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    <title language="deu">Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz -  Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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      <value>Reibfunken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Mechanische Funken</value>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
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      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00187-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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  </doc>
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    <id>61082</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>111</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>122</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>73. Jahrgang</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Ebner Media Group GmbH &amp; Co. KG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ulm</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e. V. (vfdb)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L - Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Second-Life-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien auf Modulebene</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Elektrische Energiespeicher können unter bestimmten Bedingungen thermisch Durchgehen. Dies ist mit der Freisetzung von großen Mengen an Wärme sowie toxischen und/oder brennbaren Gasen assoziiert. Um die potenziellen Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens zu quantifizieren, wurden Versuche mit Zellen und Modulen mit einem Energieinhalt von bis zu E = 6,85 kWh durchgeführt. Es wurden verschiedene Kenngrößen, wie z.B. Temperatur, Spannung, Massenabbrand, qualitative Gaszusammensetzung sowie Fragmente, messtechnisch erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl für Bemessungen im vorbeugenden baulichen Brandschutz als auch in der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit verwendet werden. Ebenso können sie in Konzept des abwehrenden Brandschutzes integriert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">vfdb-Zeitschrift - Forschung, Technik und Management im Brandschutz</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1868-6540</identifier>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61120</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="deu">Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Forschungskooperation zwischen BG-RCI und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens „HySpark“ untersucht, wie sich die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von verschiedenen, metallischen Werkstoffpaarungen in unterschiedlichen Methan-Wasserstoff-Gemischen verhält. Es bestehen signifikante Unterschiede in der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlagvorgänge zwischen den ver¬schiedenen Metallen bzw. Stählen und insbesondere zwischen den einzelnen Brenngas/Luft-Gemischen. &#13;
Mechanisch erzeugte Schlagfunken stellen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen eine potentielle Zündquelle dar, oft in Verbindung mit der Zündquelle „heiße Oberflächen“. Eine Vielzahl von mechanischen und reaktionskinetischen Einflüssen verursacht dabei eine komplexe Interaktion von Parametern, von deren Auswirkung auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bislang wenig bekannt ist. Die statistisch erfassten Eigenschaften von Schlagfunken in verschiedenen Untersuchung der BAM lassen auf stochastische Prozesse schließen, bei denen die Anzahl der durch einen Schlagprozess abgetrennten Partikel und deren Oxidationsverhalten sowie die Höhe der kinetischen Schlagenergie entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit hat /L4/; /L5/. &#13;
&#13;
Werkzeuge sind keine Geräte oder Schutzsysteme im Sinne der Richtlinie 2014/34/EU /L1/. Deshalb ist es nicht möglich, Werkzeuge in Übereinstimmung mit dieser Richtlinie zu zertifizieren. Trotzdem müssen die Materialien für solche Werkzeuge bestimmte Mindestanforderungen gemäß TRGS 723 /L2/ erfüllen. Die TRGS 723 Abschnitt 5.15 fordert den Nachweis der Funkenfreiheit der verwendeten Werkstoffpaarung bei Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Berei¬chen. Der Nachweis der Erfül¬lung dieser Anforderungen ist durch Zertifizierungen im sogenannten „gesetzlich nicht geregelten“ Bereich möglich. Die BAM bietet diese Zertifizierung im Rahmen ihres Zertifizierungsprogrammes 2.8 „Funkenarme Werkzeuge“ an /L3/. &#13;
&#13;
Bei der Gefährdungsbeurteilung für den Gebrauch von Werkzeugen im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich müssen mechanisch erzeugte Funken oder heiße Reibflächen, die bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen durch den Einsatz von Werkzeugen oder Geräten bzw. Maschinen entstehen können, müssen als Zündquelle gesondert betrachtet werden. Üblicherweise wird die Mindestzündenergie bzw. die Explosionsgruppe auch für die Beurteilung der Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen für Brenngase herangezogen [6]. Während Schlagvorgänge als Zündquelle für explosionsfähige Atmosphären der Explosionsgruppe IIA in vielen Fällen weniger relevant sind, werden sie besonders bei Vorhandensein einer explosionsfähigen Atmosphäre der Explosionsgruppe IIC als sehr wirksame Zündquelle angesehen, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Entsprechend wird in der TRGS 723 [6] sowie der DIN EN ISO 80079-36 [21] als Schutzmaßnahme z.B. die Verwendung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus nicht gehärtetem schwer oxidierbarem Nicht-Eisen-Metall genannt, wobei die mögliche kinetische Schlagenergie unter 60 J bleiben und die Funkenfreiheit für die jeweils vorliegende mögliche Werkstoffpaarung (Werkstück, Stützen, Boden usw.) nachgewiesen sein muss.&#13;
&#13;
Manche Hersteller von Werkzeugen, die für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen vorgesehen sind, nennen ihre Werkzeuge „funkenfrei“. Die Bezeichnung wird missverständlicher Weise abgeleitet aus dem englischen „non sparking tools“. Die Bezeichnung funkenarme Werkzeuge, „low sparking tools“, trifft eher zu, denn es gibt tatsächlich keine funkenfreien, metallischen Werkzeuge. Denn es ist immer eine Frage mit welcher kinetischen Energie und gegen welchen weiteren potentiellen Schlagpartner/Werkstoff die funkenarmen Werkzeuge geschlagen werden. &#13;
&#13;
Üblicherweise werden Werkzeuge für den industriellen Einsatz aus hochlegierten Chromstählen hergestellt. Mit steigender kinetischer Schlagenergie und sinken¬der Zündenergie der Brenngas-Luft-Atmosphäre im explosionsgefährdeten Be¬reich, steigt die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit im Falle von Schlag- oder Reibbeanspru¬chung deutlich. &#13;
&#13;
Funkenarme Werkzeuge für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen wer¬den überwiegend aus speziellen Nichteisen-Metalllegierungen (NE-Metall) her¬stellt. Die beiden großen Werkstoffsorten zur Herstellung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen sind Aluminium-Bronze und Kupfer-Aluminium. Für diese beiden Werkstoffe und deren mögliche Schlagpartner gibt es bisher nur wenige umfassenden Untersuchungen mit Aussagen zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18. Essener Explosionsschutztage, Haus der Technik e.V. (HdT), Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen, Veranst.-Nr. VA24-00428-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Funkenfreie Werkzeuge</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Ex-Werkzeuge</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>56401</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>23</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>Sonderheft E-Mobility Magazin 2022</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
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    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit stationärer Energiespeicher - Zwischenspeicher als wichtiger Beitrag für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Artikel stellt das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Beitrag des Vorhabens für die Sicherheit von stationären Energiespeichern. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, welche Versuche bisher durchgeführt wurden und mit welchen Ergebnissen bis Projektende zu rechnen ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Behörden-Spiegel</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.behoerden-spiegel.de/e-mobility-magazin-2022/</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1437-8337</identifier>
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    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaways</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Aus diesen Versuche werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse gezeigt, insbesondere die Teperatur-, Spannungs, Gas- und Gewichtsmessung beim thermischen Durchgehen.</abstract>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60187</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="deu">Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Brände von Lithium-Ionen Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60190</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit stationärer elektrischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einleitend wird im Vortrag das Aktivitätsfeld Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung vorgestellt sowie eine kurze Einführung in die Terminologie der elektrischen Energiespeicher gegeben. Im Folgenden wird das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Hier wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung und den Aufbau eines Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene gelegt. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten Versuchsserie vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss wird ein kurzer Ausblick zu weiteren anstehenden Versuchen gegeben.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Behörden-Erfahrungsaustausch Anlagensicherheit 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Deutschland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60192</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60067</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName>Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)</publisherName>
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    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="deu">Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes sowie Realisierung von Brandversuchen mit elektrischen Energiespeichern im Bereich bis 500 kWh - Schlussbericht zum Teilvorhaben BAM, Teil I: Kurzbericht</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Abschlussbericht stellt die wesentlichen Arbeitsschritte und Ergebnisse des Teilvorhabens der BAM im BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vor. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Der Abschlussbericht umfasst zwei Teile, im Teil I den Kurzbricht und im Teil II die eingehende Darstellung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Verbundprojekt SEE-2L - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in der Second Life Anwendung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2314/KXP:1887873864</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600676</identifier>
    <note>Das Projekt SEE-2L ist ein drittmittelfinanziertes Verbundvorhaben des BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 13N15493, Projektlaufzeit 01.02.2021 - 30.04.2023.</note>
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    <licence>Allgemeines Deutsches Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband der 70. Jahresfachtagung vom 6. bis 8. Mai 2024 in Magdeburg</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-9360-5038-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">70. Jahresfachtagung der vfdb</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Deutschland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Alexander Saupe</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60143</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher - Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des BMBF-Vorhabens SEE-2L wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62178</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway characteristics and gas emission from sodium-ion cells – impact of state of charge level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Like lithium batteries, sodium batteries can also undergo thermal runaway. In a series of tests, 30 thermal runaway tests were carried out with sodium battery cells. The tests were carried out both in nitrogen and in air with different SOCs. The presentation shows the main results of these tests.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">7th International Battery Production Conference (IBPC)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SIB</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61736</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Sulfur Spillover on Carbon Materials and its Relevance for Metall-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-sulfur batteries are commonly assembled using a composite material containing porous carbon and sulfur as the cathode. While much work has been done on the design of such high performance composites, the interaction between sulfur and carbon is poorly unterstood. Here we provide further evidence that sulfur and porous carbon undergo a spontaneous reaction at room temperature, recently described as "sulfur spillover". Thermal measurements, XRD, XAS and EPR are used to provide insight into the interaction energy and structure of sulfur after spillover. We also show that the effect may cause a loss in cell voltage by about 70 mV.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th Workshop Lithium-Sulfur Batteries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dresden, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Francesco Piccolo Román Healy Corominas</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sulfur Spillover</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TAM IV</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XRD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XAS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EPR</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.3 Einstufung von Gefahrstoffen und -gütern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62550</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sensorträger Einsatzkraft – System zur Erfassung der kurzzeitdynamischen Belastung von Einsatzkräften</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einsatzkräfte von Feuerwehr, Polizei, THW, etc., aber auch Passanten, sind im Training und auch der realen Gefahrenlage einer Vielzahl von Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben u.a. Gefahrstoffen, elektromagnetischer Strahlung gibt es besondere Gefährdungen wie z. B. Explosionen, die durch eine kurzzeitdynamische Einwirkung charakterisiert sind. Dabei stellt die Überdruckbelastung eine unzureichend erfasste Gefährdung dar [1]. Zur Beurteilung dieser Gefährdung und potenzieller Schutzmöglichkeiten, ist die Erfassung und Charakterisierung der auftretenden Lastfälle in realistischen Einsatz- und Trainingsszenarien mit hochauflösender Messtechnik nötig [2, 3]. Bei der Erfassung sollen der Trainings- oder Einsatzablauf und die körperliche Belastung so gering wie möglich beeinflusst werden. Dies kann mit aktuell verfügbaren Messsystemen nicht gewährleistet werden.&#13;
&#13;
Die BAM stellt daher ein System, den „Sensorträger Einsatzkraft“ (StEk), als Prototyp vor. Dieser Prototyp besteht aus einem autarken, kurzzeitdynamischen Messsystem zur Erfassung der Überdruckbelastung von exponierten Personen. Das in einem Rucksack untergebrachte Messsystem zeichnet sich durch geringes Gewicht und Autarkie aus und ermöglicht damit erstmals den dynamischen Einsatz hochauflösender Messtechnik in Trainings- oder Einsatzszenarien mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch.&#13;
&#13;
In Situationen, in denen der Einsatz eines Menschen nicht möglich ist, kann der StEk auch mit einem teilweise biofidelen Dummy mit ergänzender, verbauter Sensorik, eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus können mit diesem Ansatz kommerziell erhältliche Druckmonitoring-Tools auf ihre Eignung evaluiert und validiert werden.&#13;
&#13;
