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    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
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    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>101</volume>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Cryogenic storage safety: Experimental evaluation of insulation under extreme conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is recognized as a keystone of the global energy transition, offering a clean, high-energy-density energy carrier ideal for storage and transportation. Among various storage options, liquid hydrogen (LH2) is especially advantageous for both mobile and stationary applications. However, ensuring the safety and performance of LH2 storage systems under extreme thermal conditions, such as fire exposure, remains an engineering challenge.&#13;
This study introduces an experimental framework, called the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), designed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic response of vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks under fire-like conditions. The apparatus enables evaluation of insulation performance, such as perlite and multilayer insulation (MLI), with a focus on thermal degradation, heat ingress, and vacuum stability.&#13;
Results indicate that combustible MLIs undergo substantial thermal degradation, leading to heat ingress rates of up to 6.5 kW and the formation of hazardous combustion by-products. In contrast, non-combustible MLIs and bulk insulation materials restrict heat ingress to approximately 3 kW while more effectively preserving vacuum integrity. Combustible MLIs also exhibit pronounced pressure increases in the evacuated section, reaching ∼6 × 104 Pa, nearly six times higher than those observed for non-combustible counterparts. Analysis of effective emissivity further reveals an enhancement in radiative heat transfer, approximately five times, for combustible MLIs following degradation. Additionally, marked thermal stratification develops under both nominal and extreme heat loads, with temperature gradients approaching 10 °C per 100 mm during sustained thermal exposure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105961</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655380</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">02.03.2026</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-Layer Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65538/Hajhariri_cryogenicStorageSafetyUnderFire_2026_JLPI.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58064</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="deu">NIP II - Forschungsvorhaben „DELFIN“</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Überblick über Projektinhalte und -ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsvorhaben Delfin „Erforschung alternativer Materialien und Fertigungsprozesse für kosten- und gewichtsreduzierte Druckbehälter aus endlosfaserverstärkten Kunststoff“</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SAMPE Kolloquium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.01.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.01.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Sebastian John</author>
    <author>Jürgen Auster</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Eric Duffner</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckbehälter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impact</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.3 Sicherheit von Transportbehältern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53626</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1202</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1205</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Modalanalyse als Werkzeug zur Lebensdauerabschätzung  bei Composite-Druckbehältern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Hochbeanspruchte Bauteile wie Druckbehälter bergen im Falle eines Versagens ein erhebliches Gefährdungspotential für Mensch und Umgebung. Trotz der Auslegung mit hohen Sicherheitsfaktoren kommt es durch die hauptsächlich bei mobilen Anwendungen eingesetzten Leichtbauwerkstoffe und Materialkombinationen zu komplexen Degradations- und Schädigungsvorgängen, welche unter ungünstigen Umständen zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen führen können. Die hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf Typ IV-Gasspeicher, die als Wasserstofftanks in KFZ zur Anwendung kommen. Durch den Einsatz eines Messverfahrens auf Basis einer experimentellen Modalanalyse (EMA) sollen Schädigungs- und Degradationsgrad künftig zerstörungsfrei erfasst und auch einsatzbegleitend überwacht werden können.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband DAGA 2021 - 47. Jahrestagung für Akustik</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DAGA 2021 - 47. Jahrestagung für Akustik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Wien, Österreich</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.08.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Sebastian John</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impact</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modalanalyse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckbehälter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64462</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, Republic of Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>omposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Filament winding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Failure mechanism</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62776</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>663</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>674</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>67</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Walter de Gruyter GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hole-drilling method is a standardized technique for obtaining residual stresses in isotropic structures. Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. Finally, a discussion of the challenges for the application of the hole-drilling method to composite pressure vessels is provided.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2195-8572</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/mt-2024-0328</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627765</identifier>
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Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the\u00a0residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. 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Gu, \u201cEliminating plasticity effects in the measurement of residual stress by using the hole-drilling method,\u201d Mater. Test., vol.\u00a063, no.\u00a03, pp.\u00a0219\u2013225, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/mt-2020-0030.","DOI":"10.1515\/mt-2020-0030"},{"key":"2025031013401180818_j_mt-2024-0328_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Baig, S. M. A. Khan, M. M. El Rayes, and A. Hossain Seikh, \u201cEvaluation of residual stresses present in spirally welded API grade pipeline steel using the hole drilling method,\u201d Mater. Test., vol.\u00a059, no.\u00a03, pp.\u00a0258\u2013264, 2017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3139\/120.110994.","DOI":"10.3139\/120.110994"},{"key":"2025031013401180818_j_mt-2024-0328_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. von Mirbach, \u201cExperimental validation of the calibration function of the hole drilling method and ring core method for residual stress measurement,\u201d Mater. 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    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Christian Sklorz</author>
    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hole-drilling method</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Filament winding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Type 4 composite pressure vessels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress redistribution</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Modelling the behaviour of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks engulfed in fire</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The safe use of liquid hydrogen as a clean fuel requires a deep understanding of its behaviour in accident scenarios. Among other scenarios, the possible involvement of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks in engulfing fires is of particular concern, due to the potentially severe consequences. This study proposes a computational fluid dynamic model suitable to simulate the behaviour of liquid hydrogen tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) engulfed in fire. An original approach has been developed to assess the progressive degradation of the performance of the thermal insulation, that is crucial in determining the tank pressurization and failure. The model is validated against full-scale experimental fire tests. The outcomes of the model reproduce the progressive pressurization and the opening time of the pressure relief valve within 2 % error. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the dynamic evolution of the progressive degradation of the insulation when evaluating tank pressurization, and they highlight the limitations of empirical, simplified state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, the analysis evidences the key role of the fire temperature in governing tank response, stressing the need for proper fire characterization to support reliable modelling of fire scenarios and the development of emergency planning and mitigation strategies ensuring the structural integrity of liquid hydrogen tanks during fire attacks.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Process Safety and Environmental Protection</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0957-5820</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.psep.2025.108319</identifier>
