<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>51371</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Die Wasserstoffstrategie der BAM; Kompetenzzentrum H 2 safety@bam</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Das Thema Wasserstoff ist an der BAM seit mehr als hundert Jahren aktuell und steht auch gegenwärtig im Zentrum zahlreicher Forschungs- und Kooperationsaktivitäten. Mit der aktuellen Wasserstoff-Strategie der BAM werden wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass der Markthochlauf gelingt und die technische Sicherheit und Überwachung der Infrastrukturen und Anlagen gewährleistet ist – von der Erzeugung, über den Transport bis zur Speicherung und Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der Zukunft.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">1st Digital AK PostDocs Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Teresa Orellana Pérez</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoffstrategie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.1 Sensorik, mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51531</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions are presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Guest Lecture at the University of Birmingham</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.10.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>New energy carriers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limits</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56807</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>60</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of energy storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2022.106579</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Nawar Yusfi</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Tim-Patrick Fellinger</author>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cathode active material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56807/Meta-analysis.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65576</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>F1000 Research Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards standardized safety protocols for iron-based energy carriers: International alignment through round robin testing on safety characteristics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background Iron powder appears to be a promising solution for long-term energy storage and (inter-) continental transport, as it is safe to store and does not require energy to maintain its state, unlike, for instance, liquefied hydrogen. However, while the fundamental research is well underway, large-scale implementation is still in its early stages, with a growing number of promising demonstrators emerging. Methods This article contributes to the large-scale implementation of iron as an energy carrier by presenting a round-robin test of four iron powders currently used in research and larger-scale demonstrators. These powders were tested on their safety characteristics in the standard 20 L apparatus across eight European countries. Results The resulting data are intended to support future standardization efforts using different iron samples as standardized fuel. All tested powders were classified either as non-explosible or as belonging to the category of marginally explosible dusts (Class 1). This provides a clear picture of the level of explosion protection measures that need to be considered for the safe use of iron powders in energy carrier applications. Conclusions Along with that, the study detected variations in the results and pointed to shortcomings in the current standards that may cause such discrepancies. These findings emphasize the importance of improving testing procedures to support standardization and ensure the safe use of iron powder as an energy carrier using an a-priori-approach rather than subsequent testing.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Open Research Europe</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2732-5121</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.12688/openreseurope.22839.1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655761</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_doiImportPopulated">PersonAuthorFirstName_1,PersonAuthorLastName_1,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_1,PersonAuthorFirstName_2,PersonAuthorLastName_2,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_2,PersonAuthorFirstName_3,PersonAuthorLastName_3,PersonAuthorFirstName_4,PersonAuthorLastName_4,PersonAuthorFirstName_5,PersonAuthorLastName_5,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_5,PersonAuthorFirstName_6,PersonAuthorLastName_6,PersonAuthorFirstName_7,PersonAuthorLastName_7,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_7,PersonAuthorFirstName_8,PersonAuthorLastName_8,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_8,PersonAuthorFirstName_9,PersonAuthorLastName_9,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_9,PersonAuthorFirstName_10,PersonAuthorLastName_10,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_10,PersonAuthorFirstName_11,PersonAuthorLastName_11,PersonAuthorFirstName_12,PersonAuthorLastName_12,PersonAuthorFirstName_13,PersonAuthorLastName_13,PersonAuthorFirstName_14,PersonAuthorLastName_14,PersonAuthorFirstName_15,PersonAuthorLastName_15,PersonAuthorFirstName_16,PersonAuthorLastName_16,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_16,PersonAuthorFirstName_17,PersonAuthorLastName_17,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_17,PersonAuthorFirstName_18,PersonAuthorLastName_18,PersonAuthorIdentifierOrcid_18,PublisherName,TitleMain_1,Language,TitleAbstract_1,TitleParent_1,ArticleNumber,Volume,PublishedYear,IdentifierIssn,Enrichmentlocal_crossrefLicence</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aleksandra Semenova</author>
    <author>Stefan H. Spitzer Sra</author>
    <author>Barbora Dvorakova</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Patrick Funnemann</author>
    <author>Roy T.E. Hermanns</author>
    <author>Vojtech Jankuj</author>
    <author>Alexis Vignes</author>
    <author>Richard Kuracina</author>
    <author>Zuzana Szabova</author>
    <author>Frederik Norman</author>
    <author>Dieter Gabel</author>
    <author>Enrico Danzi</author>
    <author>Ekaterina Makarova</author>
    <author>Ivan Lorenzon</author>
    <author>Adrian Toman</author>
    <author>Wojciech Adamus</author>
