<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>51288</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Beitrag werden die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff diskutiert. Die Einspeisung von Wasserstoff ins Erdgasnetz wird im Hinblick auf mögliche Gefahren im Explosionsschutz durch die Veränderung von sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen unter Prozessbedingungen betrachtet.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVGW-Seminar "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bremen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Volkmar Schröder</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erdgasinfrastruktur</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51522</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">BAM-Aktivitäten im Bereich Elektrische Energiespeicher</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beitrag stellt die aktuellen, relevanten BAM-Projekte im Bereich der Sicherheit elektrischer Energiespeicher vor. Weiterhin werden derzeitige Kooperationen mit der vfdb präsentiert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">82. Sitzung Referat 10, Umweltschutz der vfdb (Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes e.V.)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.11.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Behälterversagen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fahrzeugbrand</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alternative Antriebe</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fragment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52033</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation on Explosion Pressure Characteristics of Lithium-based (NMC) Pouch Batteries during Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are prone to spontaneous and subsequent fire or explosion resulting from thermal runaway. The vented gases are not only toxic and flammable, their emission can also raise the surrounding pressure rapidly. In this study, characteristic variations of explosion pressure rise, rate of explosion pressure rise and 𝐾(sT)-value have been evaluated. The characteristic 𝐾(𝑠𝑇)-values were determined to evaluate the explosive behavior of LIBs during thermal runaway. The estimated values were compared to that of other explosive substances.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Batterieforum Deutschland 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.01.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">09.02.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>K.O.A. Amano</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pouch</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53661</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>244</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Heat and electric flux coupling of closed-loop thermoelectric generator</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has been proved as a promising technology for directly converting heat into electricity based on Seebeck effect. On the contrary, this electricity can trigger a solid-state cooling based on conventional Peltier effect. However, these two effects induce a coupling between heat and electric flux, especially for the quantitative relationship still remaining a mystery. Here, we show experimental evidence and theoretical calculation for the coupling by monitoring transient response of fluid temperature and output power. The experimental maximum heat flow in open circuit is 1162 W at cold fluid flow rate  = 0.3 m3/h and fluid temperature difference ΔTf = 70 °C, enhanced by 13% owing to heat compensation from intrinsic coupling in closed-loop circuit. Meanwhile, the measured maximum output power of TEG is 18.2 W, and subsequently decreases to 15.4 W due to the objective existence of coupling. This double-edged sword in coupling vigorously inspires the potential applications in heat-dissipation situation such as spacecraft, electronic components, photovoltaic, refrigerator and etc. Present findings open a novel avenue for manipulating heat-electricity conversion in practical engineering.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energy Conversion and Management</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0196-8904</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114529</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Z. Wu</author>
    <author>X. Guo</author>
    <author>G. Xie</author>
    <author>T. Yan</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>F. Zhang</author>
    <author>R. Ang</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoelectric generator</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52481</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen (SEE-2L) – Vorstellung des Verbundprojekts und Ergebnisse aus Vorversuchen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt das BMBF-Verbundprojekt SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendung) vor. Darüber hinaus werden Ergebnisse aus Vorversuchen der Universität Magdeburg vorgestellt, in denen Untersuchungen an Batteriezellen hinsichtlich der Gasfreisetzung beim thermischen Durchgehen durchgeführt wurden.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben ALBERO</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54572</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Meilensteintreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Neben dem eigentlichen Aufbau werden auch Herausforderungen bei der Beschaffung der Einzelkomponenten sowie Ergebnisse aus der Literaturrecherches zu den Auswirkungen von Li-Batteriespeichern beim thermischen Durchgehen vorgestellt. Als Abschluss wird noch ein Ausblick auf die anstehenden Probeversuche gegeben.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Meilensteintreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">01.02.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55052</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>26</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental investigation on an energy-efficient floor heating system with intelligent control: A case study in Chengdu, China</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The space heating system accounts for 20%~50% of building energy consumption, and may lead to energy waste due to unreasonable controls. In this study, an energy-efficient floor heating system with intelligent control was proposed to improve energy efficiency of the system. In order to validate the concept of the proposed intelligent control, an experimental system was designed and constructed in Chengdu, China. Temperature, control cycle and energy consumption were then studied under different control strategies. The result shows that a larger flow rate of supply water will result in a longer control cycle and a lower control frequency, i.e., the average control cycle at 7 L min−1 is 1.7 h during the test day, while it is 1.5 h at 5 L min−1. Moreover, adopting water with a higher temperature and flow rate could achieve a higher efficiency of the system. The energy consumptions in case 1 (5 L min−1, 50 °C), case 2 (5 L min−1, 55 °C), case 5 (7 L min−1, 55 °C) and case 6 (7 L min−1, 60 °C) are 4746 kJ, 3534 kJ, 3093 kJ and 3028 kJ, respectively. Based on the experimental data, the supply water temperature is suggested to set lower than 60 °C considering human comfort.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Case Studies in Thermal Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2214-157X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.csite.2021.101094</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550522</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>C. Jiang</author>