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    <author>Alice Schiaroli</author>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Federico Ustolin</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tank</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65292/Schiaroli_2026_Modelling_LH2_Tanks_engulfed_in_fire.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>55668</id>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>133</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">Monte-Carlo-Analysis of Minimum Burst Requirements for Composite Cylinders for Hydrogen Service</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For achieving Net Zero-aims hydrogen is an indispensable component, probably the main component. For the usage of hydrogen, a wide acceptance is necessary, which requires trust in hydrogen based on absence of major incidents resulting from a high safety level. Burst tests stand for a type of testing that is used in every test standard and regulation as one of the key issues for ensuring safety in use. The central role of burst and proof test is grown to historical reasons for steam engines and steel vessels but - with respect for composite pressure vessels (CPVs) - not due an extraordinary depth of outcomes. Its importance results from the relatively simple test process with relatively low costs and gets its importance by running of the different test variations in parallel. In relevant test und production standards (as e. g. ECE R134) the burst test is used in at least 4 different meanings. There is the burst test on a) new CPVs and some others b) for determining the residual strength subsequent to various simulations of ageing effects. Both are performed during the approval process on a pre-series. Then there is c) the batch testing during the CPVs production and finally d) the 100% proof testing, which means to stop the burst test at a certain pressure level. These different aspects of burst tests are analysed and compared with respect to its importance for the resulting safety of the populations of CPVs in service based on experienced test results and Monte-Carlo simulations. As main criterial for this the expected failure rate in a probabilistic meaning is used. This finally ends up with recommendations for relevant RC&amp;S especially with respect to GTR 13.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Conference on Hydrogen Proceedings Safety</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">9th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Stephan Gesell</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite pressure vessels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Net zero</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monte-Carlo-Analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.5 Materialmodellierung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64697</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung - Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ist eine wissenschaftlich-technische Bundesoberbehörde mit Sitz in Berlin, die zum Geschäftsbereich des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz gehört. Unsere Hauptaufgabe besteht darin, durch Forschung, Prüfung und Beratung zum Schutz von Mensch, Umwelt und Sachgütern beizutragen. Dies umfasst die Bewertung der Sicherheit von Materialien, Stoffen und Produkten sowie die Entwicklung von Methoden und Standards in Bereichen wie Materialwissenschaft, Werkstofftechnik und Chemie. Wir forschen und prüfen an drei Standorten in Berlin, sowie auf unserem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit in Horstwalde in Brandenburg. Hier haben wir weitreichende Möglichkeiten, Versuche im Realmaßstab durchzuführen. Besonderes Augenmerk möchten wir heute auf das Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle richten. Diese voll digitalisierte technische Anlage, die die Wertschöpfungskette von Wasserstoff abbildet, wurde gerade eröffnet und steht nun Partnern aus Industrie und Forschung sowie kleinen mittelständischen Unternehmen oder Start-Ups zum gemeinsamen Forschen und Erproben neuer Technologie zur Verfügung. Ihre Besonderheiten umfassen z.B. eine umfassende Prozessüberwachung nach Industrie 4.0, die dafür nötige IT/OT Infrastruktur, Digitale Zwillinge auf verschiedenen Ebenen, großflächige Aufstellung und baulicher Schutz, Gas-Probenahmestellen auf dem Weg durch die Anlage und H2-Sensornetzwerke zur frühzeitigen Erfassung und Ortung von Leckagen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Wasserstoffforum Lausitz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Senftenberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.11.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reallabor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TTS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63810</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Key points in compressed hydrogen storage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation highlights some key points in hydrogen safety related to compressed HYDROGEN STORAGE. It explains some needs concerning the Market ramp-up: cost and safety related aspects like Risk-control by consequence and/or frequency limitation. Other aspects are the optimization of design and test standards by using Monte-Carlo based assessments and the Generation of probabilistic data as input for risk management tools during the design type approval and periodic inspection. Further safety aspects of design and manufacturing have to be taken into account as well as aspects of operational safety with material degradation, non-destructive testing and appropriate tools for operational files.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The opening of BAM hydrogen refueling station</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Horstwalde, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.07.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Market ramp-up</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequence limitation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Frequency limitation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Accoustic emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monte-Carlo</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56683</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beitrag beinhaltet Themen vom H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Fokus auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen:&#13;
Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", &#13;
Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SensRef</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptische Sensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gassensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geführte Ultraschallwellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leckdetektion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54136</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Prüf- und Messverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag zum Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen beinhaltet die Themen:&#13;
Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", &#13;
Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
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    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leckdetektion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gassensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Geführte Ultraschallwellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptische Sensorik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52141</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit Sensorik</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren sind zur Prozesskontrolle und Sicherheitsüberwachung in Wasserstofftechnologien von hoher Bedeutung. Typische Anwendungsgebiete von Sensoren sind Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. In diesem Beitrag werden Themen zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mit Gassensoren, Fehlstellenerkennung mit geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring) von Wasserstoffspeichern sowie der Einsatz faseroptischer Sensoren zur Überwachung des Dehnungs- und Alterungsverhaltens sowie zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.01.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Carlo Tiebe</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metrologie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gassensoren</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural Health Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptische Sensoren</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53149</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Burst strength and its scatter as key points of safety</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Based on the preliminary presentations in this task force it is repeated how a basic population scatters and its degradation influences properties statistically. There is a remainder on the issue of accepting borderline populations due to the minimum burst ratio requirement.&#13;