    <author>Conrad Hessels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy carrier</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/65576/Semenova et al. (2026) - round robin testing on safety characteristics .pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62486</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Safety characteristics are used for the safe operation of processes. Designing protection measures requires explosion characteristics to be determined, namely the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise. Safety characteristics of single-phase components (solid, liquid or gas) can be determined according to standards that were developed 40 years ago and are continuously improved. For hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a combustible dust there has been an approach in the 80s but it has never been improved nor applied ever since (ISO 6184-3). A new approach by four German research facilities and the German Institute for standardization (DIN) with the aim of developing a new standard was launched in 2019. In 2022 the key findings led to a first international round robin test with eleven participating facilities from seven countries. The dust component was corn starch and methane was chosen as gas component. In order to strengthen the data foundation before finalizing and publishing the new standard, a second round robin test was initiated with hydrogen as gas component and lycopodium as dust. The paper will summarize the findings and their influence on the new standard.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-3352</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1738042116252,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T16:30:19Z","timestamp":1737217819000},"page":"105560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan H.","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Adamus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enis","family":"Askar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Benke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"D\u2019Hyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zdzislaw","family":"Dyduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dufaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Flemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Gehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hohenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vojtech","family":"Jankuj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Krietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kuracina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Mynarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Sandsta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Toman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trygve","family":"Skjold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Skrinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Szabova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Vignes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mattheus van","family":"Wingerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shenjung","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"2016","series-title":"Explosion in a sludge drying unit. N\u00b047883","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib2"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2018.05.001","article-title":"Recyclable metal fuels for clean and compact zero-carbon power","author":"Bergthorson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib4","first-page":"985","article-title":"Quality management in the determination of safety characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Cesana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib5","article-title":"Economic feasibility analysis of soybean oil production by hexane extraction","volume":"107","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib6","article-title":"Hybrid H2\/Ti dust explosion hazards during the production of metal hydride TiH2 in a closed vessel","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.033","article-title":"Explosibility of hydrogen\u2013graphite dust hybrid mixtures","volume":"20","author":"Denkevits","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.03.024","article-title":"Hybrid H2\/Al dust explosions in Siwek sphere","volume":"36","author":"Denkevits","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DIN\/TS 31018-1:2023-10 \u2013 Draft, Determination Methods for Safety-Related Parameters of Explosion Protection for Hybrid Mixtures of Substances - Part 1: Gases, doi:10.31030\/3447022.","DOI":"10.31030\/3447022"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"Determination of Maximum Explosion Pressure and the Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise of Gases and Vapours","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib10"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds - Part 1: Determination of the Maximum Explosion Pressure Pmax of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib11"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds - Part 2: Determination of the Maximum Rate of Explosion Pressure Rise (Dp\/dt)max of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib12"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds - Part 3: Determination of the Lower Explosion Limit LEL of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib13"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib15","series-title":"15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)","article-title":"Simplifying standards, opening restrictions Part I: the influence of the test vessel volume on the maximum explosion pressure of dusts","author":"Jankuj","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib16","series-title":"Proceedings of the ICHS 2023","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Risk management in a containerized metal hydride storage system","author":"Messa","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2022.104872","article-title":"Lessons from aluminum and magnesium scraps fires and explosions: case studies of metal recycling industry","volume":"80","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.001","article-title":"Explosibility of cork dust in methane\/air mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Pilao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.032","article-title":"Measuring the violence of dust explosions with the \u2018\u201820 l sphere\u2019\u2019 and with the standard \u2018\u2018ISO 1 m3 vessel\u2019\u2019 Systematic comparison and analysis of the discrepancies","volume":"20","author":"Proust","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2022.104947","article-title":"1st international round robin test on safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures","volume":"81","author":"Spitzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental parameter study and inherent scattering of safety characteristics of dusts","volume":"104","author":"Spitzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c01498","article-title":"- the hazard of soy flour, n-hexane, and their hybrid mixtures in the extraction process","author":"Spitzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.201900108","article-title":"Reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen","author":"Spreitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib24","article-title":"- challenges and opportunities to mitigate the catastrophic thermal runaway of high-energy batteries","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"year":"1994","series-title":"1994-07-09 Explosion eines Staub-\/Luftgemisches mit Folgebrand","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560_bib25"}],"container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095042302500018X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095042302500018X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1737974320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095042302500018X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S095042302500018X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-4230"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-4230"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2025.105560","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105560"}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.03.2025</enrichment>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Wojciech Adamus</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Alexander Benke</author>