    <author>G. Xie</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>T. Yan</author>
    <author>S. Chen</author>
    <author>P. Zhao</author>
    <author>Z. Wu</author>
    <author>W. Li</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Floor heating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intelligent control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Experimental</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy consumption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Control strategy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55052/29 Experimental investigation on an energy-efficient floor heating system.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54649</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Projekte und Aktivitäten zu Elektrischen Energiespeichern  an der BAM</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien ist ein entscheidender Punkt beim Ausbau der Elektromobilität. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das Aktivitätsfeld der elektrischen Energiespeicher an der BAM. Im weiteren werden sowohl die Projekte HaCLIB (Hazard Classification ofLithium-Ion Batteries) als auch SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in 2nd-Life Anwendung) vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden noch die hoheitlichen Aufgaben der BAM im Bereich des Transports von kritisch defekten Batterien erläutert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Sitzung des ProcessNet-AA Reaktionstechnik sicherheitstechnisch schwieriger Prozesse (AA-RTSSP) der DECHEMA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54860</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>8</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway and Gas Release of NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch Batteries Depending on the State of Charge Level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate thermal runaway and the release of gases from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Single cells, double cells, and a four-cell battery stack were forced to undergo thermal runaway inside an air-tight reactor vessel with a volume of 100 dm3 . The study involved two series of tests with two types of ignition sources. In the Series 1 tests, a heating plug was used to initiate thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 80–89% and 90–100% SOC. In the Series 2 tests, a heating plate was used to trigger thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 30–50%, 80–89%, and 90–100% SOC. Thermal runaway started at an onset temperature of 344 ± 5 K and 345 K for the Series 1 tests and from 393 ± 36 K to 487 ± 10 K for the Series 2 tests. Peak reaction temperatures ranged between 642 K and 1184 K, while the maximum pressures observed were between 1.2 bar and 7.28 bar. Thermal runaway induced explosion of the cells and lead to a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The amounts of gases released from the LIBs were calculated from pressures and temperatures measured in the reactor.&#13;
Then, the gas composition was analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90–100% SOC and higher battery capacities 72 L, 1.8 L/Ah (Series 1, battery stack) and 103 L, 3.2 L/Ah (Series 2, 32 Ah cell)). Among the gases analyzed, the concentration of gaseous emissions such as C2H4 , CH4 , and C2H6 increased at a higher cell capacity in both series of tests. The study results revealed characteristic variations of thermal behavior with respect to the type of ignition source used.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries 2022</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/batteries8050041</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548601</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.06.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. Amano</author>
    <author>S. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pouch cell</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMC Cathode</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaways</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54860/batteries-08-00041.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57582</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Abschlusstreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Darüber hinaus werden die weiteren geplanten Versuche vorgestellt sowie die Ergbnisverwertung aus dem Projekt aufgezeigt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Abschlusstreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57583</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A study on thermal runaway propagation in battery cells and modules assembled of pouch cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Every technical system has a failure rate, including a lithium-ion battery. To minimize the effects in the event of a thermal runaway, it is necessary to know what consequences to expect. In the talk, current results from tests on the thermal runaway behaviour of lithium-ion batteries will be presented and conclusions drawn for the handling of those.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EUSAS Conference 2023, "Addressing the fire risks of electromobility"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Frankfurt am Main, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propagation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57905</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>20761</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20779</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>30</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cambridge, UK</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Harmful effects of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway: scale-up tests from cell to second-life modules</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a comprehensive safety assessment of stationary lithium-ion-battery applications, it is necessary to better understand the consequences of thermal runaway (TR). In this study, experimental tests comprising twelve TR experiments including four single-cell tests, two cell stack tests and six second-life module tests (2.65 kW h and 6.85 kW h) with an NMC-cathode under similar initial conditions were conducted. The temperature (direct at cells/modules and in near field), mass loss, cell/module voltage, and qualitative vent gas composition (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and diode laser spectroscopy (DLS) for HF) were measured. The results of the tests showed that the battery TR is accompanied by severe and in some cases violent chemical reactions. In most cases, TR was not accompanied by pregassing of the modules. Jet flames up to a length of 5 m and fragment throwing to distances to more than 30 m were detected. The TR of the tested modules was accompanied by significant mass loss of up to 82%. The maximum HF concentration measured was 76 ppm, whereby the measured HF concentrations in the module tests were not necessarily higher than that in the cell stack tests.&#13;