Derzeit wird ein weiteres autarkes Messsystem aufgebaut, das hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit der verbauten Messtechnik eine Weiterentwicklung des Prototyps darstellt. Neben der Erfassung kurzzeitiger dynamischer Belastungen sollen auch Belastungen des Trägers wie Lärm, körpernahe Temperatur und Wärmestrahlung erfasst werden können.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Fachkongress „Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz“</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bonn, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-level blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Einsatzkraft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Messtechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>24107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24118</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>57</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Energy</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative analysis on temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional fossil-fueled vehicle fires in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not be avoided and may bring great damage to the passengers and infrastructure. Due to the large difference between pool fires of traditional fossil-fueled and jet fires of hydrogen-powered vehicles, it is in doubt whether the existing longitudinal ventilation design could still be effective for the safety issue of hydrogen powered vehicles. To solve this problem, it is necessary to compare temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional vehicle fires with and without longitudinal ventilations. In present work, we conducted a numerical investigation to discuss the different temperature distributions of traditional and hydrogen-fueled vehicle fires. Results indicate that the high temperature zone of the pool fire only exists above the ceiling of the vehicle. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the high-speed hydrogen jet with the strong inertial force could push the hot smoke flows back to the ground. The ceiling temperature of hydrogen-powered vehicle fire is larger since hydrogen-powered vehicle has a larger heat release rate and the fire hazard of jet fires bring more danger compared with the pool fire. Although the temperature stratification is also obvious for the hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the air temperature in the lower region could be heated and still high enough to bring a great damage to the passengers’ lives. This is quite different with the traditional pool fire. In addition, the critical ventilation velocity is also discussed. The theoretical equation could well predict the critical ventilation velocity of traditional vehicle fires. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fires, the critical ventilation velocity could reach up to 6 m/s. The theoretical equation could not well predict the critical ventilation velocity of hydrogen-powered vehicle fires due to exist of hydrogen jet fires.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of hydrogen energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.203</identifier>
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    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway and explosibility of the gas release from 18650 sodium-ion cells of NFM chemistry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present study investigates the thermal runaway behaviour and  explosibility of the gas mixture released from sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). A total of 30 tests comprising two test series were performed using 18650 SIBs with a NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) chemistry. The cells of SOC level = 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were subjected to thermal abuse inside a 10 L pressurized reaction vessel. In test series 1, the tests were performed in an air atmosphere. In test series 2, an inert atmosphere was used. First, the total amount of gas released from the SIBs was calculated based on the temperature and pressure measured in the reaction vessel. Subsequently, a gas composition analysis was performed using a Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. This study revealed that the thermal runaway in SIBs could be categorized into four phases. At the onset of thermal runaway, the thermal runaway-induced explosion of the cells resulted in a rate of  temperature rise ranging from 2 K/s to 70 K/s. The investigation further revealed a peak reaction temperature of 415 ◦C and a maximum pressure of 4 bar could be reached at thermal runaway in the 10 L vessel. The gas release of up to 5 ± 0.3 L (4 ± 0.2 L/Ah, 1.3 ± 0.1 L/Wh) from test series 1 and 2.4 ± 0.2 L (2 ± 0.1 L/Ah, 0.53 ± 0.04 L/Wh) from test series 2 showed a dependence on SOC and failure environment used. By applying Le Chatelier's mixing rule, the measured gas release from the air atmosphere showed a calculated lower explosion limit and upper explosion limit values of 4.8 % and 24 % in volume fraction, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2025.116614</identifier>
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Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116614"}}</enrichment>
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    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Elena Gimadieva</author>
    <author>Florian Köhler</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63178/2025 Journal of Energy Storage 122 116614.pdf</file>
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    <title language="deu">Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Brände von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">H2Safety@BAM: Competence Center for safe hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Presentation of the competence center H2Safety@BAM at the European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 in Ghent, Belgium.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ghent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Florian Konert</author>
    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Raduan Sarif</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Competence center</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63994</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>14</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Institut für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer e.V. (IFS)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kiel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit von Elektroenergiespeichern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Umstellung der Energieversorgung von fossilen auf „erneuerbare“ Energieträger kommt der Zwischenspeicherung von Energie eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Volatile Energieträger wie Solar- und Windenergie werden in Abhängigkeit der Tageszeit und des Wetters gewonnen, sodass die Energiegewinnung starken Schwankungen unterliegt und gleichzeitig begrenzt vorhersagbar ist. Hinzu kommt, dass der Zeitpunkt von Spitzenwerten verfügbarer Energie (z. B. Sommernachmittag bei Wind und Sonnenschein) nur bedingt mit den Zeiten des größten Energiebedarfs (z. B. Winterabend mit niedrigen Temperaturen) übereinstimmt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">schadenprisma - Zeitschrift für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0343-3560</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.schadenprisma.de/archiv/artikel/forschung-zur-sicherheit-von-elektroenergiespeichern/</identifier>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Schmitz Pascal</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59709</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>136</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
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    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Magedburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Otto von Guericke Universität Magedburg</creatingCorporation>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="deu">Untersuchung der Freisetzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz.&#13;
Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Konferenzband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-42-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigwasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freisetzung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaswolkenexplosion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
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    <id>62289</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Large-scale investigations of the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen.&#13;
To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests with a horizontal outlet at large-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar), mass flow (up to max. 0.175 kg/s) at an outlet diameter of 30 mm (with an upstream nozzle of 7.7 mm). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration (currently 120 s) to obtain a stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. The comparison of the flame geometry shows that hydrogen jet flames with the same outlet mass flow have a greater flame length (average deviation of 15 %) but a smaller flame diameter than methane jet flames (average deviation of 17 %). Conclusions regarding thermal radiation show that the proportion of total combustion energy emitted as thermal radiation is lower for hydrogen (x_rad= 0.04–0.09) than for methane (x_rad = 0.06–0.1). A comparison of the surface emissive power (SEP) of the jet flame shows a SEP range of 7 kW/m2-15 kW/m2 for hydrogen and 3 kW/m2 - 9,5 kW/m2 for methane.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105491</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622891</identifier>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">P2X: From production to application Safety issues around hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For hazard Assessment purposes we need models to predict what would happen in case of an accident.&#13;
The challenge in hazard assessment consists not only in choosing the right model, but beforehand to define the correct scenario. For hydrogen applications the validity of the models has to be checked, as well as the kind of scenario to assume for accidental releases of hydrogen. Open questions on these topics will be adressed and the newly founded competecne centre for Hydrogen Saftey at BAM will be presented.</abstract>
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    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
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    <title language="eng">Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.</abstract>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55324</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>541</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>546</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation into the Consequences of Release of Liquified Hydrogen onto and under Water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CEt - Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290091</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Rebpublic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>H. L. Skarsvag</author>
    <author>F. Ustolin</author>
    <author>N. Paltrinieri</author>
    <author>L. H. Odsaeter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid Phase Transition</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60195</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal Radiation Investigations of Real-Scale Hydrogen Jet Flames at High Pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce global warming, the use of hydrogen as a renewable energy source is becoming more important. To enable this transition, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be safely transported and stored. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety distances. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.  To verify the applicability of these models to hydrogen, real-scale tests are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS) with the aim to assess the flame geometry and the emitted thermal radiation. Parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In particular, the focus will be laid on the measurement and modelling of the thermal radiation. The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. Following from the experimental investigations, modelling parameters such as the Surface Emissive Power (SEP) and the radiant heat fraction for hydrogen and methane will be compared to literature data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Center for Hydrogen Safety Americas Conference, American Institute of Chemical Engineers</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Las Vegas, NV, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55323</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>547</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>552</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Medium-scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CEt - Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290092</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>F. Ustolin</author>
    <author>N. Paltrinieri</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic tank</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60513</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Wärmestrahlung von Freistrahlflammen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle ([1], [2]), welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen. &#13;
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen. &#13;
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DECHEMA - Fachgruppe Auswirkungen von Stoff- und Energiefreisetzungen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlflamme</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmestrahlung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Methan</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63996</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>24</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>28</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>06</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>newsletter</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMFTR)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Was macht eigentlich… der Demonstrator aus dem Forschungsprojekt SEE-2L?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In den Jahren 2021 bis 2023 hat die BAM im Verbund mit weiteren Institutionen das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L bearbeitet. Der Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die daraus weitergeführten Aktivitäten.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Informationsbrief zur zivilen Sicherheitsforschung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://info.sifo.de/-lp/GZ5jd25436/c5350177#SEE-2L</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51158</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>12577</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12593</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>23</issue>