Then it is explained in detail how the analysis of minimum requirements by a Monte-Carlo-simulation works. The result with respect to the further reduced minimum burst ratio of 2.0 is summarised and means a two-step approach of two scatter levels requiring two different minimum burst ratios.&#13;
The methods for evaluating batch tests are analysed. A proposal for integration a statistical analysis is described in detail. &#13;
Finally, the positive effect of proof testing is shown and its dependence from the real ageing is shown. &#13;
This ends in the recommendation to have a stronger and quantitative look on real ageing and to follow the 2 proposed sets of criteria for a safe usage of hydrogen storage systems.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/128419731/GTR13-10-08%20BAM%20GTR%2013-2%20scatter%20criteria%20for%20min%20burst%202021-06-25.pdf?api=v2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">10th IWG on rev GTR 13</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.06.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.06.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Basic population</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum burst ratio</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monte-Carlo-simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Borderline population</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batch test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Proof test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ageing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55667</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>6011</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>16</issue>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) is a promising salinity gradient energy technology, capable of producing hydrogen with an input of waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C. A salinity gradient drives water electrolysis in the reverse electrodialysis (RED) cell, and spent solutions are regenerated using waste heat in a precipitation or evaporation unit. This work presents a non-equilibrium thermodynamics model for the RED cell, and the hydrogen production is investigated for KCl/water solutions. The results show that the evaporation concept requires 40 times less waste heat and produces three times more hydrogen than the precipitation concept. With commercial evaporation technology, a system efficiency of 2% is obtained, with a hydrogen production rate of 0.38 gH2 m−2h−1 and a waste heat requirement of 1.7 kWh g−1H2. The water transference coefficient and the salt diffusion coefficient are identified as membrane properties with a large negative impact on hydrogen production and system efficiency. Each unit of the water transference coefficient in the range tw=[0–10] causes a −7 mV decrease in unit cell electric potential, and a −0.3% decrease in system efficiency. Increasing the membrane salt diffusion coefficient from 10−12 to 10−11 leads to the system efficiency decreasing from 2% to 0.6%</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/en15166011</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556677</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>S. Solberg</author>
    <author>P. Zimmermann</author>
    <author>Ø. Wilhelmsen</author>
    <author>J. Lamb</author>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <author>O. Burheim</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-equilibrium thermodynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Waste heat</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RED</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55667/energies-15-06011.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57398</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM - We build trust in hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beraterkreis Gase wird regelmäßig von der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie, Bereich Prävention, organisiert. Die Veranstaltung dient dem Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zu  aktuellen sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen rund um Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. In diesem Zusammenhang hat die BAM einen Überblick über ihre verschiedenen Aktivitäten des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt, die sich in der gesamten Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Planungen für den Ausbau der Prüfinfrastruktur auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM vorgestellt. Es wurden auch die Ergebnisse des Projekts DELFIN zur Sicherheit von Druckgasspeichern, den Freisetzungsuntersuchungen von Flüssigwasserstoff sowie die Unterfeuerung entsprechender Kryospeicher und die Planungen zum Projekt ModuH2Pipe@BAM präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildeten die aktuellen Empfehlungen des Forschungsnetzwerkes Wasserstoff.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">The Gases Advisory Group is organized regularly by the Prevention Division of the German Employer's Liability Insurance Association for Raw Materials and the Chemical Industry. The event serves as an exchange between science and industry on current safety-related issues concerning oxygen and hydrogen. In this context, BAM presented an overview of its various activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM, which are reflected in the entire hydrogen value chain. In addition, the plans for the expansion of the test infrastructure at BAM's Technical Safety Test Site were presented. The results of the DELFIN project on the safety of pressurized gas storage tanks, the release tests of liquid hydrogen as well as the underfiring of corresponding cryogenic storage tanks and the plans for the ModuH2Pipe@BAM project were also presented. The presentation concluded with the current recommendations of the Hydrogen Research Network.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BG RCI Beraterkreis Gase</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Berufsgenossenschaft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>modulare Pipelineanlage</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54608</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The maximum acceptable consequence limit as a control instrument</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation starts with the first agreement of making a national attempt for the introduction of a pV-limit for hydrogen transport. It explains aspects of the technical development, provides an impression of catastrophic incidents, and explains the difference between risk control and consequence limitation. Then the process of determining consequences and the result from the discussion at the UN-WG are explained. The next part summarises the approach for counting the number of impacted persons as a function of the model of pressure wave, the pressure peak, the limits of injured persons and the population density. Finally, the latest state of the discussion and the subsequent recommendations for a pV-value and the adequate phrases for explanation are introduced.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">29th BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure recepacles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequence limit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Population density</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57633</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Education and Training Activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Green hydrogen is seen as a cornerstone of the energy transition and decarbonization efforts of industry, transportation and the utilities sectors. The binding goal of the EU and Germany to reduce net zero carbon emissions by 2045 will substantially increase the demand for green hydrogen as an important carbon-free substitute for fossil fuels. The World Energy Council expects an annual demand of 60 million tons (equivalent 2.000 TWh) hydrogen and its derivatives (especially ammonia and methanol) in the EU until 2050. lt is estimated that the EU can produce less than half of its needed hydrogen by 2050, and will need to import the rest. African coastal countries therefore have the opportunity to become net exporters of their carbon-free regenerative energy in the form of hydrogen and its derivatives and to enable better economic growth and generate wealth on the African continent. The large-scale production, transport and storage of green hydrogen will require large investments in the development of knowledge and training, logistics and capital goods - for both the EU and African countries. &#13;
&#13;