Subsequently, an explosion of the released vent gas occurred in one of the tests, resulting in the intensification of the negative consequences. According to the evaluation of the gas measurements with regard to toxicity base on the “Acute Exposure Guideline Levels” (AEGL), there is some concern with regards to CO, which may be equally as important to consider as the release of HF.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">RSC Advances</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2046-2069</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D3RA02881J</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579054</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.07.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Patrick Wagner</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large-scale tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57905/d3ra02881j.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57647</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>19</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Composition and Explosibility of Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries Undergoing Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-based batteries have the potential to undergo thermal runaway (TR), during which mixtures of gases are released. The purpose of this study was to assess the explosibility of the gaseous emission from LIBs of an NMC-based cathode during thermal runaway. In the current project, a series of pouch lithium-based battery cells was exposed to abuse conditions (thermal) to study the total amount of gases released and the composition of the gas mixture. First, the battery cells were placed in a closed vessel, and the pressure and temperature rise inside the vessel were measured. In a second step, the composition of gases was analysed using a Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.&#13;
We found that the amount of released gases was up to 102 ± 4 L, with a clear dependence on the battery capacity. This study showed that the concentration of gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) increased with higher cell capacity. Of the five studied flammable gases, the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide (16.85 vol%), methane (7.6 vol%), and ethylene (7.86 vol%) were identified to be within their explosible range. Applying Le Chatelier’s law, a calculated lower explosion limit (LEL) of 7% in volume fraction was obtained for the gas mixture. The upper explosion limit (UEL) of the gas mixture was also found to be 31% in volume. A filter comprising pyrobubbles was used for the removal of the studied gas components released during the thermal abuse. The investigation revealed that the pyrobubbles filter was highly effect in the removal of HCN (up to 94% removal) and CO2 (up to 100% removal). Herein, we report the dependency of the method of thermal runaway trigger on the measured maximum temperature.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/batteries9060300</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576477</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.07.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. O. A. Amano</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>N. Butt</author>
    <author>P. Vorwerk</author>
    <author>E. Gimadieva</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57647/batteries-09-00300-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59482</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1359</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1368</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Part A</issue>
    <volume>50</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative investigation of explosion behavior and spectral radiant  characteristics of free radicals for syngas/air mixtures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The combustion characteristics and explosive hazard of syngas (H2/CO)/air mixtures are affected by its exact composition and equivalence ratios. In this paper, the explosion pressure and spectral radiant intensity of free radicals were quantitatively examined for syngas with different H2 proportions ([H2 in syngas] = 0, 30, 50, 70, 100 vol%) and equivalence ratios (φ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5). The results show that the explosion process of syngas/air mixtures can be separated into the initial slow combustion stage, the violent deﬂagration stage and the deﬂagration ending stage. The peaks of explosion pressure, pressure rise rate, OH*spectral intensity and rise rate of spectral intensity ﬁrst increase and then decrease with increasing the equivalence ratio, and they reduce gradually with the decrease of H2 proportion in syngas. The H2 content in syngas greatly affects the heat release and the concentration of excited state OH*, especially for the syngas/air mixtures with smaller proportion of H2. Additionally, the presence of H2 greatly increases the deﬂagration index and spectral radiant index of OH* for syngas/air mixtures. The average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity of free radicals are introduced and the coupling model between them is established based on the ﬁrst law of thermodynamics and the principle of chain reaction. The established model is furthermore veriﬁed by the experimental results. It is indicated that there is a linear relationship between average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity (OH*). The results can be used to improve the combustion efﬁciency of syngas and to guide theoretically the prevention, mitigation and control of syngas explosions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.280</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bin Su</author>
    <author>Zhenmin Luo</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Tao Wang</author>
    <author>Shangyong Zhou</author>
    <author>Jun Deng</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Syngas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Free radicals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectral intensity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58547</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT &gt; 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l &gt; 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highest measured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Limassol, Cyprus</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BEV</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58552</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT &gt; 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l &gt; 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highestmeasured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Limassol, Cyprus</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BEV</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58347</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>7</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitsrisiko Batterien – Demonstrator aus dem Projekt SEE-2L bereits im Einsatz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beitrag beschreibt das BMBF-Verbundvorhaben SEE-2L. Im Artikel werden die wesentlichen Meilensteine des Projektes vorgestellt. Ebenso werden die wichtigsten im Projekt erzielten Ergebnisse aufgeführt und verlinkt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Informationsbrief zur zivilen Sicherheitsforschung 07/23</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://info.sifo.de/public/a_25436_GZ5jd/file/data/669_Informationsbrief_zur_zivilen_Sicherheitsforschung_07-2023.pdf#page=7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Alexander Saupe</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58543</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Study of thermal runaway and gas emissions in NMC lithium-ion batteries: State of Charge Dependence Investigation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermal runaway investigations were performed by subjecting single and double NMC pouch cells to thermal abuse condition inside an air-tight reactor vessel with an internal volume of 100 dm³. The study was divided into two series. The findings revealed the thermal runaway-induced explosion in the cells results in a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90 – 100% SOC and higher battery capacities 0.79 L/Wh (Series 1, 10 Ah cell) and 0.87 L/Wh (Series 2, 32 Ah cell). The investigation showed between 25 m³ and 84 m³ of explosible gas mixture could be released from electric vehicles of nominal useable electrical energy from 32 kWh up to 108 kWh at thermal runaway. It was also found that, the release of these explosible gases could undergo a secondary explosion.