    <volume>46</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Special issue on the 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS 2019)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICHS 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Adelaide, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.04.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Sebastian Thomas</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Bin Wang</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>F-N-diagram</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chance-risk analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure-volume product</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Limit of acceptable consequence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum burst pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51158/2020 IJHE H2-Trailer 1-s2.0-S0360319920329438-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59908</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions.The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Gent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60512</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Naples, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59440</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>168</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>181</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Large-scale tests to investigate the consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large Scale Experiments have been performed to determine whether a storage vessel containing liquid hydrogen (LH2) and caught in a fire engulfing the vessel can result in a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) and if so its consequences. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany at the Hydrogen Test Area (H2TA) within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume. The cylindrical Vessels differed in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessels was approximately 35-40 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner-system positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. The conditions in the vessel (temperatures and pressure) as well as external effects (heat radiation, blast waves, flame ball development and fragmentation) were measured. All vessels were equipped with K-type thermocouples at several locations at the inner and outer vessel shell. The pressure inside the inner vessel and in the space between the inner and outer vessels (vacuum pressure) was measured. Bolometers were used to measure the heat radiation generated by both the propane fire and that generated by a possible fireball/BLEVE. To measure blast generated by the vessel burst/BLEVEs blast pencils were positioned at up to three locations. Further several cameras were used to monitor the events: normal cameras, infrared (IR)-cameras, high-speed cameras also on board of an UAV. Two of these vessels, a horizontal and a vertical vessel both insulated with perlite withstood the fire loading for 1 hour 20 minutes and 4 hours respectively without catastrophic failure. A horizontal vessel insulated with MLI failed by bursting after 1 hour and 6 minutes resulting in a fireball, fragments, and blast wave.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.7795/810.20221124</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prevention</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire ball</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fragments</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63442</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>97</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hazard classification of different lithium-ion battery types after triggering thermal runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a better understanding of relevant parameters influencing the thermal runaway, this work classifies the behavior of six different types of lithium-ion batteries. Based on 145 repeatable tests, this research has created a unique and detailed database of battery behavior during thermal runaway. It contains information about changes in cell temperature, voltage, mass loss, smoke gas release and gas pressure. When it comes to characterizing the thermal runaway behavior across different cell types, this work eliminates the need for complex meta-analyses, which can only provide limited information due to the different test conditions in different test benches. In a pressure-resistant 100 dm³ autoclave and an 8-m³ room with connected multi gas analysis, 24 setups were examined under identical conditions. The investigations were carried out as a function of the variation parameters cell geometry, cathode active material, state of charge and initiation method of thermal runaway. The analysis of the measurement data reveals clear differences in the thermal runaway behavior of the tested cell types and can be used as a reference for determining the hazard potential in individual assessment categories of different cells.&#13;
All measured values from both test benches as well as the visual evaluation of the cell behavior during the test runs in the 8 m³ room are made available in a comprehensive data table in the supplementary material.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105691</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634429</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.06.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>Tina Raspe</author>
    <author>Patrick Wagner</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Thaddeus Strzyz</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>State of charge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazard classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63442/Hazard Classification LIB - Published Paper.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59711</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>117</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>126</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Magdeburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Otto von Guericke Uiversität Magdeburg</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Unterfeuerung von Flüssigwassersttofftanks - Topologie eines kritischen Behälterversagens</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Versuchsreihe im Realmaßstab wurden drei Flüssigwasserstofftanks (LH2) unterfeuert. Hierbei sollte unter anderem geklärt werden, ob es, analog zu druckverflüssigten Gasen, zu einem BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Cloud Explosion) kommen kann. Die Experimente wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit des Testgeländes Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon, als Teil des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Es handelte sich um doppelwandige, vakuumisolierte Tanks von 1 m³ Volumen. Die zylindrischen Tanks unterschieden sich durch ihre Ausrichtung (horizontal oder vertikal) und das verwendete Isoliermaterial (Perlit oder Mehrschichtisolierung (MLI). Der Füllgrad der Tanks betrug bei jedem der durchgeführten Tests etwa 35-40 %. Die Brandlast wurde homogen durch ein propangasbetriebenes Brennersystem erzeugt. Gemessen wurden die Bedingungen im Behälter (Temperaturen und Druck) sowie äußere Randbedingungen und Auswirkungen beim Versagen (Wärmestrahlung, Druckwellen, Flammenballentwicklung und Fragmentierung). Mit Bolometern wurde die Wärmestrahlung gemessen, die sowohl durch das Propanfeuer als auch durch einen möglichen Feuerball/BLEVE erzeugt wurde. Zur Messung der durch das Bersten von Behältern/BLEVEs erzeugten Druckwellen wurden sog. Pencil-Probes verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden mehrere Kameras zur Überwachung der Experimente eingesetzt: Normalbildkameras, Infrarot (IR)-Kameras und Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras, sowohl bodengestützt als auch mittels einer Drohne. Zwei der untersuchten Tanks, ein horizontaler und der vertikale, die beide mit Perlit isoliert waren, hielten der Brandbelastung stand, ohne dass es zu einem Behälterversagen kam. Der mit MLI isolierte horizontale Behälter barst nach 1 Stunde und 6 Minuten und erzeugte dabei einen Feuerball, Trümmerflug und eine Druckwelle. Neben der Beschreibung der Auswirkungen eines kritischen Versagens eines LH2-Tanks sind weitere Ziele der Arbeit die Identifizierung kritischer Behälterzustände sowie die Erstellung eines umfassendes Datensatzes der Trümmer des geborstenen Tanks. Die größten Abstände für kritische Abstände ergaben sich durch Fragmentwurf. Hier sollen 3D-Scans für die Verwendung in CAD und FEM Anwendungen bereitgestellt werden. Umfassende Daten zu den Fragmentwurfweiten, -massen und -positionen wurden bereits publiziert. Damit soll die Voraussetzung geschaffen werden, um vorhandene Wurfweitenmodelle, die bisher nur für einschalige Behälter konzipiert wurden auf ihre Eignung für mehrschalige Behälter zu überprüfen oder mögliche Anpassungen anhand der realen Daten vornehmen zu können.&#13;
Zudem wurde damit begonnen die nicht geborstenen Tanks zu vermessen und zu zerlegen, um u.a. die Perlit-Schüttung auf Beeinträchtigungen durch den Transport und die Unterfeuerung zu untersuchen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Konferenzband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-42-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigwasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bleve</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bersten</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Unterfeuerung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55356</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental investigation of the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. &#13;
The experiments aimed at investigating that upon contact with water, the evaporation rate of LH2 can be that high that physical explosions or even rapid phase transitions (RPTs), could occur. RPTs can generate air and underwater blast pressures which could damage adjacent plant or structures (which has been demonstrated when releasing LNG).&#13;
The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases with mass flows ranging from approximately 0.25 kg/s to approximately 0.8 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The LH2 was released through a 46 m long flexible double vacuum insulated transfer line (inner diameter 39 mm). The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointing along the water surface. The release system allowed for an initial phase to release flashed LH2 into the air before redirecting the flow towards the water surface for liquid release. A thermocouple inserted near the nozzle is used to indicate the presence of LH2 at the nozzle. The nozzle could be moved up and downwards relative to the water surface and also moved into the water. The release system was purged with helium before starting a release. A mouthpiece at the end of the release line as well as a manually operated valve at the trailer were used to vary the release rate. &#13;
The temperature of the water and the air was measured at multiple locations. The temperature of the air was also measured at H2 concentration probe locations. In addition, the temperature in the filling line was measured (1 at the outlet and 1 further down into the filling line). The pressure in the filling line was also measured at 3 locations, one located directly at the outlet. The release rate was determined based on the weight loss rate of the road tanker. To this end the trailer was placed onto load cells. Special blast pressure sensors were used to measure the shock waves generated by the rapid evaporation or other phenomena both in the water and in the air. At several locations the gas concentration development in time was measured. Heat radiation was measured at 3 distances from the point of release. High speed, Infra-Red (IR) cameras and normal cameras were used to record events and to follow the gas cloud behaviour in time. This includes cameras mounted on a drone and an underwater camera. Two weather stations were used to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity during all tests performed.&#13;
All investigated release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. The main phenomenon observed was an ignition of the released gas cloud, resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface. The location of the ignition occurred in free air at some distance from the instrumentation and release location.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid Phase Transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55321</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Medium scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic tank</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55355</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Experiments have been performed to determine whether a storage vessel containing LH2 and caught in a fire engulfing the vessel can result in a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) and if so its effects. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany.&#13;
Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume. The cylindrical Vessels differed in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessels was approximately 35-40 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. &#13;
The conditions in the vessel (temperatures and pressure) as well as external effects (heat radiation, blast waves, flame ball development and fragmentation) were measured.&#13;
All vessels were equipped with K-type thermocouples at several locations: inside the inner vessel in the gas phase and the liquid phase, on the inner and outer side of the inner vessel and on the inner and outer side of the outer vessel. The pressure inside the inner vessel (both in liquid, as a level indicator, and gaseous phase), and in the space between the inner and outer vessels (vacuum pressure) was measured.&#13;
Bolometers were used to measure the heat radiation generated by both the propane fire and that generated by a possible fireball/BLEVE. To measure blast generated by the vessel burst/BLEVEs blast pencils were positioned at three locations in two directions. Weather conditions were monitored at two weather stations. Further several cameras were used to monitor the events: normal cameras, infrared (IR)-cameras, high-speed cameras also on board of a drone.&#13;
Two of these vessels, a horizontal and a vertical vessel both insulated with perlite withstood the fire loading for 1 hour 20 minutes and 4 hours respectively without catastrophic failure. A horizontal vessel insulated with MLI failed by bursting after 1 hour and 6 minutes resulting in a fireball, fragments, and blast waves.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic Tank</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55322</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental investigation into the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid phase transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59912</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>137</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>146</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Magdeburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Otto von Guericke Uiversität Magdeburg</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen bei Hochdruck im Realmaßstab</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle, welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen. &#13;
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen. &#13;
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Konferenzband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-42-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Hanjo Kant</author>
    <author>Marcel Schulze</author>
    <author>Alessandro Orchini</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmestrahlung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wassersoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlflamme</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59715</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Unterfeuerung von Flüssigwasserstofftanks</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Versuchsreihe im Realmaßstab wurden drei Flüssigwasserstofftanks (LH2) unterfeuert. Hierbei sollte unter anderem geklärt werden, ob es, analog zu druckverflüssigten Gasen, zu einem BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Cloud Explosion) kommen kann. Die Experimente wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit des Testgeländes Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon, als Teil des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Es handelte sich um doppelwandige, vakuumisolierte Tanks von 1 m³ Volumen. Die zylindrischen Tanks unterschieden sich durch ihre Ausrichtung (horizontal oder vertikal) und das verwendete Isoliermaterial (Perlit oder Mehrschichtisolierung (MLI). Der Füllgrad der Tanks betrug bei jedem der durchgeführten Tests etwa 35-40 %. Die Brandlast wurde homogen durch ein propangasbetriebenes Brennersystem erzeugt. Gemessen wurden die Bedingungen im Behälter (Temperaturen und Druck) sowie äußere Randbedingungen und Auswirkungen beim Versagen (Wärmestrahlung, Druckwellen, Flammenballentwicklung und Fragmentierung). Mit Bolometern wurde die Wärmestrahlung gemessen, die sowohl durch das Propanfeuer als auch durch einen möglichen Feuerball/BLEVE erzeugt wurde. Zur Messung der durch das Bersten von Behältern/BLEVEs erzeugten Druckwellen wurden sog. Pencil-Probes verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden mehrere Kameras zur Überwachung der Experimente eingesetzt: Normalbildkameras, Infrarot (IR)-Kameras und Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras, sowohl bodengestützt als auch mittels einer Drohne. Zwei der untersuchten Tanks, ein horizontaler und der vertikale, die beide mit Perlit isoliert waren, hielten der Brandbelastung stand, ohne dass es zu einem Behälterversagen kam. Der mit MLI isolierte horizontale Behälter barst nach 1 Stunde und 6 Minuten und erzeugte dabei einen Feuerball, Trümmerflug und eine Druckwelle. Neben der Beschreibung der Auswirkungen eines kritischen Versagens eines LH2-Tanks sind weitere Ziele der Arbeit die Identifizierung kritischer Behälterzustände sowie die Erstellung eines umfassendes Datensatzes der Trümmer des geborstenen Tanks. Die größten Abstände für kritische Abstände ergaben sich durch Fragmentwurf. Hier sollen 3D-Scans für die Verwendung in CAD und FEM Anwendungen bereitgestellt werden. Umfassende Daten zu den Fragmentwurfweiten, - massen und -positionen wurden bereits publiziert. Damit soll die Voraussetzung geschaffen werden, um vorhandene Wurfweitenmodelle, die bisher nur für einschalige Behälter konzipiert wurden auf ihre Eignung für mehrschalige Behälter zu überprüfen oder mögliche Anpassungen anhand der realen Daten vornehmen zu können. Zudem wurde damit begonnen die nicht geborstenen Tanks zu vermessen und zu zerlegen, um u.a. die Perlit-Schüttung auf Beeinträchtigungen durch den Transport und die Unterfeuerung zu untersuchen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bersten</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Unterfeuerung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61496</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen im Realmaßstab</title>