    <author>Sebastian D’Hyon</author>
    <author>Zdzislaw Dyduch</author>
    <author>Olivier Dufaud</author>
    <author>Friederike Flemming</author>
    <author>Nicole Gehle</author>
    <author>Michael Hohenberger</author>
    <author>Vojtech Jankuj</author>
    <author>Wang Jian</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Richard Kuracina</author>
    <author>Miroslav Mynarz</author>
    <author>Frederik Norman</author>
    <author>David Osborne</author>
    <author>Maria Prodan</author>
    <author>Nelly Sandsta</author>
    <author>Adrian Toman</author>
    <author>Trygve Skjold</author>
    <author>Jan Skrinsky</author>
    <author>Zuzana Szabova</author>
    <author>Alexis Vignes</author>
    <author>Mattheus van Wingerden</author>
    <author>Shenjung Zhong</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Anlagensicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Konstruktiver Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybride Gemische</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Round robin tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hybrid mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55030</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>115</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>120</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety of Alternative Energy Sources: a Review</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The article summarizes a short review of the literature focused on safety in the field of alternative energy sources. With an increasing orientation towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, new technologies will come to the fore. These facts must be demonstrated in occupational health and safety. Several studies focused on alternative energy sources are mentioned and show the trends for the future. Especially in the area of hydrogen and battery technologies, systems should pay attention to acquisitions as a normal part of our lives.&#13;
Safety research is essential for the acceptance of cleaner, efficient, and sustainable future.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290020</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Loss Prevention</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prag, Czechia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>V. Jankuj</author>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>A. Bernatik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alternative Energy Sources</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63734</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>343</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>348</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>116</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Italy</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Risks from Hydrogen Carriers - Safety Characteristics of the  LOHC System Toluene/Methylcyclohexane</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reversible liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) seem to be a promising solution for the transportation of hydrogen. Since no pressure or cooling needs to be applied during the transport, it is considered easier, safer and cheaper compared to pressurized gas tanks or cryogenic hydrogen on long routes and is already applied in large quantities and long distances. One simple system is methylcyclohexane and toluene. Toluene gets shipped to countries with an excess of (preferably green) energy and is charged with hydrogen to form methylcyclohexane. This is then shipped back to the place with energy and/or hydrogen demand and split into hydrogen and toluene. For toluene, some safety characteristics are available, whereas methylcyclohexane is loosely analyzed, hence safety characteristics are the basis for an appropriate approach to tackle the hazards and for the risk assessment. This paper focuses on the safety characteristics of both substances, compares the differences and points out the crucial hazards of this system, especially if the same tanks for transportation are used.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CET CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET25116058</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bologna, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Arkan Abed</author>
    <author>Alexander Seifert</author>
    <author>Ernesto Salzano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rate of pressure rise</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen transport</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61697</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>92</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The determination of several safety characteristics for dusts requires the dispersion of it in air. This is normally conducted using two vessels, one with an overpressure holding the dust and dispersing it into the second one, where the explosion takes place, through a nozzle. This procedure has the disadvantage that some dusts cannot be conveyed through the nozzle properly. Another disadvantage is that the pressure balancing between the two vessels depends on the dust loading and especially for heavy dusts and high loadings the initial pressure inside the explosion vessel might be reduced.&#13;
Flocky dusts or dusts that might be dangerous to convey through a thin nozzle with an overpressure (nano powders, zirconium) are also difficult to test according to the existing standards and may not be tested with the standard nozzles, that are so far used for the determination of safety characteristics. One very recent example, testing nitrocellulose, raised the question, whether some dusts even pose a risk being distributed and pressed through a nozzle for the testing device and, in worst case, for the operator.&#13;
Previous researchers have developed alternative types of nozzles for specific types of dust, but provide limited evaluation of their performance relative to standard nozzles. Additionally, researchers have not provided sufficient geometry so that they can be reproduced by others. One alternative nozzle for the dispersion of flocky or coarse dusts is stated in the ISO standard but not described there either.&#13;