BAM is already facing the lack of skilled workers and hydrogen experts. By bundling its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. In order to transfer its expertise in this field BAM developed a number of education activities. The centre of all activities is the Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”, established in 2022 together with the BTU Cottbus. In the presentation all activities and especially those of the graduate school and details of the cooperation with the University of Namibia are shown.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">German-African Green Hydrogen Forum</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bernburg (Saale), Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graduate School</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Trustworthy Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Education</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Skilled workers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57629</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety Aspects for Hydrogen Technologies - H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To be able to achieve the targets defined by 2045, the EU and the German government have drafted a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies.&#13;
The conditions for a successful energy transition and the economic use of green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are Hydrogen readiness and a rapid market ramp-up, as well as the establishment of the necessary value chains in the national and European framework. Reliable quality and safety standards are the prerequisite for ensuring safety of supply and environmental compatibility and for creating trust in these technologies.&#13;
BAM has bundled its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology and to support the hydrogen strategies of the German government and the EU. The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. The competence centre H2Safety@BAM and its vision of “We build trust in hydrogen technologies” will be presented with its many safety-related topics, which can be found throughout the entire hydrogen value chain. Two deep dives will present the results on projects dealing with the design-to-cost issue of classical pressurized gas storage containments and the consequences of the release of liquid hydrogen, which will be roughly compared to the release of ammonia.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">25. Kalorimetrietage</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">31.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas cylinders</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DELFIN</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid phase transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cyro storage tanks</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65100</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1428</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1439</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>HySafe</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind.&#13;
Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow-up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg p.p., they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceeding 11th ICHS 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979-1-2243-0274-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International conference on  hydrogen safety (ICHS 2025)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, Republic of Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Christian Sklorz</author>
    <author>Andreas Kriegsmann</author>
    <author>Karsten Müller</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Splinter protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure vessel testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire engulfment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Destructive tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rupture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaseous tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test equipment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Precaution measures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65101</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Welcome to BAM and the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its mission and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen.&#13;
The next part shows the H2Safety@BAM’s Products“ in a nutshell and explains the main items with deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Reference Materials and Procedures, Storage of Liquid Hydrogen, Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Material Compatibility.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Information Tour at the Invitation of the Federal Foreign Office  The Hydrogen Economy in Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Living Lab „Hydrogen Refueling Station“</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference Materials and Procedures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Storage of Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Storage Systems for Compressed Gases</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material Compatibility</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65151</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell. &#13;
Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education. &#13;
The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Living Lab</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Networks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Refuelling Station</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion Protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material Compatibility</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Compressed Gases</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65184</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Machine Learning Approach for Robust Acoustic Emission-Based Damage Classification in Pressure Vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Accurate damage classification of Composite Pressure Vessels (CPVs) is crucial for understanding failure behaviour of hydrogen storage systems. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive testing technique capable of detecting signals from different failure mechanisms such as fiber breakage and matrix cracking, supporting durability assessment of CPVs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to combine AE and advanced deep learning techniques to develop a robust framework for automatic and accurate identification and classification of damage mechanisms across various CPVs.&#13;
&#13;
The evolutionary Genetic Algorithms (GA) was used for feature selection, followed by unsupervised clustering to generate automatic labels for model training. Two different FCNN and CNN-LSTM architectures were used to train individual models based on different AE datasets. Later, Adaptive Transfer Learning (ATL) and Meta Ensemble Learning (MEL) techniques were applied to handle data variability and train predictive generalized model over varied AE datasets. The ATL fine-tunes a pre-trained models to leverage their knowledge, while MEL uses pre-trained models' predictions as meta features to train a meta model.&#13;
&#13;
Experimental results demonstrate that while both generalized ATL and MEL trained models perform well across different AE datasets, the MEL framework outperforms ATL method in terms of evaluation metrics. The Mean-Accuracy score reaches 0.9026, and 0.9900 for ATL, and MEL, respectively. The most accurate multi-class classification results was achieved using MEL method in terms of the Mean-Accuracy and Recall metrics. The proposed framework provides a scalable, adaptive approach for automated damage classification using AE signals across diverse CPVs in real-world settings.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BAM Colloquium Abteilung 3</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Ali Ghaznavi</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Acoustic Emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sequential Neural Network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep Neural Network</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63897</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>ASME</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To maintain the highest safety standards for compressed gas storage in composite pressure vessels, a deeper understanding of their ageing mechanism is required. In this study, two designs of type 4 cylinders were manufactured the only difference being the internal pressure function used during the filament winding process. Hence, their residual stress state and the quality of the composite layers varied. Ten pressure vessels were initially loaded under sustained pressure and increased temperature and later subjected to slow burst tests. Comparing the results with cylinders tested in a pristine state underlines a significant improvement in the performance of initially loaded cylinders of one of the designs. This phenomenon was caused by a significant decrease of the scattering of burst pressures within a sample. At the same time, a slight decrease of the burst pressures could be observed. An explanation of this behavior could be supported by strain measurements with fiber optic sensors, which were embedded in the composite material. The strains measured during the initial loading indicate a stress redistribution, which has an impact on the strength of the pressure vessel. Moreover, an increased stiffness during the slow burst tests after initial loading was observed that indicates a better exploitation of the individual layers of the composite structure. The study supports previous observations on the increased performance after initial loading and provides new insights into the strain development in creep effects in type 4 pressure vessels.