    <abstract language="deu">- Bestimmung von sicherheitstechnischen Parametern von Freistrahlflammen hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie mittels Thermografie sowie der emittierten Wärmestrahlung&#13;
- Gegenüberstellung mit Referenzunteruntersuchungen zu Kohlenflammenstofffreistrahlflammen (Methan) &#13;
- Einordnung und Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit existierende Freistrahlflammenmodellen und Literaturdaten</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDI - Fachkonferenz - Wasserstoff 2024 - Technische Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cologne, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlflammen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmestrahlung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Strahlungsanteil</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59716</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Untersuchung der Freistzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz. Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigwasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaswolkenexplosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freisetzung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59911</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen bei Hochdruck im Realmaßstab</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle, welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 30 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen. &#13;
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen. &#13;
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wassersoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlflamme</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmestrahlung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59021</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program, large scale experiments have been performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) to determine the hazards emerging from a  vacuum insulated cryogenic storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is caught in a fire engulfing it.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ELVHYS, 2nd Safety Workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryoegenic storage vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquified hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59441</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>182</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>196</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental investigation into the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 during especially the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG) it has been demonstrated that when spilled onto water the evaporation rate can be that high that physical explosions occur which are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 m x 1.5 m basin filled with water, at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of&#13;
the SH2IFT program. LH2 releases were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2 through a long flexible double vacuum insulated transfer line. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above and 30 cm under the water surface both pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointing along the water surface too. The release rate was determined based on the weight loss rate of the road tanker which was placed onto load cells. Special blast pressure sensors were used to measure the shock waves generated by the release processes both in the water and in the air. At several locations the gas concentration was measured. Heat radiation was measured at 3 distances from the point of release. High speed,&#13;
Infrared (IR) and normal cameras were used to record events and to follow the gas cloud behaviour in time. This includes cameras mounted on a UAV and underwater cameras. Two weather stations were used to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity during all tests performed. All investigated release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation but only minor over pressures.&#13;
The main phenomenon observed was an ignition of the released gas cloud, resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The location of the ignition occurred in free air at some distance from the instrumentation and release location.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2022)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas cloud explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64363</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Stromspeicher in der Hausanwendung - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Vortrag wird zunächst eine kurze Einleitung zum Aufbau der Batteriespeicher, Ursachen des thermischen Durchgehens sowie den Auswirkungen anhand bisheriger Versuchsdaten gegeben. Schwerpunkt im Folgenden sind Versuche zu den Auswirkungen beim Versagen von einzelnen Modulen. Darüber hinaus werden weitere Versuche zur Propagation mit mehreren Modulen sowie PoC hinsichtlich der brandschutztechnischen Abtrennung zwischen den einzelnen Modulen vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Forum Schadenverhütung 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64063</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>167</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>168</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>AMA Verband für Sensorik und Messtechnik e.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen safety- Dealing with Closed Spaces</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is under discussion as a potentially clean energy source, but its safe usage and handling in enclosed environments remains a critical challenge due to the properties of hydrogen. This work focuses on detecting and monitoring hydrogen concentration in closed spaces to improve safety by developing a sensor network-based leak detection system to prevent of the accumulation of hazardous mixtures. Furthermore, the study details the implementation of a hydrogen sensor network within a container, analysing sensor placement, data collection, and safety improvements. The findings contribute to better risk assessment and enhanced safety protocols in hydrogen storage and usage facilities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">SMSI 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-910600-06-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5162/SMSI2025/C6.2</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640630</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SMSI 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Nuremberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Allgemeines Deutsches Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Keerthana Nattuveettil</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sensor Network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>QI-Digital</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64063/SMSI2025-Short_paper.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64439</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <title language="eng">Safety issues in the hydrogen value chain</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In a public lecture at UNAM JEDS Campus in Ongwediva, students, teachers and professors were introduced to safety issues in the hydrogen value chain, state of safety and open research issues. Existing knowledge gaps, identified by experts from the German Hydrogen Research Network, were presented to motivate the students and responsible persons at UNAM, that the implementation of a master course at the university is reasonable to train skilled workers for the development of a hydrogen infrastructure in Namibia.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Public Lecture at UNAM JEDS Campus</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ongwediva, Namibia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Research topics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Perspective of skilled workers</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61481</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien - Sicherheitsaspekte in der Wasserstoff-Wertschöpfungskette</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wo stehen wir bei Wasserstoff in Sachen Sicherheit? Welche Lücken gibt es aktuell, und wie sind sie zu schließen?&#13;
&#13;
Der Weg zur Wasserstoffwirtschaft verlangt die Einführung zahlreicher „neuer“ Technologien in vielen Bereichen. Dies kann aber nur gelingen, wenn Entscheidungsträger und Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen davon überzeugt sind, dass diese Technologien ausreichend erprobt und sicher sind. Die Sicherheit der Wasserstofftechnologien muss dabei mindestens mit der technologischen Entwicklung Schritt halten - besser noch sie vorwegnehmen - um allzu konservative und kostspielige Sicherheitslösungen zu vermeiden und die praktische Nutzbarkeit und Sicherheit von Wasserstoff zu demonstrieren. Gelingt dies nicht, können schon einzelne sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle schnell zu Unsicherheiten und erheblichem Vertrauensverlust führen. &#13;
&#13;
Im Rahmen einer Webinarreihe des VDMA stellte die BAM vor, wie es aktuell um die Sicherheit in Sachen Wasserstoff bestellt ist, welche konkreten Herausforderungen noch zu bewältigen sind und wie erkannte Lücken geschlossen werden können.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDMA Power-to-X Webseminar</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vertrauen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Akzeptanz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wertschöpfungskette</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61482</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety – Aktuelle Themen zur Wasserstoffsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Keynote bei der VDI-Fachkonferenz Wasserstoff 2024: Technische Sicherheit hat die BAM das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM sowie verschiedene Arbeiten zum Thema Wasserstoffsicherheit sowie Wissens- und Technologietransfer halten dürfen. Wichtige Kernbotschaften waren allgemein Sicherheitsfragen entlang der Wasserstoff-Wertschöpfungskette, Sicherheit muss von Beginn an bei der Entwicklung einer Technologie berücksichtigt werden und  Sicherheitskonzepte müssen mit dem Technologiereifegrad mitwachsen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDI-Fachtagung Wasserstoff 2024: Technische Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cologne, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wertschöpfungskette</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheitskonzepte</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61856</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien - Quo Vadis</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Sicherheit stellt eine wichtige Säule dar, um Vertrauen in neue Technologien zu gewinnen. Je größer die Zahl an Wasserstoffanwendungen im industriellen Bereich sowie in weiteren Bereichen des öffentlichen Lebens wird, umso mehr steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Zwischenfälle. Die Sicherheit muss mit den Trends der technologischen Entwicklung Schritt halten oder sie besser noch vorwegnehmen. Gleichzeitig gilt es sowohl die Öffentlichkeit als auch insbesondere die Rettungskräfte über die Besonderheiten von Wasserstoff zu informieren, ohne dabei Verunsicherung zu erzeugen. Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und offene Sicherheitsfragen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">25. Münchner Feuerwehrsymposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Munich, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoffsicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Feuerwehr</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Unfälle</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62485</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Elektrolyseure – Stand der Technik, Risikobeurteilung und internationale Normung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Es werden im Vortrag die verschiedenen Arten der Elektrolyse kurz vorgestellt sowie die Entwicklung der Elektrolysetechnologie. Danach wird ein Überblick über die aktuell wesentlichen sicherheitstechnischen Herausforderungen gegeben. Im zweiten Teil werden die sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff charakterisiert. Im dritten Teil werden wesentliche Gefährdungsszenarien beim Betrieb von Elektrolyseanlagen gezeigt und ein Überblick über Regelwerke und Standards gegeben. Im letzten Teil werden drei reale Unfallszenarien aus der Praxis diskutiert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">PTB-Workshop „ATEX-Marktaufsicht“</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.01.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.01.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Unfallszenarien</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57066</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen safety - Explosion protection for hydrogen applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures and  explosion protection measures are shown and compared with other fuel gases. Measures for primary explosion protection (avoiding flammable mixtures), secondary explosion protection (avoiding ignition sources) and constructive explosion protection (mitigating the consequences of explosions) when handling hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures are presented.&#13;