This article investigates four types of nozzles: The two standard ones that are widely used already, an alternative type, that got introduced into the international standard in 2016 but is still seldomly used and one that was constructed to overcome some of the observed disadvantages. The injection curves are compared with and without dust loadings as well as the explosion characteristics. Eventually, a suggestion is given for different types of dusts.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105492</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T21:40:23Z","timestamp":1731793223491,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T21:09:23Z","timestamp":1731704963000},"page":"105492","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan H.","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Pandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel Velasco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9382-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Danzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dufaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bretislav","family":"Janovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"2019","series-title":"ASTM E1226-19, Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2016.11.001","article-title":"Effect of dust dispersion on particle integrity and explosion hazards","volume":"44","author":"Bagaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.09.089","article-title":"Classification of particle breakage due to dust dispersion","volume":"342","author":"Bagaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib4","article-title":"Gasexplosion in rohrstrecken","volume":"5","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bergfreiheit, Zeitschrift fiir den Deutschen Bergbau"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"- Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds \u2013 Part 1: Determination of the Maximum Explosion Pressure Pmax of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib5"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds \u2013 Part 2: Determination of the Maximum Rate of Explosion Pressure Rise (Dp\/dt)max of Dust Clouds","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib7","unstructured":"CEN, the European Committee for Standardization.EN 14034-3 (2011) - Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds \u2013 Part 3: Determination of the Lower Explosion Limit LEL of Dust Clouds."},{"author":"Cloney","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015099110942","article-title":"On the decay of turbulence in the 20-liter explosion sphere","volume":"67","author":"Dahoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Flow, Turbul. Combust."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14029","article-title":"CFD simulations of turbulent fluid flow and dust dispersion in the 20 liter explosion vessel","volume":"59","author":"Di Benedetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.09.015","article-title":"CFD modeling and simulation of turbulent fluid flow and dust dispersion in the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle","volume":"38","author":"Di Sarli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.10.015","article-title":"CFD simulations of dust dispersion in the 20 L vessel: effect of nominal dust concentration","volume":"27","author":"Di Sarli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2014.12.017","article-title":"Visualization and analysis of dispersion process of combustible dust in a transparent Siwek 20-L chamber","volume":"33","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries: Identification, Assessment and Control of Dust Hazards","author":"Eckhoff","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib14"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.10.001","article-title":"Flame propagation and flow field measurements in a Hartmann dustexplosion tube","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2014.12.009","article-title":"Explosion reactivity characterization of pulverized torrefied spruce wood","volume":"36","author":"Hu\u00e9scar Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.01.009","article-title":"Comparison of the explosion characteristics and flame speeds of pulverized coals and biomass in the ISO standard 1m3 dust explosion equipment","volume":"151","author":"Hu\u00e9scar Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.07.015","article-title":"Explosibility of polyamide and polyester fibers","volume":"26","author":"Iarossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.117033","article-title":"CFD simulations of turbulent dust dispersion in the 20 L vessel using OpenFOAM","volume":"397","author":"Islas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.07.029","article-title":"Computational assessment of biomass dust explosions in the 20L sphere","volume":"165","author":"Islas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Protect."},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Explosive Atmospheres \u2013 Part 20-2: Material Characteristics \u2013 Combustible Dusts Test Methods","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib22"},{"article-title":"Simplifying standards, opening restrictions Part I: the influence of the test vessel volume on the maximum explosion pressure of dusts","year":"2024","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions","author":"Jankuj","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib23"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2009.05.008","article-title":"Effectiveness of dust dispersion in the 20-L Siwek chamber","volume":"23","author":"Kalejaiye","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2019.103935","article-title":"Dust explosion hazard in the textile industry","volume":"62","author":"Marmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.12.096","article-title":"Proposal of a new injection nozzle to improve the experimental reproducibility of dust explosion tests","volume":"328","author":"Murillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2020.104231","article-title":"CFD simulation of the dispersion of binary dust mixtures in the 20 L vessel","volume":"67","author":"Portarapillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2022.104815","article-title":"On the flammable behavior of non-traditional dusts: dimensionless numbers evaluation for nylon 6,6 short fibers","volume":"78","author":"Portarapillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2015.04.003","article-title":"Effect of the nozzle type on the integrity of dust particles in standard explosion tests","volume":"279","author":"Sanchirico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2019.103995","article-title":"Experimental and CFD-DEM study of the dispersion and combustion of wheat starch and carbon-black particles during the standard 20L sphere test","volume":"63","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.05.023","article-title":"Explosion severity behavior of micro\/nano-sized aluminum dust in the 20L sphere: influence of the particle size distribution (PSD) and nozzle geometry","volume":"152","author":"Serrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Protect."