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th IBSW 2023 – International Battery Safety Workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ulm, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propagation; Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60961</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>FBRCI-028</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>other</type>
    <publisherName>DGUV Fachbereich Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Deutschland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Ausbläser – Berechnung von Ex-Bereichen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Gefährdungen durch die Freisetzung von Gasen und Dämpfen infolge der Ableitung über Ausbläser aus Sicherheitsventilen, Prozess-Berstscheiben, Entlüftungs- und Entspannungsleitungen sind in einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung zu bewerten. Freisetzungen aus Druckanlagen können nach TRBS 2141 beurteilt werden.&#13;
In der Fachbereich AKTUELL werden verschiedene Methoden mit ihren benötigten Eingangsdaten und Anwendungsgrenzen zur Beurteilung der Gefahren an Ausbläsern für brennbare Gase vorgestellt, um den Anwendern und Prüfern von solchen Anlagen eine Hilfestellung bei der Bewertung und Beurteilung möglicher Gefahren an den prozessbedingten Stoffauslässen ins Freie zu geben.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Fachbereich AKTUELL FBRCI-028</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ex-Schutz bei Ausbläsern</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60962</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Ermittlung des angemessenen Sicherheitsabstands - Aktueller Stand und Ausblick</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Es wird die historische Entwicklung des Leitfadens KAS-18 dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen diskutiert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Meinungs- und Erfahrungsaustausch im Sinne von § 29a BImSchG</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Münster, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LUP KAS-18</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60609</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz -  Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten im HdT e.V., Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00169-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60558</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lübeck, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">02.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60531</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00187-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.06.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
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  </doc>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>111</pageFirst>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>73. Jahrgang</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Ebner Media Group GmbH &amp; Co. KG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Ulm</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e. V. (vfdb)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L - Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Second-Life-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien auf Modulebene</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Elektrische Energiespeicher können unter bestimmten Bedingungen thermisch Durchgehen. Dies ist mit der Freisetzung von großen Mengen an Wärme sowie toxischen und/oder brennbaren Gasen assoziiert. Um die potenziellen Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens zu quantifizieren, wurden Versuche mit Zellen und Modulen mit einem Energieinhalt von bis zu E = 6,85 kWh durchgeführt. Es wurden verschiedene Kenngrößen, wie z.B. Temperatur, Spannung, Massenabbrand, qualitative Gaszusammensetzung sowie Fragmente, messtechnisch erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl für Bemessungen im vorbeugenden baulichen Brandschutz als auch in der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit verwendet werden. Ebenso können sie in Konzept des abwehrenden Brandschutzes integriert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">vfdb-Zeitschrift - Forschung, Technik und Management im Brandschutz</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1868-6540</identifier>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61120</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <title language="deu">Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Forschungskooperation zwischen BG-RCI und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens „HySpark“ untersucht, wie sich die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von verschiedenen, metallischen Werkstoffpaarungen in unterschiedlichen Methan-Wasserstoff-Gemischen verhält. Es bestehen signifikante Unterschiede in der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlagvorgänge zwischen den ver¬schiedenen Metallen bzw. Stählen und insbesondere zwischen den einzelnen Brenngas/Luft-Gemischen. &#13;
Mechanisch erzeugte Schlagfunken stellen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen eine potentielle Zündquelle dar, oft in Verbindung mit der Zündquelle „heiße Oberflächen“. Eine Vielzahl von mechanischen und reaktionskinetischen Einflüssen verursacht dabei eine komplexe Interaktion von Parametern, von deren Auswirkung auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bislang wenig bekannt ist. Die statistisch erfassten Eigenschaften von Schlagfunken in verschiedenen Untersuchung der BAM lassen auf stochastische Prozesse schließen, bei denen die Anzahl der durch einen Schlagprozess abgetrennten Partikel und deren Oxidationsverhalten sowie die Höhe der kinetischen Schlagenergie entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit hat /L4/; /L5/. &#13;
&#13;
Werkzeuge sind keine Geräte oder Schutzsysteme im Sinne der Richtlinie 2014/34/EU /L1/. Deshalb ist es nicht möglich, Werkzeuge in Übereinstimmung mit dieser Richtlinie zu zertifizieren. Trotzdem müssen die Materialien für solche Werkzeuge bestimmte Mindestanforderungen gemäß TRGS 723 /L2/ erfüllen. Die TRGS 723 Abschnitt 5.15 fordert den Nachweis der Funkenfreiheit der verwendeten Werkstoffpaarung bei Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Berei¬chen. Der Nachweis der Erfül¬lung dieser Anforderungen ist durch Zertifizierungen im sogenannten „gesetzlich nicht geregelten“ Bereich möglich. Die BAM bietet diese Zertifizierung im Rahmen ihres Zertifizierungsprogrammes 2.8 „Funkenarme Werkzeuge“ an /L3/. &#13;
&#13;