The Joint European Summer School JESS 2022 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation &amp; business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Joint European Summer School (JESS) on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser and Battery Technologies</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Athens, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ATEX</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazardous areas</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen accidents</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Detonation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57278</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">KIC Start 2022 H2 Safety - Explosion Protection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This is a digital lecture on Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications. It was designed in context with the project "KICstartH2 Accelerating Sustainable Hydrogen Uptake Through Innovation and Education" and integrated in a teaching module of the University of Birmingham. It is divided in five parts: Introduction, Avoiding Explosive Mixtures, Avoiding Ignition Sources, Mitigation of Consequences and Summary &amp; Comparison.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">KICStartH2 Lecture at the University of Birmingham</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">31.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety Related Properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosive Mixtures</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fuel Gases</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57067</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageNumber/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">H2Safety@BAM - Overview of hydrogen research activities</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation the capabilities and different research activities at BAM in the field of hydrogen safety are outlined. A deep dive focussing the transport of hydrogen in pipelines adressing issues on material compatibility, gas quality and test methods is presented. Another deep dive is presented focussing on safety aspects of liquid hydrogen adressing issues of rapid phase transition (RPT) and Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). Finally a brief overview on other safety related research activities is given.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Research priorities workshop of IA HySafe 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Quebec, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen transport in pipelines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid hydrogen (LH2)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen quality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58333</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competence centre h2safety@bam</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation the current focus areas of the competence centre H2Safety@BAM are shown. The fields of competence include “Material properties and compatibility”, “Process and plant safety”, “Component testing, component safety and approval” as well as “Sensors, analytics and certified reference Materials. Moreover, the cross-cutting activities regarding “Education and training” and the testing possibilities and planed test facilities at the Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM TTS) are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDMA P2X4A: P2X Technik-Treffen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test area hydrogen safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ModuH2Pipe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59940</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2nd Edition</volume>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen safety</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The introduction of hydrogen as a safe energy carrier needs a robust knowledge base, tools for the design and safety assessment of hydrogen technologies built on it, and an internationally harmonized set of standards and regulations. Many of the innovative technologies imply hydrogen at high pressures and/or cryogenic temperatures, with which private users come into contact for the first time in distributed applications. In order to avoid over-conservative, expensive safety solutions, while at the same time demonstrating the usability and safety of hydrogen applications and maintaining acceptance for the technology, safety research must also keep pace with, or better yet anticipate, trends in technological development. Thus, this overview article describes not only the current state of knowledge and technology regarding hydrogen safety, but also its further development.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-1240-9547-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-323-96022-9.00195-X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>T. Jordan</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>M. Jopen</author>
    <author>U. Stoll</author>
    <author>E.-A. Reinecke</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <author>M. Beyer</author>
    <author>D. Markus</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accidental scenarios</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazard and risk assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Regulations codes and standards (RCS)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy carrier</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59083</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen Combustion Challenges:  Investigating the Influence of Lubricant Characteristics on Auto-Ignition in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures under Engine-Relevant Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presented research work examines the effects of different fuel-air equivalence ratios and initial pressure on ignition temperature.&#13;
&#13;
This study shows a non-monotonic pressure dependence in stoichiometric mixtures at varying pressures from 1 to 10 bar and a low sensitivity to changes in the equivalence ratio (0.5-2). The results form the basis for our future research into the complex interaction between lubricant characteristics and hydrogen-air mixtures to better understand pre-ignition phenomena in internal combustion engines.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Nordic Flame Days 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Trondheim, Norway</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal combustion engines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lubricants</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58514</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Study on the ignition of hydrogen containing atmospheres by mechanical impacts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation the results of the Project HySpark are shown. Mechanical impacts are among the important possible ignition sources to be considered in explosion protection. Hydrogen is particularly prone to be ignited by mechanical impacts compared to natural gas. The effectivity of mechanical impacts as ignition source is dependent from different parameters. In this work the effectivity of impacts as an ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres was studied experimentally depending on the inhomogeneous material pairing of the impact. Moreover it was studied, how the effectivity of mechanical impacts as ignition source changes when hydrogen is added to natural gas.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Quebec City, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition sources</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natural gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical sparks</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The following presentation provides an overview on some of the challenges with metallic materials used as structural materials in the energy sector for the transport and storage of hydrogen. The presentation contains explanations about the methodologies utilized to characterize the susceptibility of these materials for hydrogen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Materials and Quality Assurance</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bergheim, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow specimen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow strain tensile tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen assisted cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58968</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ammonia Safety</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Ammoniak ist ein Energieträger, der bereits seit vielen Jahrzehnten im großen Maßstab produziert und verwendet wird, vorrangig als Düngemittel oder Einsatzstoff in der Stickstoffchemie. Das CAMPFIRE-Bündnis, im Rahmen des Förderprogramms “WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region” des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gegründet, hat zum Ziel,  die Forschung und Entwicklung neuer Energieumwandlungs- und Speichertechnologien für das zukünftige Energiesystem auf der Basis von grünen Ammoniak zu entwickeln. Die sichere Handhabung von Ammoniak ist ein über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette existierendes wichtiges Thema. Daher hat das Bündnis ein Webinar organisiert, um das Thema Ammoniak Sicherheit und insbesondere die Brennbarkeit zu diskutieren. Der Beitrag der BAM hat das Thema Brennbarkeit intensiv dargestellt, die Klassifizierung von Ammoniak in einen internationalen bzw. europäischen und nationalen Kontext gestellt und die Grundzüge des Explosionsschutzes, die daraus resultieren bzw. bei Nutzung und Anwendung beachtet werden müssen, präsentiert.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">Ammonia is an energy source that has been produced and used on a large scale for many decades, primarily as a fertilizer or feedstock in nitrogen chemistry. The CAMPFIRE alliance, founded as part of the "WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region" funding program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), aims to research and develop new energy conversion and storage technologies for the future energy system based on green ammonia. The safe handling of ammonia is an important issue along the entire value chain. Therefore, the alliance has organized a webinar to discuss the topic of ammonia safety and in particular its flammability. BAM's contribution presented the topic of flammability in detail, placed the classification of ammonia in an international, European and national context and presented the basic principles of explosion protection that result from this and must be observed during use and application.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Campfire Webinar</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ammonia</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy carrier</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64760</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>41</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Inc.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and reaction kinetic study of hydrogen ignition behavior at ignition limits</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The paper presents the results of an experimental and reaction kinetic investigation of hydrogen ignition at different pressures in a closed vessel, highlighting its non-linear behavior and the effects of radical wall termination. The reaction kinetic simulation predicts the three characteristic ignition limits of hydrogen caused by radical and thermal auto-ignition and is in close agreement with the experimental measurements. The first ignition limit is determined by the chain branching reaction H+O_2→O+ OH. This limit shows strong sensitivity towards the wall termination of O, H and OH radicals. The second ignition limit is influenced by the wall termination of O, H, OH, HO2 and H2O2 radicals. The third ignition limit is dominated by the reaction paths HO_2+HO_2→H_2 O_2+O_2 and H_2 O_2+M→2 OH+M, which is why it shows strong sensitivity towards wall termination of HO₂ and H₂O₂ radicals. Increasing the radical wall termination rate by increasing the sticking coefficient of the radicals at the wall or the surface-to-volume-ratio leads to an increase of the auto-ignition temperature at the same pressure. The introduction of radical wall termination reactions improved the prediction of ignition limits and highlighted the profound effect of the autoclave wall and vessel size on the hydrogen ignition behavior.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the Combustion Institute</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1540-7489</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.proci.2025.105980</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647609</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,Volume,PublishedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.12.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>T. Franken</author>
    <author>F. Mauss</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radical Wall Termination Reaction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auto-ignition Temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition Limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64760/1-s2.0-S1540748925001944-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64522</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ignition Indices of Hydrogen Mixtures under  Electrolysis Process Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The formation of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures for example due to cross-over, malfunction or start-up and shut-down processes is a hazard very specific to given electrolysis processes that must be properly addressed. In this work the explosion limits of hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures at conditions up to 30 bar and 300 °C were determined experimentally. It was found that the existing experimental data can be interpolated with good accuracy using empirical approaches. Moreover, explosion limits at atmospheric conditions were also determined with reduced ignition energy, down to 1 mJ. Although in the literature it can be found that the ignition energy of flammable gases increases strongly when the concentration changes from stoichiometric to near the explosion limits, no significant influence on the mixture concentration was found within tested ignition energy range for H2/O2 mixtures. Finally, hot surface ignition for mixtures with 6 mol% hydrogen in oxygen, thus slightly above the explosion limit, were experimentally studied at different pressures up to 30 bara. Similarly, only slight difference from the ignition temperatures determined for stoichiometric mixtures were found. A 0D adiabatic, constant-volume reactor model was used to calculate the ignition temperatures. The model was tested for its prediction of ignition temperatures of hydrogen mixtures at different pressures.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrolyzer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64706</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different conditions. Due to the intensiveness of the explosion characteristics experimental determination, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to predict explosion limits in dependance of conditions: temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. However, unevenly distributed, and limited empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship of these explosion characteristics’ present significant challenges to empirical explosion limits prediction methods under various mixture conditions. Moreover, some empirical models and semi-empirical models are not comprehensive and limited in scope of application. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning approach for improving the hydrogen mixtures explosion characteristics prediction at different conditions, offering a fast, flexible, and comprehensive accurate prediction approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted to supplement and improve the predictive capability of the model. The model’s performance was compared with a separate experimental dataset. This machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical explosion limit prediction method, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BAM Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Erasmus Shaanika</author>