},{"year":"1977","series-title":"20-l Laborapparatur f\u00fcr die Bestimmung der Explosionskenngr\u00f6\u00dfen brennbarer St\u00e4ube","author":"Siwek","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib32"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib33","series-title":"Proceedings of the Flammable Dust Explosion Conference","first-page":"529","article-title":"Reliable determination of the safety characteristics in 20-l apparatus","author":"Siwek","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122495","article-title":"Influence of pre-ignition pressure rise on safety characteristics of dusts and hybrid mixtures","volume":"311","author":"Spitzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.15883","article-title":"CFD as an approach to understand flammable dust 20 L standard test: effect of the ignition time on the fluid flow","volume":"64","author":"Vizcaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIChE J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095042302400250X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095042302400250X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T21:06:43Z","timestamp":1731791203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095042302400250X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S095042302400250X"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-4230"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-4230"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105492","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105492"}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">02.12.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Stefan Spitzer</author>
    <author>Adrián Pandal</author>
    <author>Manuel Velasco Rodríguez</author>
    <author>Martin Schmidt</author>
    <author>Enrico Danzi</author>
    <author>Olivier Dufaud</author>
    <author>Bretislav Janovsky</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dust explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety characteristics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55137</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Aufbau einer Testinfrastruktur für Wasserstoffsicherheit in Südbrandenburg</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des 6. Lausitzer Netzwerktreffens DurcH2atmen hat die BAM das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety sowie aktuell drei große Projekte zur Schaffung einer Testinfrastruktur auf dem BAM TTS vorgestellt. Es handelt sich hierbei um die vom BMWK geförderten Projekte ModuH2Pipe (Modulare Pipelineanlage zur Untersuchung sicherheitstechnischer Fragestellungen beim Transport von Wasserstoff und Wasserstoff/Erdgasgemischen in Pipeline) und QI Digital "Usecase" Wasserstofftankstelle" sowie den Aufbau einer Höchstdruckinfrastruktur für die Bereitstellung von 1000 bar Wasserstoff in einem 5 m³-Behälter inkl. Peripherie.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Lausitzer Netzwerktreffen DurcH2atmen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Schipkau, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Testinfrastruktur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ModuH2Pipe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modulare Pipelineanlage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>QI Digital</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstofftankstelle</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64643</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety and security challenges in the transformation of the future energy supply</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a sustainable decarbonization of the energy supply in Germany and Europe, a long-established supply system must be gradually transformed without fundamentally jeopardizing the energy supply. This transformation faces numerous challenges in the areas of safety and security including natural hazards.&#13;
A safe, reliable, decarbonized energy supply requires diversification and a combination of different climate-friendly energy carriers and storage systems that are tailored to the specific requirements of industry, households and transportation. However, each energy carrier must be specifically assessed in terms of safety regarding its production, storage, transport and use. Relevant safety aspects arise from the scale at which energy carriers such as hydrogen and ammonia, but also electrical energy storage systems, must be handled. Suitable transport and storage infrastructure must be established for each energy carrier and storage facility, leading to extreme safety, technological and regulatory challenges.&#13;
Central energy supplies are categorized as critical infrastructure. In the context of geopolitical conflicts, they are increasingly becoming the focus of digital or analog attacks by third parties, particularly with the aim of unsettling the respective population. The digitalization and automation of energy systems increases their vulnerability to such attacks. Geopolitical conflicts also lead to problems with the availability of raw materials and energy carriers. Also in this context, greater focus must be placed on diversification and resilience concepts. For the energy transition to succeed, traditional safety and security concepts must be interdisciplinary integrated with new aspects of resilience and crisis prevention. These concepts must be continuously developed to avoid outdated and expensive solutions. At the same time, it is reasonable to assume that the nature of threats will change more rapidly than in the past. &#13;
The presentation will highlight key challenges associated with the widespread introduction of various energy carriers and storage technologies. It covers a wide range of topics, from safety-related and material-related issues to infrastructural and digital requirements as well as to aspects of security.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">PEMT 2025 - Annual Meeting of Process Engineering and Materials Technology</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Frankfurt, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Security</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Challenges</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57398</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM - We build trust in hydrogen technologies</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beraterkreis Gase wird regelmäßig von der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie, Bereich Prävention, organisiert. Die Veranstaltung dient dem Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zu  aktuellen sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen rund um Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. In diesem Zusammenhang hat die BAM einen Überblick über ihre verschiedenen Aktivitäten des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt, die sich in der gesamten Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Planungen für den Ausbau der Prüfinfrastruktur auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM vorgestellt. Es wurden auch die Ergebnisse des Projekts DELFIN zur Sicherheit von Druckgasspeichern, den Freisetzungsuntersuchungen von Flüssigwasserstoff sowie die Unterfeuerung entsprechender Kryospeicher und die Planungen zum Projekt ModuH2Pipe@BAM präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildeten die aktuellen Empfehlungen des Forschungsnetzwerkes Wasserstoff.