Bei der Gefährdungsbeurteilung für den Gebrauch von Werkzeugen im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich müssen mechanisch erzeugte Funken oder heiße Reibflächen, die bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen durch den Einsatz von Werkzeugen oder Geräten bzw. Maschinen entstehen können, müssen als Zündquelle gesondert betrachtet werden. Üblicherweise wird die Mindestzündenergie bzw. die Explosionsgruppe auch für die Beurteilung der Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen für Brenngase herangezogen [6]. Während Schlagvorgänge als Zündquelle für explosionsfähige Atmosphären der Explosionsgruppe IIA in vielen Fällen weniger relevant sind, werden sie besonders bei Vorhandensein einer explosionsfähigen Atmosphäre der Explosionsgruppe IIC als sehr wirksame Zündquelle angesehen, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Entsprechend wird in der TRGS 723 [6] sowie der DIN EN ISO 80079-36 [21] als Schutzmaßnahme z.B. die Verwendung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus nicht gehärtetem schwer oxidierbarem Nicht-Eisen-Metall genannt, wobei die mögliche kinetische Schlagenergie unter 60 J bleiben und die Funkenfreiheit für die jeweils vorliegende mögliche Werkstoffpaarung (Werkstück, Stützen, Boden usw.) nachgewiesen sein muss.&#13;
&#13;
Manche Hersteller von Werkzeugen, die für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen vorgesehen sind, nennen ihre Werkzeuge „funkenfrei“. Die Bezeichnung wird missverständlicher Weise abgeleitet aus dem englischen „non sparking tools“. Die Bezeichnung funkenarme Werkzeuge, „low sparking tools“, trifft eher zu, denn es gibt tatsächlich keine funkenfreien, metallischen Werkzeuge. Denn es ist immer eine Frage mit welcher kinetischen Energie und gegen welchen weiteren potentiellen Schlagpartner/Werkstoff die funkenarmen Werkzeuge geschlagen werden. &#13;
&#13;
Üblicherweise werden Werkzeuge für den industriellen Einsatz aus hochlegierten Chromstählen hergestellt. Mit steigender kinetischer Schlagenergie und sinken¬der Zündenergie der Brenngas-Luft-Atmosphäre im explosionsgefährdeten Be¬reich, steigt die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit im Falle von Schlag- oder Reibbeanspru¬chung deutlich. &#13;
&#13;
Funkenarme Werkzeuge für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen wer¬den überwiegend aus speziellen Nichteisen-Metalllegierungen (NE-Metall) her¬stellt. Die beiden großen Werkstoffsorten zur Herstellung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen sind Aluminium-Bronze und Kupfer-Aluminium. Für diese beiden Werkstoffe und deren mögliche Schlagpartner gibt es bisher nur wenige umfassenden Untersuchungen mit Aussagen zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18. Essener Explosionsschutztage, Haus der Technik e.V. (HdT), Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen, Veranst.-Nr. VA24-00428-050-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanisch erzeugte Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenarme Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Funkenfreie Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ex-Werkzeuge</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>23</pageFirst>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Sonderheft E-Mobility Magazin 2022</issue>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ProPress</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit stationärer Energiespeicher - Zwischenspeicher als wichtiger Beitrag für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Artikel stellt das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Beitrag des Vorhabens für die Sicherheit von stationären Energiespeichern. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, welche Versuche bisher durchgeführt wurden und mit welchen Ergebnissen bis Projektende zu rechnen ist.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Behörden-Spiegel</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.behoerden-spiegel.de/e-mobility-magazin-2022/</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1437-8337</identifier>
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    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaways</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56212</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Aus diesen Versuche werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse gezeigt, insbesondere die Teperatur-, Spannungs, Gas- und Gewichtsmessung beim thermischen Durchgehen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Projekttreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">BAM TTS, Baruth/Mark - Horstwalde, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
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    <id>60187</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="deu">Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Brände von Lithium-Ionen Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60190</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit stationärer elektrischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einleitend wird im Vortrag das Aktivitätsfeld Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung vorgestellt sowie eine kurze Einführung in die Terminologie der elektrischen Energiespeicher gegeben. Im Folgenden wird das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Hier wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung und den Aufbau eines Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene gelegt. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten Versuchsserie vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss wird ein kurzer Ausblick zu weiteren anstehenden Versuchen gegeben.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Behörden-Erfahrungsaustausch Anlagensicherheit 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Deutschland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60192</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">vfdb-Jahresfachtagung</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60067</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <volume/>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName>Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hannover</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="deu">Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes sowie Realisierung von Brandversuchen mit elektrischen Energiespeichern im Bereich bis 500 kWh - Schlussbericht zum Teilvorhaben BAM, Teil I: Kurzbericht</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Abschlussbericht stellt die wesentlichen Arbeitsschritte und Ergebnisse des Teilvorhabens der BAM im BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vor. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Der Abschlussbericht umfasst zwei Teile, im Teil I den Kurzbricht und im Teil II die eingehende Darstellung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Verbundprojekt SEE-2L - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in der Second Life Anwendung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2314/KXP:1887873864</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600676</identifier>
    <note>Das Projekt SEE-2L ist ein drittmittelfinanziertes Verbundvorhaben des BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 13N15493, Projektlaufzeit 01.02.2021 - 30.04.2023.</note>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <licence>Allgemeines Deutsches Urheberrecht</licence>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Forschungsberichte ohne Nummerierung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60067/TIBKAT_1887873864.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>60068</id>