    <author>Max Thewis</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52082</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen - Trust through safety</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In den Virtual Talks der DECHEMA wurden allgemeine Aspekte der Sicherheit und Akzeptanz von Wasserstofftechnologien vorgestellt. Wie kann Vertrauen in neue Technologien geschaffen werden, wenn Unfälle aus der Vergangenheit zu Mythen und Märchen führten? Der Vortrag räumt mit allgemeinen Vorurteilen auf und zeigt, dass der Umgang mit Wasserstoff weder unsicherer, noch sicherer ist als der Umgang mit anderen Brenngasen. Basis für den sicheren Umgang mit Wasserstoff ist immer eine Risikoanalyse.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">In the DECHEMA Virtual Talks, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DECHEMA Virtual Talks</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherer Umgang</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55220</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit Elektrolyseanlagen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Vortrag werden aktuelle Entwicklungen bei verschiedenen Elektrolysetechnologien kurz  vorgestellt. Dann werden für Elektrolyseanlagen spezifische  Gefährdungen diskutiert, v.a. die im Zusammenhang mit den Eigenschaften der Gase Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff stehen. Dabei wird auch Bezug  auf die Normung- und Regelsetzung genommen und  Sicherheitskonzepte werden beispielhaft kurz vorgestellt. Abschließend wird auf Unfallereignisse im Zusammenhang mit der Elektrolyse eingegangen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BAM/UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstofferzeugung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sauerstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58981</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanische Schlagvorgänge</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In dem hier vorgestellten Projekt wurde die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Schläge  als Zündquelle für wasserstoffhaltige Atmosphären in Abhängigkeit von der inhomogenen Materialpaarung systematisch untersucht. Dabei wurden praxisrelevante Materialien wie Edelstahl, niedrig legierter Stahl, Beton und Nichteisenmetalle betrachtet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass eine Zündung vermieden werden kann, wenn Nichteisenmetalle in Kombination mit verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen verwendet werden. In Kombination mit Beton muss die kinetische Schlagenergie auch mit Nichteisenmetallen weiter begrenzt werden, um eine wirksame Entzündung zu vermeiden. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie sich die Beimischung von Wasserstoff zu Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Stöße als Zündquelle auswirkt. Bei Beimischungen von bis zu 25 % Wasserstoff und sogar mehr konnte kein Einfluss festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse sind vor allem relevant im Zusammenhang mit der Umwidmung des Erdgasnetzes oder der Beimischung von Wasserstoff im Erdgasnetzes.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Energy Saxony Arbeitskreistreffen "Wasserstoff in Industrie und Gewerbe"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Glaubitz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionszonen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstofftransport in Pipelines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erdgas</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64426</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>19</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ex-situ investigation of the compatibility of Duplex Stainless Steel for high-pressure hydrogen applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The key to a successful transition into clean energy carriers such as hydrogen requires the construction of safe transportation pipelines made of alloys which are not susceptible to hydrogen assisted cracking. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are considered as a proper class for components because of their many distinctive qualities. As this consideration depends strongly on the susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC), the DSS class has been broadly investigated under electrochemical charging conditions. In this work, the interplay between several factors controlling the level of HAC, was examined using light microscopy, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen pre-charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing, fractography and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE).  The effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties with the role of hydrogen induced phase transformation have been investigated both in unused material and in high pressure pipeline section. In contrary to the common electrochemical charging described broadly in the literature, no significant martensitic phase transformation of the austenitic phase was observed. On the other hand, the influence of hydrogen on parameters such as elongation at fracture and reduction of area was noticeable. It is concluded based on the performance of DSS in gaseous hydrogen, that this material has a better potential for utilization in hydrogen applications. As for future experiments, the intention is to analyse the impact of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen on the welded components of this grade, and under mechanical load using the hollow specimen technique.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Metals &amp; Hydrogen</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-9-08179-424-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ghent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Reinhold Leo</author>
    <author>Oded Sobol</author>
    <author>Silas Ithete Hango</author>
    <author>Romeo Saliwan Neumann</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Thomas Boellinghaus</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-Pressure Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pipelines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex Stainless Steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Assisted Cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>82</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>93</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>HySafe</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Study on the ignition of hydrogen containing atmospheres by mechanical impacts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Mechanical friction, impact or abrasion is one of the ignition sources that must be avoided in hazardous zones with explosive atmospheres. The effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source is dependent from several parameters including the minimum ignition energy of the explosive atmosphere, the properties of the material pairing, the kinetic impact energy or the impact velocity. By now there is no standard procedure to determine the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source. In this work the effectiveness of mechanical impacts with defined and reproducible kinetic impact energy as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres was studied systematically in dependence from the inhomogeneous material pairing considering materials with practical relevance like stainless steel, low alloy steel, concrete, and non-iron-metals. It was found that ignition can be avoided, if non-iron metals are used in combination with different metallic materials, but in combination with concrete even the impact of non-iron-metals can be an effective ignition source if the kinetic impact energy is not further limited. Moreover, the consequence of hydrogen admixture to natural gas on the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source was studied. In many cases ignition of atmospheres containing natural gas by mechanical impacts is rather unlikely. No influence could be observed for admixtures up to 25% hydrogen and even more. The results are mainly relevant in the context of repurposing the natural gas grid or adding hydrogen to&#13;
the natural gas grid.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2023</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-12-210-4274-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Quebec City, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen transport in pipelines</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ATEX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazardous areas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical sparks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51264</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Wasserstoffsicherheitsfragen -  Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Wasserstoff und Gemischen von Wasserstoff mit Erdgas</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. Durch Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas ändern sich die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften zum Teil in kritischer Richtung. Bis zu einem Wasserstoffanteil von 10 Mol-% im Erdgas ist aber keine wesentliche Anpassung der Maßnahmen für den Explosionsschutz erforderlich. Synthesgas ist ein weiteres Wasserstoffgemisch das in Zukunft vermutlich zunehmend relevant sein wird. Die beiden Komponenten Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid haben zwar in mancher Hinsicht ähnliche sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften unterscheiden sich aber auch sehr stark bzgl. der Mindestzündenergie und der Flammengeschwindigkeit.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9. HYPOS-Dialog: Grüner Wasserstoff, aber sicher! - Sicherheitsaspekte im Umgang mit Wasserstoff</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündenergie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsgrenzen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synthesegas</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55224</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Experimentelle Untersuchung von Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Projekt HySpark wird die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Schlagvorgänge beim Aufprall von unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen als Zündquelle für wasserstoffhaltige Atmosphären experimentell untersucht. Zum Einen wird die Zündwirksamkeit bei Wasserstoff/Luft-Gemischen in Abhängigkeit der Werkstoffpaarung untersucht. Dabei konnte v.a. festgestellt werden, dass bei Schlagvorgängen von Nicht-Eisen-Metallen mit verschiedenen Stahlsorten die wirksame Zündung vermieden werden kann. Jedoch können bei Schlagvorgängen mit Estrichbeton hohe Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten beobachtet werden. Zum anderen wird der Einfluss von Wasserstoffbeimischungen im Erdgasnetz auf die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen untersucht. Bei Anteilen bis 25% Wasserstoff konnte bei den Versuchen kein Erhöhung der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit festgestellt werden.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">H2-Kolloquium des Kompetenzzentrums „H2Safety@BAM”</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">04.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erdgas</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61086</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety Issues in connection with electrolyzer systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this presentation current and future challenges for the safety of hydrogen technologies are discussed. Furrthermore, the specific hazards for the operation of electrolyzers are shown and finally the trhreshold values (storage and power) for the approval of electrolyzers are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Online Workshop: Regulation on hydrogen thresholds and permitting processes for electrolyzers</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen technologies</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process &amp; plant safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen production</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61746</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">BAM - Short Presentation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM are presented. In more detail the testing facilities at Technical Test Site TTS are shown as well as recent testing activities in the field of hydrogen safety.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5th In-Person IEA Task 43 Meeting - Safety and RCS of Large Scale Hydrogen Energy Applications</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Minneapolis, MN, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequence analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Living Lab</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61745</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety of Electrolyzers</title>
    <abstract language="eng">After a short introduction on the BAM activities, the development of the electrolyzer technology is shown briefly. Then future challenges for the safety of hydrogen technologies are discussed and the general safety issues in the electrolysis system are presented. Finally, accidents in context with electrolyzers are discussed and the legal framework is summarized.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Hydrogen Europe - Workshop on safety standards for electrolysers</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">01.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process &amp; plant safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen production</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64762</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and Reaction Kinetic  Study of Hydrogen Ignition Behavior  at Ignition Limits</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The paper presents the results of the experimental and reaction kinetic investigation of hydrogen ignition at different pressures, highlighting its non-linear behaviour and effects of radical wall termination. The reaction kinetic simulation predicts the three characteristic ignition limits caused by radical and thermal auto-ignition and is in close agreement with the experimental measurements. The introduction of radical wall termination in the reaction mechanism allowed us to investigate the effect of the autoclave wall and vessel size on the hydrogen ignition behaviour. The first ignition limit is determined by the chain initiation reaction H_2+O_2→2 OH and shows a strong sensitivity towards wall termination of O, H and OH radicals. The third ignition limit is dominated by the reaction paths HO_2+HO_2→H_2 O_2+O_2 and H_2 O_2+M→2 OH+M which is why it shows a strong sensitivity towards wall termination of HO₂ and H₂O₂ radicals. The second ignition limit is influenced by the wall termination of O, H, OH, HO2 and H2O2 radicals. Increasing the radical wall termination rate by increasing the adsorption rate of the radicals at the wall leads to an increase of the auto-ignition temperature at the same pressure.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Corfu, Greece</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>T. Franken</author>
    <author>F. Mauss</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auto-ignition Temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radical Wall Termination Reaction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition Limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61373</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evaluation of the Impact of Lubricating Oil on Pre-Ignition  of Hydrogen for Engine Relevant Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A successful transition to clean energy depends on ensuring that the world's growing energy needs are met while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving this goal requires the use of carbon-free energy sources. Many utilities have already begun the shift from conventional carbon-based fuels to cleaner alternatives, such as hydrogen. However, numerous challenges persist regarding the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines. The use of hydrogen in engines, which have extremely lower ignition energy, has raised concerns about the risk of pre-ignition due to the undesirable presence of lubricating oil during combustion. Due to its low auto-ignition temperature, lubricating oil is widely regarded as the main cause of abnormal combustion.&#13;
To verify and understand the potential influence of lubricating oil on hydrogen reactivity, the auto-ignition temperature was measured using a constant volume reactor. Auto-ignition was identified by a sudden increase in pressure combined with a rapid rise in temperature.&#13;