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">The Gases Advisory Group is organized regularly by the Prevention Division of the German Employer's Liability Insurance Association for Raw Materials and the Chemical Industry. The event serves as an exchange between science and industry on current safety-related issues concerning oxygen and hydrogen. In this context, BAM presented an overview of its various activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM, which are reflected in the entire hydrogen value chain. In addition, the plans for the expansion of the test infrastructure at BAM's Technical Safety Test Site were presented. The results of the DELFIN project on the safety of pressurized gas storage tanks, the release tests of liquid hydrogen as well as the underfiring of corresponding cryogenic storage tanks and the plans for the ModuH2Pipe@BAM project were also presented. The presentation concluded with the current recommendations of the Hydrogen Research Network.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BG RCI Beraterkreis Gase</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Berufsgenossenschaft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>modulare Pipelineanlage</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57633</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Education and Training Activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Green hydrogen is seen as a cornerstone of the energy transition and decarbonization efforts of industry, transportation and the utilities sectors. The binding goal of the EU and Germany to reduce net zero carbon emissions by 2045 will substantially increase the demand for green hydrogen as an important carbon-free substitute for fossil fuels. The World Energy Council expects an annual demand of 60 million tons (equivalent 2.000 TWh) hydrogen and its derivatives (especially ammonia and methanol) in the EU until 2050. lt is estimated that the EU can produce less than half of its needed hydrogen by 2050, and will need to import the rest. African coastal countries therefore have the opportunity to become net exporters of their carbon-free regenerative energy in the form of hydrogen and its derivatives and to enable better economic growth and generate wealth on the African continent. The large-scale production, transport and storage of green hydrogen will require large investments in the development of knowledge and training, logistics and capital goods - for both the EU and African countries. &#13;
&#13;
BAM is already facing the lack of skilled workers and hydrogen experts. By bundling its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. In order to transfer its expertise in this field BAM developed a number of education activities. The centre of all activities is the Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”, established in 2022 together with the BTU Cottbus. In the presentation all activities and especially those of the graduate school and details of the cooperation with the University of Namibia are shown.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">German-African Green Hydrogen Forum</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bernburg (Saale), Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Graduate School</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Trustworthy Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Education</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Skilled workers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57629</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety Aspects for Hydrogen Technologies - H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To be able to achieve the targets defined by 2045, the EU and the German government have drafted a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies.&#13;
The conditions for a successful energy transition and the economic use of green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are Hydrogen readiness and a rapid market ramp-up, as well as the establishment of the necessary value chains in the national and European framework. Reliable quality and safety standards are the prerequisite for ensuring safety of supply and environmental compatibility and for creating trust in these technologies.&#13;
BAM has bundled its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology and to support the hydrogen strategies of the German government and the EU. The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. The competence centre H2Safety@BAM and its vision of “We build trust in hydrogen technologies” will be presented with its many safety-related topics, which can be found throughout the entire hydrogen value chain. Two deep dives will present the results on projects dealing with the design-to-cost issue of classical pressurized gas storage containments and the consequences of the release of liquid hydrogen, which will be roughly compared to the release of ammonia.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">25. Kalorimetrietage</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">31.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>H2Safety@BAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas cylinders</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DELFIN</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid phase transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cyro storage tanks</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65151</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell. &#13;
Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education. &#13;
The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.12.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Living Lab</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Networks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Refuelling Station</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion Protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material Compatibility</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Compressed Gases</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64761</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental and Kinetic Study of Lubrication Oil Composition on  Hydrogen Auto-Ignition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICEs) present a promising alternative to conventional fuels, but they face challenges such as pre-ignition, where lubricating oils play a critical role.  This study investigates the auto-ignition behavior of two base oils — Group II (mineral) and Group V (Ester) — and three formulated oils (Oils A, B, and C) at 20 bar using a heated constant-volume autoclave. Oil A and Oil B share a Group II (mineral) base, with Oil A containing lower levels of calcium-based detergents and higher levels of phosphorus-based antioxidants compared to Oil B. In contrast, Oil C is formulated with a Group V (ester) base oil, incorporating magnesium-calcium detergents. The auto-ignition temperature was measured in both air and stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures to assess the influence of oil composition, additives, and hydrogen addition on ignition characteristics. Results show that hydrogen’s AIT at 20 bar is 460°C but drops to 270°C with the addition of 0.2 ml of base oil. Base oils exhibited similar AITs in air (260°C) and hydrogen-air mixtures (270°C), with reactivity differences linked to molecular composition — ester (Group V) displayed lower reactivity compared to mineral oil (Group II). Formulated oils demonstrated slightly higher AITs (up to 290°C), where phosphorus-based additives reduced reactivity, while lower calcium content further slowed ignition. Among the tested oils, the ester-based oil with a mixture of calcium and magnesium detergents exhibited the lowest reactivity, making it a promising candidate for hydrogen engines. Additionally, reduced oxygen availability increased AIT by 10°C and prolonged ignition delay. A chemical analysis was also performed to evaluate the ignition properties of Group II (mineral) and Group V (ester) oils under varying temperatures. These findings highlight the impact of lubricant composition on pre-ignition behavior in H₂ ICEs, offering valuable insights for optimizing lubricant formulations.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">12th European  Combustion Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Edinburgh, United Kingdom</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.04.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Hayat El Harrab</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>T. Franken</author>