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    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <publisherName>vfdb, Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V.</publisherName>
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    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung. &#13;
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr. &#13;
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden. &#13;
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit. &#13;
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband der 70. Jahresfachtagung vom 6. bis 8. Mai 2024 in Magdeburg</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-9360-5038-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">70. Jahresfachtagung der vfdb</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Deutschland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.05.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Alexander Saupe</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60143</id>
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    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher - Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des BMBF-Vorhabens SEE-2L wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway characteristics and gas emission from sodium-ion cells – impact of state of charge level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Like lithium batteries, sodium batteries can also undergo thermal runaway. In a series of tests, 30 thermal runaway tests were carried out with sodium battery cells. The tests were carried out both in nitrogen and in air with different SOCs. The presentation shows the main results of these tests.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">7th International Battery Production Conference (IBPC)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.11.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sodium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SIB</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>62550</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Sensorträger Einsatzkraft – System zur Erfassung der kurzzeitdynamischen Belastung von Einsatzkräften</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einsatzkräfte von Feuerwehr, Polizei, THW, etc., aber auch Passanten, sind im Training und auch der realen Gefahrenlage einer Vielzahl von Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben u.a. Gefahrstoffen, elektromagnetischer Strahlung gibt es besondere Gefährdungen wie z. B. Explosionen, die durch eine kurzzeitdynamische Einwirkung charakterisiert sind. Dabei stellt die Überdruckbelastung eine unzureichend erfasste Gefährdung dar [1]. Zur Beurteilung dieser Gefährdung und potenzieller Schutzmöglichkeiten, ist die Erfassung und Charakterisierung der auftretenden Lastfälle in realistischen Einsatz- und Trainingsszenarien mit hochauflösender Messtechnik nötig [2, 3]. Bei der Erfassung sollen der Trainings- oder Einsatzablauf und die körperliche Belastung so gering wie möglich beeinflusst werden. Dies kann mit aktuell verfügbaren Messsystemen nicht gewährleistet werden.&#13;
&#13;
Die BAM stellt daher ein System, den „Sensorträger Einsatzkraft“ (StEk), als Prototyp vor. Dieser Prototyp besteht aus einem autarken, kurzzeitdynamischen Messsystem zur Erfassung der Überdruckbelastung von exponierten Personen. Das in einem Rucksack untergebrachte Messsystem zeichnet sich durch geringes Gewicht und Autarkie aus und ermöglicht damit erstmals den dynamischen Einsatz hochauflösender Messtechnik in Trainings- oder Einsatzszenarien mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch.&#13;
&#13;
In Situationen, in denen der Einsatz eines Menschen nicht möglich ist, kann der StEk auch mit einem teilweise biofidelen Dummy mit ergänzender, verbauter Sensorik, eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus können mit diesem Ansatz kommerziell erhältliche Druckmonitoring-Tools auf ihre Eignung evaluiert und validiert werden.&#13;
&#13;
Derzeit wird ein weiteres autarkes Messsystem aufgebaut, das hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit der verbauten Messtechnik eine Weiterentwicklung des Prototyps darstellt. Neben der Erfassung kurzzeitiger dynamischer Belastungen sollen auch Belastungen des Trägers wie Lärm, körpernahe Temperatur und Wärmestrahlung erfasst werden können.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Fachkongress „Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz“</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bonn, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.02.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Daniel Krentel</author>
    <author>Henrik Seeber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Low-level blast</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionswirkung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Einsatzkraft</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Messtechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>62839</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>24107</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>24118</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>57</issue>
    <volume>47</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>International Association for Hydrogen Energy</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparative analysis on temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional fossil-fueled vehicle fires in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not be avoided and may bring great damage to the passengers and infrastructure. Due to the large difference between pool fires of traditional fossil-fueled and jet fires of hydrogen-powered vehicles, it is in doubt whether the existing longitudinal ventilation design could still be effective for the safety issue of hydrogen powered vehicles. To solve this problem, it is necessary to compare temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional vehicle fires with and without longitudinal ventilations. In present work, we conducted a numerical investigation to discuss the different temperature distributions of traditional and hydrogen-fueled vehicle fires. Results indicate that the high temperature zone of the pool fire only exists above the ceiling of the vehicle. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the high-speed hydrogen jet with the strong inertial force could push the hot smoke flows back to the ground. The ceiling temperature of hydrogen-powered vehicle fire is larger since hydrogen-powered vehicle has a larger heat release rate and the fire hazard of jet fires bring more danger compared with the pool fire. Although the temperature stratification is also obvious for the hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the air temperature in the lower region could be heated and still high enough to bring a great damage to the passengers’ lives. This is quite different with the traditional pool fire. In addition, the critical ventilation velocity is also discussed. The theoretical equation could well predict the critical ventilation velocity of traditional vehicle fires. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fires, the critical ventilation velocity could reach up to 6 m/s. The theoretical equation could not well predict the critical ventilation velocity of hydrogen-powered vehicle fires due to exist of hydrogen jet fires.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International journal of hydrogen energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.203</identifier>