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the ASME 2025 Pressure Vessels &amp; Piping Conference PVP2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-7918-8907-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Pressure Vessels &amp; Piping Conference PVP2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.12.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Bartosz Popiela</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Type 4 pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fiber optic sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanics of composites</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65306</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>NDT.net</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Distributed  Fibre  Optic  Monitoring of  Hydrogen  Storage  Composite  Pressure  Vessels for  Automotive  Use</title>
    <abstract language="eng">We present our research work on the condition monitoring of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels using distributed fibre optic sensors. The sensing fibres are integrated into the composite structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner in the helical and circumferential direction during the manufacturing process of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The following use of optical backscatter reflectometry allows for continuous condition monitoring and precise detection and localization of structural damages during the entire service life. To account for the time-dependent strength degradation of the composite pressure vessels, both slow burst and ambient hydraulic cycling tests, respectively, were conducted on five 70 MPa pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors. The results achieved via distributed fibre optic strain sensing demonstrate a near linear strain response to pressure suitable for sensitive condition monitoring and confirm the required robustness of the selected sensor solution.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.58286/32344</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653067</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Aleksander Wosniok</author>
    <author>Marcus Schukar</author>
    <author>Mathias Breithaupt</author>
    <author>Andreas Kriegsmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Composite pressure vessel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical backscatter reflectometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Slow burst test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ambient hydraulic cycling test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65306/1404_manuscript.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58525</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>585</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>599</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>27</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media</title>
    <abstract language="eng">With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Materials Research and Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2238-7854</identifier>
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    <author>M. Sauermoser-Yri</author>
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    <title language="deu">Eine digitale QI für technische Anlagen: Beispiel Wasserstofftankstelle (H2)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der Initiative QI-Digital werden völlig neue Perspektiven für das Sicherheitsmanagement und die Qualitätssicherung technischer Anlagen erschaffen. Unsere Forschung im Kontext einer Wasserstofftankstelle zeigt, wie digitale Innovationen und Verfahren die Herausforderungen effizienter und verlässlicher Qualitätssicherung für komplexe Anlagen bewältigen können.&#13;
In diesem Vortrag werden Potentiale und Beispiele der digitalen QI für technische Anlagen demonstriert und diskutiert: Moderne Anlagenüberwachung mit digitalen Zwillingen und KI sowie Kalibriermanagement mithilfe digitaler Kalibrierscheine und elektronischem Siegel.</abstract>
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    <title language="deu">Pilotprojekt Wasserstofftankstelle - Session 2: Verlässliche Wassertofftankstellen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Was ist QI?&#13;
Qualitätsinfrastruktur – Das Zusammenwirken von nationalen Institutionen im Bereich der Metrologie, Normung und Standardisierung, Akkreditierung, Konformitätsbewertung und Marktüberwachung, mit dem Ziel die Qualitätssicherung bei Produkten und Prozessen in Deutschland zu gewährleisten.&#13;
Unser Ziel ist es, unsere bewährte Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI) noch besser zu machen und so einen Beitrag zur Lösung von sozioökonomischen, ökologischen und technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu leisten. Eine der bedeutendsten technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit ist die Digitalisierung. Die zentralen Akteure der deutschen QI wollen diese digitalisieren. Beteiligte Institutionen sind aktuell BAM (Konformitätsbewertungen in bestimmten Bereichen), DAKKS (Akkreditierung),  DIN/DKE (Normung), PTB (Metrologie). Wir wollen also ein Reallabor errichten, das die Wertschöpfungskette einer Tankstelle abbildet, also eine Wasserstofftankstelle beinhaltet, die dann mit erweiterter Sensorik ausgestattet werden soll. Somit sollen digitale Prozesse abgebildet werden können sowie sensorgestützte Verfahren zur qualitätsgesicherten Datenerfassung und -auswertung genutzt werden. Diese gesammelten Daten sollen dann in eine Dateninfrastruktur eingehen und mithilfe eines Datenmanagementsystems sowie künstlicher Intelligenz in einem Digitalen Zwilling zusammenlaufen, der die digitale Prozessüberwachung der Sicherheit möglich macht. Schließlich sollen die in QI Digital entwickelten digitalen Strukturelemente der QI erprobt werden, insbesondere die QI Cloud, Smart Standards und digitalen Zertifikate. Im Zusammenspiel ermöglicht das unter anderem die Entwicklung von Predictive Maintenance Verfahren für:&#13;
1. die Optimierung von Wartungszyklen und Minimierung von Ausfallzeiten&#13;
Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit durch frühzeitige Identifikation kritischer Zustände im Gesamtsystem&#13;
2. Entwicklung verlässlicher Qualitäts- und Sicherheitsstandards &#13;
3. Digital-gestützte Risikobeurteilung und Konformitätsbewertung&#13;
Die im Pilotprojekte betrachteten Sicherheitsaspekte sind also zusammenfassbar als:&#13;
a) Auswirkungsbetrachtungen bei möglichen Fehlfunktionen oder Defekten&#13;
b) Die genannte vorrauschauende Instandhaltung und damit verbundene Lebensdauerprognose, die in Kombination eine bessere allgemeine Verfügbarkeit garantieren sollen&#13;
Als Grundlage hierfür benötigen wir aber Änderungen im Bereich der technischen Regeln und Normen, um die neuen digitalen Werkzeuge zuzulassen und nutzbar zu machen.</abstract>
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    <abstract language="eng">BAM is part of the “Quality Infrastructure Digital” (QI Digital) initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). This initiative aims at coordinating a large cooperation project, “QI Digital” for making German and European quality management systems fit for the digital transformation. It is a fact that the digitization of new products and services is occurring much faster than quality management systems can be accordingly updated. Thus, the digital transformation of quality management is necessary to preserve the competitiveness of the German and European industries that stand for quality and safety in the global market. The Use Case “Reliable Hydrogen Refueling Station” of QI Digital aims at creating new solutions that are transferable to other technical systems and at further developing standards and technical rules as a contribution to technology transfer and innovation.</abstract>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61354</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Pilotprojekt "Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie" - Beispielanwendung für eine technische Anlage</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Kurzvorstellung des Pilotprojektes Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie in QI Digital. Anwendung der QI Digital Werkzeuge an einer technischen Anlage beispielhaft gezeigt anhand von sechs im Projekt entwickelten Demonstratoren.&#13;
&#13;