    <author>F. Mauss</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pre-Ignition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Group V Ester Oil</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auto-Ignition Temperature</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Effects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition Delay Time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Group II Mineral Oil</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lubricating Oil</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64624</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1389</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1401</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen Mixtures Flammability Limits Prediction using Machine Learning Models</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flammability characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different initial conditions(temperature and pressure). Based on the available experimental datasets, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to calculate flammability limits in dependance to initial conditions and mixture composition to reduce the experimental effort. However, unevenly distributed empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship characteristics of these data present significant challenges to empirical flammability limits prediction methods under various mixture initial conditions. Moreover,  the empirical models and semi-empirical models only cover some influencing parameters, respectively. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning (ML) approach for improving the hydrogen-air/oxygen-inert gas mixture flammability limits prediction at different conditions with a holistic approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, equivalence ratio, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted on experimental datasets to improve the predictive capability of the model. The models’  performance was compared with empirical flammability limit prediction methods. The goal is to deliver fast, reliable, and more accurate predictions across different scenarios with a single prediction model. Most importantly, the machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical flammability limit prediction methods, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">979 -12 -243 -0274 - 2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Seoul, South Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Josua Kondja Junias</author>
    <author>Kai Holtappels</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Max Thewis</author>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <author>Erasmus Shaanika</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine Learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flammability Limits</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53808</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hydrogen Safety - Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this lecture the safety related properties og hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions when handling hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures are presented.&#13;
The Joint European Summer School JESS 2021 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation &amp; business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Joint European Summer School (JESS)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsgrenzen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündenergie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkung von Explosionen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60288</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Ignition Behaviour and Challenges for Hydrogen Safety</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation is divided in two parts. In the first part the significance of mechanical impacts as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres is shown and recent results of a research project evaluating ignition probabilities under different conditions is presented. In the second part future challenges in the field of hydrogen safety are discussed. Finally, the German National Hydrogen Safety Alliance is introduced.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Hydrogen Online Workshop 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion protection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical impacts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ignition source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>German National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53725</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Hinsichtlich ihrer sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen (STK) unterscheiden sich Wasserstoff und Erdgas zum Teil stark. Im Vortrag werden verschiedene STK von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen im Abhängigkeit des Wasserstoffanteils vorgestellt und die Auswirkung der Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen erläutert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW-Kongress 2021 "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.10.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Enis Askar</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsgrenzen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündenergie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power to Gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erdgasnetz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zündquellen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64302</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). This contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Third German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bernburg (Saale), Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Reinhold Leo</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen Assisted Cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High Pressure Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex Stainless Steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hollow Specimen Technique</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