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    <title language="eng">Thermal runaway and explosibility of the gas release from 18650 sodium-ion cells of NFM chemistry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present study investigates the thermal runaway behaviour and  explosibility of the gas mixture released from sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). A total of 30 tests comprising two test series were performed using 18650 SIBs with a NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) chemistry. The cells of SOC level = 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were subjected to thermal abuse inside a 10 L pressurized reaction vessel. In test series 1, the tests were performed in an air atmosphere. In test series 2, an inert atmosphere was used. First, the total amount of gas released from the SIBs was calculated based on the temperature and pressure measured in the reaction vessel. Subsequently, a gas composition analysis was performed using a Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. This study revealed that the thermal runaway in SIBs could be categorized into four phases. At the onset of thermal runaway, the thermal runaway-induced explosion of the cells resulted in a rate of  temperature rise ranging from 2 K/s to 70 K/s. The investigation further revealed a peak reaction temperature of 415 ◦C and a maximum pressure of 4 bar could be reached at thermal runaway in the 10 L vessel. The gas release of up to 5 ± 0.3 L (4 ± 0.2 L/Ah, 1.3 ± 0.1 L/Wh) from test series 1 and 2.4 ± 0.2 L (2 ± 0.1 L/Ah, 0.53 ± 0.04 L/Wh) from test series 2 showed a dependence on SOC and failure environment used. By applying Le Chatelier's mixing rule, the measured gas release from the air atmosphere showed a calculated lower explosion limit and upper explosion limit values of 4.8 % and 24 % in volume fraction, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2352-152X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.est.2025.116614</identifier>
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    <publisherName>Institut für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer e.V. (IFS)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Kiel</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="deu">Forschung zur Sicherheit von Elektroenergiespeichern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Umstellung der Energieversorgung von fossilen auf „erneuerbare“ Energieträger kommt der Zwischenspeicherung von Energie eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Volatile Energieträger wie Solar- und Windenergie werden in Abhängigkeit der Tageszeit und des Wetters gewonnen, sodass die Energiegewinnung starken Schwankungen unterliegt und gleichzeitig begrenzt vorhersagbar ist. Hinzu kommt, dass der Zeitpunkt von Spitzenwerten verfügbarer Energie (z. B. Sommernachmittag bei Wind und Sonnenschein) nur bedingt mit den Zeiten des größten Energiebedarfs (z. B. Winterabend mit niedrigen Temperaturen) übereinstimmt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">schadenprisma - Zeitschrift für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0343-3560</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.schadenprisma.de/archiv/artikel/forschung-zur-sicherheit-von-elektroenergiespeichern/</identifier>
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    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Schmitz Pascal</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>127</pageFirst>
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    <publisherPlace>Magedburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Otto von Guericke Universität Magedburg</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Untersuchung der Freisetzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz.&#13;
Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Konferenzband Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-948749-42-2</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigwasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freisetzung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gaswolkenexplosion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Large-scale investigations of the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen.&#13;
To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests with a horizontal outlet at large-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar), mass flow (up to max. 0.175 kg/s) at an outlet diameter of 30 mm (with an upstream nozzle of 7.7 mm). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration (currently 120 s) to obtain a stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. The comparison of the flame geometry shows that hydrogen jet flames with the same outlet mass flow have a greater flame length (average deviation of 15 %) but a smaller flame diameter than methane jet flames (average deviation of 17 %). Conclusions regarding thermal radiation show that the proportion of total combustion energy emitted as thermal radiation is lower for hydrogen (x_rad= 0.04–0.09) than for methane (x_rad = 0.06–0.1). A comparison of the surface emissive power (SEP) of the jet flame shows a SEP range of 7 kW/m2-15 kW/m2 for hydrogen and 3 kW/m2 - 9,5 kW/m2 for methane.</abstract>
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    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Hanjo Kant</author>
    <author>Marcel Schulze</author>
    <author>Alessandro Orchini</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radiant heat fraction</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62289/1-s2.0-S0950423024002493-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60510</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1322</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1333</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2024</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.12515710</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605107</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Neaples, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Marcel Schulze</author>
    <author>Hanjo Kant</author>
    <author>Alessandro Orchini</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60510/ISHPMIE_Proceedings 2024_Bernardy.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60510/ISHPMIE_Proceedings_Bernardy.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52678</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">P2X: From production to application Safety issues around hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For hazard Assessment purposes we need models to predict what would happen in case of an accident.&#13;
The challenge in hazard assessment consists not only in choosing the right model, but beforehand to define the correct scenario. For hydrogen applications the validity of the models has to be checked, as well as the kind of scenario to assume for accidental releases of hydrogen. Open questions on these topics will be adressed and the newly founded competecne centre for Hydrogen Saftey at BAM will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VDMA Webinar P2X: From production to application</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online Meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hasard assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59910</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>551</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>556</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">EPHyC2024: European PhD Hydrogen Conference, Book of Abstracts</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Gent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Hanjo Kant</author>