Unser erklärtes Ziel ist die Unterstützung des Markthochlaufs von Wasserstofftechnologien durch Digitalisierung der QI. Bei der Qualitätsinfrastruktur von technischen Anlagen geht es vor allem die Themen QI Dokumentation und Zugänglichkeit, Verfügbarkeit der Anlage und Informationen darüber, sowie Inspektionszyklen mit zeitaufwändigen und teuren manuellen Prüfungen. Mit dem Übergang zu einer digitalen QI streben wir hier an, eine kontinuierliche Überwachung des momentanen Gesundheitszustandes der Anlage und automatisierter Dokumentation hierüber, die fälschungssicher und vertraulich zugänglich gemacht werden kann, zu erreichen. Hierzu sollen die im Gesamtprojekt entwickelten QI Digital Werkzeuge zum Einsatz kommen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">QI Forum 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Qualitätsinfrastruktur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digitalisierung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54361</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Project QI-Digital - Quo vadis Use Case H2 Refueling Station?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As a part of the QI-Digital cooperation project, BAM is setting up a hydrogen refuelling station research platform at the Test site for Technical Safety in Horstwalde. Based on this platform, BAM intends to develop, to test and to optimize new measurement techniques as well as data acquisition and processing methods for hydrogen refuelling stations and their periphery in close cooperation with partners from the quality infrastructure and industry. The presentation will introduce the hydrogen refuelling station use case and provide insights into the issues and research goals of the associated subprojects.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">H2-Colloquium of the Competence Centre „H2SAFETY@BAM”</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Torsten Kehr</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>QI-Digital</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58559</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Aspekte einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte (Impulsvortrag)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Durch Einsatz neuer Technologien im Transport von komprimiertem Wasserstoff konnte eine Verdreifachung des Nutzlastverhältnisses erreicht werden. Diese neuen Speicher auf den Transportfahrzeugen müssten aber anders auf ihre Sicherheit überprüft werden, als dies heute gefordert wird. &#13;
Mit dem Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vervielfacht sich zudem die Anzahl der Transporteinheiten. Da sich im Zuge der neuen H2-Transportfahrzeuge aber auch die Anzahl der einzelnen Speicher pro Fahrzeug etwa verzwanzigfacht hat, kommen die Kapazitäten für die erforderliche wiederkehrende Prüfung an ihre Grenzen.&#13;
Dies könnte evtl. durch eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Prüfkapazitäten gelöst werden. Da dies aber weder praktisch machbar ist noch technisch wirklich sinnvoll, müssen alternative Ansätze z.B. durch digital erfasste zerstörungsfreie Prüfkonzepte gesucht werden. Hierzu bedarf es aber einer Lebenslaufakte, die beginnend von der Definition einer Bauweise über die Baumusterprüfung, Zulassung, Herstellung, erstmalige Prüfung, Verwendung und wiederkehrenden oder begleitenden Prüfungen bis zum Verschrotten alle Daten erfassen und verwalten kann. &#13;
Eine solche Lebenslaufakte könnte auch als eine Art digitaler Produktpass (DPP) verstanden werden.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">QI-digital Forum 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoffspeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lebenslaufakte</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digitaler Produktpass DPP</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wiederkehrende Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lebensdauerüberwachung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64198</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control</title>
    <abstract language="eng">With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production. &#13;
Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Major accident</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Population density</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Science with impact</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63427</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety assessment of MLI super-insulation systems for cryogenic liquid-hydrogen tanks in fire scenarios</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks featuring MLI systems are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents an assessment of aluminum-based MLI for liquid hydrogen cryogenic tanks under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bologna, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tanks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63716</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>769</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>774</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>116</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano, Italy</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the future use of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) as a green energy carrier, new concepts for storage tanks and in particular their insulation are necessary. The methodology applied in current LH2 tanks has some disadvantages while manufacturing and operation of large tanks that may be required in the future. While liquefied natural gas tanks exist in the necessary capacities, they are incompatible with LH2 due to its significantly lower storage temperature. In this paper, the possibility of using vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as an alternative to the conventional double walled, powder filled vacuum insulation is presented. The two systems are introduced and compared on a conceptual level with a focus on the loss of vacuum failure mode. Furthermore, a test rig that enables the testing and quantification of thermal properties of VIP based insulations in ordinary and loss of vacuum conditions is presented. The test rig is a boil-off calorimeter using liquefied nitrogen and features a square cold surface with a side length of 3 m. An overview over the planned testing and its goals is given.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2511612</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Finn Harwege</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquefied Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vacuum Insulation Panel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64309</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>8</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>05-06</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>VDI Fachmedien GmbH &amp; Co. KG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Die volumenabhängige Druckbegrenzung als Maßnahme zur Konsequenzsteuerung im Wasserstofftransport</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Mit der technologischen Entwicklung werden auch die Transporteinheiten für Druckgase größer und die zu transportierenden Gase wie Wasserstoff deutlich über die lange als Standard geltenden 200 bar hinaus komprimiert. Damit steigt das Konsequenzpotenzial eines Zwischenfalls, das nun begrenzt werden soll, um die bisherige Praxis mit wenigen Zwischenfällen von den Maßnahmen für die neuen Entwicklungen extrem großer Transportdruckbehälter abgrenzen zu können.&#13;
Hierzu wurde – ausgehend von einer technologisch und sicherheitstechnisch störenden Begrenzung des Volumens von Bergungsdruckgefäßen – das sogenannte Druck-Volumen-Produkt als Kenngröße und Konsequenzmaß vorgeschlagen. Um eine breit akzeptierte Abgrenzung der heute etablierten Druckgefäße gegenüber den zukünftigen Einheiten mit noch mehr Gasinhalt erarbeiten zu können, wurde eine Arbeitsgruppe bei den Vereinten Nationen eingerichtet, deren Weg zu ihrem Ergebnis „Einführung einer Obergrenze von 1.5 Mio. bar-Liter für das Druck-Volumen-Produkt von Druckgefäßen“ mit den Wasserstoff-&#13;
spezifischen Einzelschritten „Grenze zwischen Großunfall und Katastrophe“, „Die Wirkung von Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper“, „Die Ausbreitung von Druckwellen“, „Der&#13;
Referenzwert für die Bevölkerungsdichte“ und „Die Druckwellenberechnung“ hier dargestellt ist. Dieses Ergebnis der UN-Arbeitsgruppe wird bis 2027 zu einer verbindlichen Begrenzung&#13;
des Druckvolumenproduktes in Druckgefäßen führen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Technische Sicherheit</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2191-0073</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Stephan Günzel</author>