The experimental results verified that the addition of 0.2 ml lubricating oil to stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures at 20 bar reduced the auto-ignition temperature from 460°C to 270°C, reducing the ignition temperature by 190K. Moreover, the auto-ignition temperature of oil showed a decreasing trend as the initial amount of oil increased, indicating that the ignition process mainly occurs by vaporization.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CI’s 40th International Symposium - Emphasizing Energy Transition</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Milan, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lubricating oil</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auto-ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal combustion engines and  pre-ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64865</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Stand der Kenntnisse und Technik bzgl. Wasserstoffsicherheit</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In dem Vortrag werden die aktuellen Herausforderungen für die Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien skizziert, die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff im Vergleich zu anderen Energieträgern vorgestellt sowie Gefahren spezifisch im Zusammenhang mit Flüssigwasserstoff aufgezeigt. Im zweiten Teil wird ein kurzer Überblick über Regelwerke gegeben und typische Unfallszenarien anhand eines Fallbeispiels illustriert. Abschließend werden die von nationalen und internationalen Expertengruppen identifizierten Forschungslücken zusammengefasst und es wird auf relevante Datenbanken und Portale zur Wasserstoffsicherheit verwiesen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW-Kongress H₂ Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Regelwerke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Unfallszenarien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Forschungsbedarfe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64703</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen Mixtures Flammability Limits Prediction using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flammability characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different initial conditions(temperature and pressure). Based on the available experimental datasets, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to calculate flammability limits in dependance to initial conditions and mixture composition to reduce the experimental effort. However, unevenly distributed empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship characteristics of these data present significant challenges to empirical flammability limits prediction methods under various mixture initial conditions. Moreover, the empirical models and semi-empirical models only cover some influencing parameters, respectively. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning (ML) approach for improving the hydrogen-air/oxygen-inert gas mixture flammability limits prediction at different conditions with a holistic approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, equivalence ratio, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted on experimental datasets to improve the predictive capability of the model. The models' performance was compared with empirical flammability limit prediction methods. The goal is to deliver fast, reliable, and more accurate predictions across different scenarios with a single prediction model. Most importantly, the machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical flammability limit prediction methods, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64525</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1259</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1271</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ignition Indices of Hydrogen Mixtures under  Electrolysis Process Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The formation of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures for example due to cross-over, malfunction or start-up and shut-down processes is a hazard very specific to given electrolysis processes that must be properly addressed. In this work the explosion limits of hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures at conditions up to 30 bar and 300 °C were determined experimentally. It was found that the existing experimental data can be interpolated with good accuracy using empirical approaches. Moreover, explosion limits at atmospheric conditions were also determined with reduced ignition energy, down to 1 mJ. Although in the literature it can be found that the ignition energy of flammable gases increases strongly when the concentration changes from stoichiometric to near the explosion limits, no significant influence on the mixture concentration was found within tested ignition energy range for H2/O2 mixtures. Finally, hot surface ignition for mixtures with 6 mol% hydrogen in oxygen, thus slightly above the explosion limit, were experimentally studied at different pressures up to 30 bara. Similarly, only slight difference from the ignition temperatures determined for stoichiometric mixtures were found. A 0D adiabatic, constant-volume reactor model was used to calculate the ignition temperatures. The model was tested for its prediction of ignition temperatures of hydrogen mixtures at different pressures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS 2025)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-12-243-0274-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <author>Andrzej Pekalski</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrolyzer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51530</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety Related Properties of Hydrogen Mixtures - Laboratory Tests</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. In der Praxis treten Wasserstoffgemische z.B. durch Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in das Erdgasnetz, bei der Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO, H2) und in Biogasanlagen auf. Die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen wurden experimentell untersucht und werden vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genauigkeit von Berechnungsmethoden für sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen untersucht.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen differs from most other flammable gases regarding the safety related properties. Mainly the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is particularly low and the burning velocity is particularly high. Hydrogen mixtures are formed in different hydrogen applications, for example if hydrogen is added to the existing natural gas grid, if synthetic gas (mixture of CO and H2) is produced or in biogas plants. Safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures were determined experimentally and are presented in this presentation. Moreover the accuracy of estimation methods for safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures is evaluated.”</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Center for Hydrogen Safety 2020 European Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion Protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum Ignition Energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition Source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synthetic Gas</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55986</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM – Safeguarding the Quality Infrastructure in the Hydrogen Economy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To achieve the goals defined for 2050, the EU and the German government have developed a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development, and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies.&#13;
With the Competence Centre "H2Safety@BAM", BAM is creating the safety-related prerequisites for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies at national as well as European level.&#13;
To this end, BAM conducts research, testing and consulting in a holistic and inter-disciplinary manner under one roof – in the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM. The activities of the competence centre focus on ensuring the safety of infra-structures, plants, and processes as well as innovative hydrogen transport and storage systems based on digital quality testing and the experimental testing of components and systems. It thus creates the prerequisites for the implementation and adaptation of legal framework conditions as well as for standardization. Closely related to this are investigations into the properties and compatibility of metallic materials and polymers as well as friction systems for the safe operation of components, plants, processes, and systems. This interdisciplinary and holistic approach is complemented by the development of gas analytics and suitable sensors, online measurements of gas properties in process control, test scenarios under real conditions as well as impact assessments of accidents and risk assessments and risk management systems derived from them. With its portfolio of tasks and competences, BAM builds trust in the safety and reliability of technical system solutions for hydrogen.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.we-heraeus-stiftung.de/veranstaltungen/metrology-and-process-safety-for-hydrogen-technologies-and-applications/</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">772. WE-Heraeus-Seminar - Metrology and Process Safety for Hydrogen Technologies &amp; Applications</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bad Honnef, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Maiwald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Competence Center</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Strategy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Green Deal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk Assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality Infrastructure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58972</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ammonia Safety</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to share the latest technological information in the gas field and develop the gas industry, the Korean Gas Safety Corporation host an international gas safety seminar every year by inviting domestic and foreign experts. In year 2023, the seminar focussed on the latest trends in ammonia safety management and utilization technology. BAM was asked to give a presentation on ammonia safety and its flammability in specific. Based on the international flammability classification the required explosion protection measures were presented,which are defined by the European ATEX rules. As final part of the presentation the German strategy on transformation of existing infrastructure, here especially the transformation of  landbased LNG terminals, was shown as well.</abstract>
    <abstract language="deu">Um die neuesten technologischen Informationen im Gasbereich auszutauschen und die Gasindustrie weiterzuentwickeln, veranstaltet die Korean Gas Safety Corporation jedes Jahr ein internationales Gassicherheitsseminar, zu dem Experten aus dem In- und Ausland eingeladen werden. Im Jahr 2023 lag der Schwerpunkt des Seminars auf den neuesten Trends im Sicherheitsmanagement und in der Nutzungstechnologie von Ammoniak. Die BAM wurde gebeten, einen Vortrag über die Sicherheit von Ammoniak und insbesondere über dessen Entflammbarkeit zu halten. Auf der Grundlage der internationalen Brennbarkeitsklassifizierung wurden die erforderlichen Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen vorgestellt, die in den europäischen ATEX-Vorschriften festgelegt sind. Als letzter Teil der Präsentation wurde auch die deutsche Strategie zur Umwandlung bestehender Infrastruktur, hier insbesondere die Umwandlung von landgestützten LNG-Terminals, vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Internation Gas Safety Seminar of Korean Gas Safety Corporation (KGS)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">29.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ammonia safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ATEX rules</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety measures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transformation of LNG terminals</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64705</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different conditions. Due to the intensiveness of the explosion characteristics experimental determination, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to predict explosion limits in dependance of conditions: temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. However, unevenly distributed, and limited empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship of these explosion characteristics’ present significant challenges to empirical explosion limits prediction methods under various mixture conditions. Moreover, some empirical models and semi-empirical models are not comprehensive and limited in scope of application. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning approach for improving the hydrogen mixtures explosion characteristics prediction at different conditions, offering a fast, flexible, and comprehensive accurate prediction approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted to supplement and improve the predictive capability of the model. The model’s performance was compared with a separate experimental dataset. This machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical explosion limit prediction method, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">3rd German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bernburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion Characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53720</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fire and explosion safety for hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation gives an overview about the research and testing activities of H2Safety@bam in the field of process and plant safety.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">HYDROGENIUS BAM Joint Hydrogen Symposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.07.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.07.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet-fires</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test area</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51371</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Die Wasserstoffstrategie der BAM; Kompetenzzentrum H 2 safety@bam</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Das Thema Wasserstoff ist an der BAM seit mehr als hundert Jahren aktuell und steht auch gegenwärtig im Zentrum zahlreicher Forschungs- und Kooperationsaktivitäten. Mit der aktuellen Wasserstoff-Strategie der BAM werden wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass der Markthochlauf gelingt und die technische Sicherheit und Überwachung der Infrastrukturen und Anlagen gewährleistet ist – von der Erzeugung, über den Transport bis zur Speicherung und Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der Zukunft.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">1st Digital AK PostDocs Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Teresa Orellana Pérez</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoffstrategie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51531</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Guest Lecture at the University of Birmingham</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>New energy carriers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65489</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Integration of Information Models Using Semantic Web Technologies Within the Mixed Reality Data Hub</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Engineering information is distributed across heterogeneous data models, ontologies, and reference data libraries (RDLs), which complicates interoperability, hinders workflow automation, and limits the deployment of industrial Mixed Reality (MR) applications. This work uses DEXPI Process semantics and Semantic Web technologies to align and integrate these heterogeneous sources into a single knowledge graph. The resulting graph provides a queryable semantic layer that enables consistent cross-source access to engineering information and supports MR application development. Beyond integration, the semantic graph enables automation of process design workflows. We demonstrate this using a basic engineering use case in which alternative flowsheet design options are generated from a semantically modeled block flow diagram (BFD).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DEXPI Days 1.0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Frankfurt am Main, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.01.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.01.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Shady Khella</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mixed Reality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Data Integration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Semantic Web Technologies</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DEXPI</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.2 Prozesssimulation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56807</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of energy storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2022.106579</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Nawar Yusfi</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cathode active material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56807/Meta-analysis.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65576</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>F1000 Research Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards standardized safety protocols for iron-based energy carriers: International alignment through round robin testing on safety characteristics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background Iron powder appears to be a promising solution for long-term energy storage and (inter-) continental transport, as it is safe to store and does not require energy to maintain its state, unlike, for instance, liquefied hydrogen. However, while the fundamental research is well underway, large-scale implementation is still in its early stages, with a growing number of promising demonstrators emerging. Methods This article contributes to the large-scale implementation of iron as an energy carrier by presenting a round-robin test of four iron powders currently used in research and larger-scale demonstrators. These powders were tested on their safety characteristics in the standard 20 L apparatus across eight European countries. Results The resulting data are intended to support future standardization efforts using different iron samples as standardized fuel. All tested powders were classified either as non-explosible or as belonging to the category of marginally explosible dusts (Class 1). This provides a clear picture of the level of explosion protection measures that need to be considered for the safe use of iron powders in energy carrier applications. Conclusions Along with that, the study detected variations in the results and pointed to shortcomings in the current standards that may cause such discrepancies. These findings emphasize the importance of improving testing procedures to support standardization and ensure the safe use of iron powder as an energy carrier using an a-priori-approach rather than subsequent testing.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Open Research Europe</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2732-5121</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.12688/openreseurope.22839.1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655761</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aleksandra Semenova</author>
