermal radiation show that the proportion of total combustion energy emitted as thermal radiation is lower for hydrogen (x_rad= 0.04–0.09) than for methane (x_rad = 0.06–0.1). A comparison of the surface emissive power (SEP) of the jet flame shows a SEP range of 7 kW/m2-15 kW/m2 for hydrogen and 3 kW/m2 - 9,5 kW/m2 for methane.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105491</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622891</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3352</identifier>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</parentTitle>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Marcel Schulze</author>
    <author>Hanjo Kant</author>
    <author>Alessandro Orchini</author>
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      <value>Release</value>
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      <value>Jet flame</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
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