    <author>Herbert Saul</author>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risikosteuerung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druck-Volumen-Produkt</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Katastrophe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bevölkerungsdichte</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Druckwelle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64668</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>65</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>67</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Comparative life cycle assessment of different vacuum insulation panel core materials for cryogenic storage tanks – with a focus on glass bubbles as a novel core material</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Developing a sustainable hydrogen supply chain is important in facilitating the energy transition towards climate neutrality. Hydrogen in its free form can be stored and transported either as a gas or a liquid. Due to gaseous hydrogen's comparatively low energy density, liquefied hydrogen (LH 2) is often preferred, especially with regard to long-distance transportation and storage in bulk. A notable challenge associated with LH2 is the inherent requirement to preserve it at a low temperature of -253°C. Consequently, the utilisation of thermally insulated tanks is necessary to minimise LH 2 evaporation. There is a lack of literature on the environmental impacts of insulation materials and concepts for cryogenic storage tank applications in the hydrogen supply chain. Hence, this study investigates a novel concept, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), focusing on their core materials, with a view to assessing their environmental sustainability and circularity. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) model is employed to investigate six distinct VIP core materials, namely, silica aerogel, rigid polyurethane foam, expanded perlite, glass fibre, fumed silica, and glass bubbles (hollow glass microspheres), with a special focus on the latter. The LCA results show that polyurethane foam and silica aerogel rank low in environmental performance, making them less suitable as primary choice. Expanded perlite is the most environmentally friendly material option, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica. Improvements to the environmental impact of glass bubbles can be achieved via the implementation of closed-loop recycling in their life cycle.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of The World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.whtc2025.com/conference-proceedings</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dublin, Ireland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.10.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Hannah Sauer</author>
    <author>Bright Ebikemefa Okpeke</author>
    <author>Agnieszka Sylwia Dzielendziak</author>
    <author>Lars Batcke</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Sören Ehlers</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Life cycle assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63813</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>679</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>684</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>116</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A Comprehensive Numerical Study of the Behaviour of an LH2 Storage Tank in the Event of a Fire</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET25116114</identifier>
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    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat transfer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-Layer Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65099</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind, especially wind turbulence. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks with knobs and holes of a dimension of 1m x 0.5m x 0.5m made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg, they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Splinter protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure vessel testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire engulfment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Destructive tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rupture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaseous tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure wave</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test equipment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Precaution measures</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65102</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Safety challenges of the hydrogen market ramp-up</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation will provide some thoughts on the key safety challenges for staying safe during the market ramp-up phase of the rapidly expanding hydrogen economy. The focus is on storage aspects, but other topics are also covered. Each brief description of an aspect is followed by a proposal for solving the problem. Key words are safety aspects of hydrogen transport (CGH2 and LH2), risk control, consequence limitation, structural reliability control, safety monitoring through destructive and non-destructive testing, improvement of RCS through impact simulation, new approaches to safety assessment, outlook on the potential of NDT and digital product passports.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">6th Germany–Korea Hydrogen Conference 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk-control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Regulatory measures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Operational safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Full scale tests</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63084</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>537</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>552</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>135</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the  hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.534</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic storage tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63084/Camplese_2025_performance_assessment_MLI_in_fire.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Cryogenic storage system behaviour under fire : A study of the insulation impact</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The transition from fossil fuels to low-emission alternatives is essential to mitigate carbon emissions in energy-intensive sectors. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a promising energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density, but its storage requires advanced insulation to minimize heat ingress and prevent excessive boil-off losses. Multilayer insulation (MLI), perlite, and microspheres are commonly used under vacuum conditions, yet their performance under fire exposure remains a critical concern. This study investigates the thermal degradation of insulation materials and its impact on heat transfer in an event with extreme thermal load conditions using the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC). The heat flow dynamics are analyzed, and an equivalent heat transfer coefficient is proposed to quantify the impact of insulation deterioration as the outer wall temperature increases. Additionally, a novel liquid-vapor interface monitoring method is introduced to improve real-time detection of phase changes within the tank. The results highlight that insulation failure substantially increases the heat flow, which, if not mitigated, can lead to boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE), jet fires, or catastrophic tank failure. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing LH2 storage safety and improving emergency response strategies for cryogenic tanks exposed to extreme thermal conditions.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.09.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-Layer Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat transfer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Repeatable Testing of a Cryogenic Storage Tank with Variable Insulation Material in Fire Like Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Cryogenics 2025, IIR Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.04.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63426</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the future use of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) as a green energy carrier, new concepts for storage tanks and in particular their insulation are necessary. The methodology applied in current LH2 tanks has some disadvantages while manufacturing and operation of large tanks that may be required in the future. While liquefied natural gas tanks exist in the necessary capacities, they are incompatible with LH2 due to its significantly lower storage temperature. In this paper, the possibility of using vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as an alternative to the conventional double walled, powder filled vacuum insulation is presented. The two systems are introduced and compared on a conceptual level with a focus on the loss of vacuum failure mode. Furthermore, a test rig that enables the testing and quantification of thermal properties of VIP based insulations in ordinary and loss of vacuum conditions is presented. The test rig is a boil-off calorimeter using liquefied nitrogen and features a square cold surface with a side length of 2 m. An overview over the planned testing and its goals is given.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bologna, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Finn Harwege</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquefied Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vacuum</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vacuum Insulation Panel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62988</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquid hydrogen storage tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) based insulation could present an alternative to the common double walled vacuum insulation for large liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks. In this paper a brief introduction on VIPs and the envisioned design of VIP-based LH2-tank insulation is given. The design of a flat plate boil-off calorimeter for the testing of the insulation concept is shown, with regard to thermal design, mechanical design and instrumentation. Finally, an overview over the particular challenges for modelling VIP-based insulation and the proposed testing to be performed on the test rig is presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Cryogenics IIR International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Finn Harwege</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquefied Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VIP</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vacuum Insulation Panel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63628</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">New concepts in liquid hydrogen storage</title>