    <author>Stefan H. Spitzer Sra</author>
    <author>Barbora Dvorakova</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Patrick Funnemann</author>
    <author>Roy T.E. Hermanns</author>
    <author>Vojtech Jankuj</author>
    <author>Alexis Vignes</author>
    <author>Richard Kuracina</author>
    <author>Zuzana Szabova</author>
    <author>Frederik Norman</author>
    <author>Dieter Gabel</author>
    <author>Enrico Danzi</author>
    <author>Ekaterina Makarova</author>
    <author>Ivan Lorenzon</author>
    <author>Adrian Toman</author>
    <author>Wojciech Adamus</author>
    <author>Conrad Hessels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy carrier</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65576/Semenova et al. (2026) - round robin testing on safety characteristics .pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62486</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Safety characteristics are used for the safe operation of processes. Designing protection measures requires explosion characteristics to be determined, namely the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise. Safety characteristics of single-phase components (solid, liquid or gas) can be determined according to standards that were developed 40 years ago and are continuously improved. For hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a combustible dust there has been an approach in the 80s but it has never been improved nor applied ever since (ISO 6184-3). A new approach by four German research facilities and the German Institute for standardization (DIN) with the aim of developing a new standard was launched in 2019. In 2022 the key findings led to a first international round robin test with eleven participating facilities from seven countries. The dust component was corn starch and methane was chosen as gas component. In order to strengthen the data foundation before finalizing and publishing the new standard, a second round robin test was initiated with hydrogen as gas component and lycopodium as dust. The paper will summarize the findings and their influence on the new standard.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3352</identifier>
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    <title language="eng">Safety of Alternative Energy Sources: a Review</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The article summarizes a short review of the literature focused on safety in the field of alternative energy sources. With an increasing orientation towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, new technologies will come to the fore. These facts must be demonstrated in occupational health and safety. Several studies focused on alternative energy sources are mentioned and show the trends for the future. Especially in the area of hydrogen and battery technologies, systems should pay attention to acquisitions as a normal part of our lives.&#13;
Safety research is essential for the acceptance of cleaner, efficient, and sustainable future.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290020</identifier>
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    <author>V. Jankuj</author>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>A. Bernatik</author>
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      <value>Safety</value>
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    <title language="eng">Risks from Hydrogen Carriers - Safety Characteristics of the  LOHC System Toluene/Methylcyclohexane</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reversible liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) seem to be a promising solution for the transportation of hydrogen. Since no pressure or cooling needs to be applied during the transport, it is considered easier, safer and cheaper compared to pressurized gas tanks or cryogenic hydrogen on long routes and is already applied in large quantities and long distances. One simple system is methylcyclohexane and toluene. Toluene gets shipped to countries with an excess of (preferably green) energy and is charged with hydrogen to form methylcyclohexane. This is then shipped back to the place with energy and/or hydrogen demand and split into hydrogen and toluene. For toluene, some safety characteristics are available, whereas methylcyclohexane is loosely analyzed, hence safety characteristics are the basis for an appropriate approach to tackle the hazards and for the risk assessment. This paper focuses on the safety characteristics of both substances, compares the differences and points out the crucial hazards of this system, especially if the same tanks for transportation are used.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CET CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
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    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Arkan Abed</author>
    <author>Alexander Seifert</author>
    <author>Ernesto Salzano</author>
    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Rate of pressure rise</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Hydrogen transport</value>
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    <title language="eng">Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The determination of several safety characteristics for dusts requires the dispersion of it in air. This is normally conducted using two vessels, one with an overpressure holding the dust and dispersing it into the second one, where the explosion takes place, through a nozzle. This procedure has the disadvantage that some dusts cannot be conveyed through the nozzle properly. Another disadvantage is that the pressure balancing between the two vessels depends on the dust loading and especially for heavy dusts and high loadings the initial pressure inside the explosion vessel might be reduced.&#13;
Flocky dusts or dusts that might be dangerous to convey through a thin nozzle with an overpressure (nano powders, zirconium) are also difficult to test according to the existing standards and may not be tested with the standard nozzles, that are so far used for the determination of safety characteristics. One very recent example, testing nitrocellulose, raised the question, whether some dusts even pose a risk being distributed and pressed through a nozzle for the testing device and, in worst case, for the operator.&#13;
Previous researchers have developed alternative types of nozzles for specific types of dust, but provide limited evaluation of their performance relative to standard nozzles. Additionally, researchers have not provided sufficient geometry so that they can be reproduced by others. One alternative nozzle for the dispersion of flocky or coarse dusts is stated in the ISO standard but not described there either.&#13;
This article investigates four types of nozzles: The two standard ones that are widely used already, an alternative type, that got introduced into the international standard in 2016 but is still seldomly used and one that was constructed to overcome some of the observed disadvantages. The injection curves are compared with and without dust loadings as well as the explosion characteristics. Eventually, a suggestion is given for different types of dusts.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
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    <title language="deu">Aufbau einer Testinfrastruktur für Wasserstoffsicherheit in Südbrandenburg</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des 6. Lausitzer Netzwerktreffens DurcH2atmen hat die BAM das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety sowie aktuell drei große Projekte zur Schaffung einer Testinfrastruktur auf dem BAM TTS vorgestellt. Es handelt sich hierbei um die vom BMWK geförderten Projekte ModuH2Pipe (Modulare Pipelineanlage zur Untersuchung sicherheitstechnischer Fragestellungen beim Transport von Wasserstoff und Wasserstoff/Erdgasgemischen in Pipeline) und QI Digital "Usecase" Wasserstofftankstelle" sowie den Aufbau einer Höchstdruckinfrastruktur für die Bereitstellung von 1000 bar Wasserstoff in einem 5 m³-Behälter inkl. Peripherie.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">For a sustainable decarbonization of the energy supply in Germany and Europe, a long-established supply system must be gradually transformed without fundamentally jeopardizing the energy supply. This transformation faces numerous challenges in the areas of safety and security including natural hazards.&#13;
A safe, reliable, decarbonized energy supply requires diversification and a combination of different climate-friendly energy carriers and storage systems that are tailored to the specific requirements of industry, households and transportation. However, each energy carrier must be specifically assessed in terms of safety regarding its production, storage, transport and use. Relevant safety aspects arise from the scale at which energy carriers such as hydrogen and ammonia, but also electrical energy storage systems, must be handled. Suitable transport and storage infrastructure must be established for each energy carrier and storage facility, leading to extreme safety, technological and regulatory challenges.&#13;
Central energy supplies are categorized as critical infrastructure. In the context of geopolitical conflicts, they are increasingly becoming the focus of digital or analog attacks by third parties, particularly with the aim of unsettling the respective population. The digitalization and automation of energy systems increases their vulnerability to such attacks. Geopolitical conflicts also lead to problems with the availability of raw materials and energy carriers. Also in this context, greater focus must be placed on diversification and resilience concepts. For the energy transition to succeed, traditional safety and security concepts must be interdisciplinary integrated with new aspects of resilience and crisis prevention. These concepts must be continuously developed to avoid outdated and expensive solutions. At the same time, it is reasonable to assume that the nature of threats will change more rapidly than in the past. &#13;
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    <title language="eng">Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM - We build trust in hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beraterkreis Gase wird regelmäßig von der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie, Bereich Prävention, organisiert. Die Veranstaltung dient dem Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zu  aktuellen sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen rund um Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. In diesem Zusammenhang hat die BAM einen Überblick über ihre verschiedenen Aktivitäten des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt, die sich in der gesamten Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Planungen für den Ausbau der Prüfinfrastruktur auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM vorgestellt. Es wurden auch die Ergebnisse des Projekts DELFIN zur Sicherheit von Druckgasspeichern, den Freisetzungsuntersuchungen von Flüssigwasserstoff sowie die Unterfeuerung entsprechender Kryospeicher und die Planungen zum Projekt ModuH2Pipe@BAM präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildeten die aktuellen Empfehlungen des Forschungsnetzwerkes Wasserstoff.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">The Gases Advisory Group is organized regularly by the Prevention Division of the German Employer's Liability Insurance Association for Raw Materials and the Chemical Industry. The event serves as an exchange between science and industry on current safety-related issues concerning oxygen and hydrogen. In this context, BAM presented an overview of its various activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM, which are reflected in the entire hydrogen value chain. In addition, the plans for the expansion of the test infrastructure at BAM's Technical Safety Test Site were presented. The results of the DELFIN project on the safety of pressurized gas storage tanks, the release tests of liquid hydrogen as well as the underfiring of corresponding cryogenic storage tanks and the plans for the ModuH2Pipe@BAM project were also presented. The presentation concluded with the current recommendations of the Hydrogen Research Network.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BG RCI Beraterkreis Gase</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Berufsgenossenschaft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>modulare Pipelineanlage</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57633</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Education and Training Activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Green hydrogen is seen as a cornerstone of the energy transition and decarbonization efforts of industry, transportation and the utilities sectors. The binding goal of the EU and Germany to reduce net zero carbon emissions by 2045 will substantially increase the demand for green hydrogen as an important carbon-free substitute for fossil fuels. The World Energy Council expects an annual demand of 60 million tons (equivalent 2.000 TWh) hydrogen and its derivatives (especially ammonia and methanol) in the EU until 2050. lt is estimated that the EU can produce less than half of its needed hydrogen by 2050, and will need to import the rest. African coastal countries therefore have the opportunity to become net exporters of their carbon-free regenerative energy in the form of hydrogen and its derivatives and to enable better economic growth and generate wealth on the African continent. The large-scale production, transport and storage of green hydrogen will require large investments in the development of knowledge and training, logistics and capital goods - for both the EU and African countries. &#13;
&#13;
BAM is already facing the lack of skilled workers and hydrogen experts. By bundling its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. In order to transfer its expertise in this field BAM developed a number of education activities. The centre of all activities is the Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”, established in 2022 together with the BTU Cottbus. In the presentation all activities and especially those of the graduate school and details of the cooperation with the University of Namibia are shown.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">German-African Green Hydrogen Forum</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bernburg (Saale), Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graduate School</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Trustworthy Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Education</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Skilled workers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