    <abstract language="eng">On the way to the energy transition, cryogenic fluids such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are very important. They enable the large-scale economic transport and storage of energy as well as they represent alternative fuels for energy-intensive mobile applications such as aircrafts, ships and HGVs. For the last one, the number of vehicles and fuel stations has increased rapidly in the last 10 years all over Europe. Does this also entail new risks, for instance from a BLEVE in case of fires? To answer this question, BAM has conducted several research projects over the last decades and intensified the research recently with several experimental, numerical, and empirical outcomes on how a tank with insulation behaves in a fire. The presentation shows an overview of this research. The findings are relevant for global standardization procedures and to improve the overall safety in chemistry and technics.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Hydrogen Refueling Station Opening</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Baruth/Mark, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">03.07.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63738</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>181</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>186</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>116</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>AIDIC</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET25116031</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Loss Prevention 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bologna, Italien</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Jennifer Heßmann</author>
    <author>Jan Werner</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64699</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Introduction Living Lab Hydrogen Refueling Station</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) forscht und prüft für Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie an drei Standorten in Berlin, sowie auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit in Horstwalde in Brandenburg. Hier haben wir weitreichende Möglichkeiten, Großversuche im Realmaßstab durchzuführen. Besonderes Augenmerk richten wir heute auf das Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle. Diese voll digitalisierte technische Anlage, die die Wertschöpfungskette von Wasserstoff abbildet, wurde gerade eröffnet und steht nun Partnern aus Industrie und Forschung sowie kleinen mittelständischen Unternehmen oder Start-Ups zum gemeinsamen Forschen und Erproben neuer Technologie zur Verfügung. Ihre Besonderheiten umfassen z.B. eine umfassende Prozessüberwachung nach Industrie 4.0, die dafür nötige IT/OT Infrastruktur, Digitale Zwillinge auf verschiedenen Ebenen, großflächige Aufstellung und baulicher Schutz, Gas-Probenahmestellen auf dem Weg durch die Anlage und H2-Sensornetzwerke zur frühzeitigen Erfassung und Ortung von Leckagen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Sonderkolloquium H2safety@BAM</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Bock</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reallabor</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digitalisierung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62959</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>168</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>174</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>ICCEX</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Prag</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquid hydrogen storage tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) based insulation could present an alternative to the common double walled vacuum insulation for large liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks. In this paper a brief introduction on VIPs and the envisioned design of VIP-based LH2-tank insulation is given. The design of a flat plate boil-off calorimeter for the testing of the insulation concept is shown, with regard to thermal design, mechanical design and instrumentation. Finally, an overview over the particular challenges for modelling VIP-based insulation and the proposed testing to be performed on the test rig is presented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The 18th Cryogenics 2025 IIR Conference</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">978-2-36215-053-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">0151-1637</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0010</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Cryogenics IIR International Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Finn Harwege</author>
    <author>Heiko Schmidt</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquefied Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vacuum Insulation Panel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65289</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">DAVID Project meeting 23.09.2025</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Yearly report on the DAVID project, presented in front of the consortial partners. The report shows the progress achieved by the DAVID project team at BAM in terms of testing newly developed carbon-fiber reinforced pressure vessels of type IV.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DAVID project meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Emanuel Kästle</author>
    <author>Eric Duffner</author>
    <author>Ali Ghaznavi</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Acoustic Emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure Vessels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DAVID project</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Damage monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fiber reinforced polymers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65544</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>219</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Comparative life cycle assessment of vacuum insulation panel core materials for liquid hydrogen storage tanks – glass bubbles compared to conventional core materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The environmental performance of insulation materials for liquid hydrogen storage tank application is important to the development of sustainable supply chains. As new materials keep evolving, there is a need to assess their environmental impact. Therefore, this study investigates the environmental sustainability and circularity of cryogenic insulation concepts, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), exclusively focussing on their core materials. Employing a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment model, the VIP core materials are investigated with a special focus on glass bubbles. Based on the results, the global warming potential of the considered core materials, namely, glass bubbles, silica aerogel, fumed silica, expanded perlite, glass fibre, and polyurethane foam is 9.21∗10^−2, 7.00, 2.50∗10^−1, 3.63∗10^−2, 6.68∗10^−2, and 1.88 kg CO2 eq. per functional unit, respectively. In general, silica aerogel and polyurethane foam are the least environmentally friendly materials, while the most sustainable is expanded perlite, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153937</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655445</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Hannah Sauer</author>
    <author>Bright E. Okpeke</author>
    <author>Agnieszka S. Dzielendziak</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Lars Baetcke</author>
    <author>Sören Ehlers</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic storage tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Life Cycle Assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65544/Sauer_2025_NICOLHy_LCA.pdf</file>
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