    <author>Marcel Schulze</author>
    <author>Alessandro Orchini</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55324</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>541</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>546</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Experimental Investigation into the Consequences of Release of Liquified Hydrogen onto and under Water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CEt - Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290091</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Rebpublic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>H. L. Skarsvag</author>
    <author>F. Ustolin</author>
    <author>N. Paltrinieri</author>
    <author>L. H. Odsaeter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RPT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rapid Phase Transition</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60195</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermal Radiation Investigations of Real-Scale Hydrogen Jet Flames at High Pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce global warming, the use of hydrogen as a renewable energy source is becoming more important. To enable this transition, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be safely transported and stored. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety distances. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.  To verify the applicability of these models to hydrogen, real-scale tests are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS) with the aim to assess the flame geometry and the emitted thermal radiation. Parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In particular, the focus will be laid on the measurement and modelling of the thermal radiation. The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. Following from the experimental investigations, modelling parameters such as the Surface Emissive Power (SEP) and the radiant heat fraction for hydrogen and methane will be compared to literature data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Center for Hydrogen Safety Americas Conference, American Institute of Chemical Engineers</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Las Vegas, NV, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55323</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>547</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>552</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Milano</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Medium-scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">CEt - Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET2290092</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Prague, Czech Republic</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries</enrichment>
    <author>K. van Wingerden</author>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>F. Ustolin</author>
    <author>N. Paltrinieri</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic tank</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60513</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Wärmestrahlung von Freistrahlflammen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle ([1], [2]), welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen. &#13;
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen. &#13;
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DECHEMA - Fachgruppe Auswirkungen von Stoff- und Energiefreisetzungen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.11.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Freistrahlflamme</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmestrahlung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Methan</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63996</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>24</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>28</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>06</issue>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>newsletter</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMFTR)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Was macht eigentlich… der Demonstrator aus dem Forschungsprojekt SEE-2L?</title>
    <abstract language="deu">In den Jahren 2021 bis 2023 hat die BAM im Verbund mit weiteren Institutionen das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L bearbeitet. Der Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die daraus weitergeführten Aktivitäten.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Informationsbrief zur zivilen Sicherheitsforschung</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://info.sifo.de/-lp/GZ5jd25436/c5350177#SEE-2L</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ionen-Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51158</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>12577</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12593</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>23</issue>
    <volume>46</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Special issue on the 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS 2019)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICHS 2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Adelaide, Australia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.09.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.04.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Georg W. Mair</author>
    <author>Sebastian Thomas</author>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <author>Bin Wang</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>F-N-diagram</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chance-risk analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure-volume product</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Limit of acceptable consequence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum burst pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51158/2020 IJHE H2-Trailer 1-s2.0-S0360319920329438-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59908</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions.The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Gent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60512</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Naples, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.06.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Jet flame</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59440</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>168</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>181</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Large-scale tests to investigate the consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Large Scale Experiments have been performed to determine whether a storage vessel containing liquid hydrogen (LH2) and caught in a fire engulfing the vessel can result in a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) and if so its consequences. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany at the Hydrogen Test Area (H2TA) within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume. The cylindrical Vessels differed in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessels was approximately 35-40 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner-system positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. The conditions in the vessel (temperatures and pressure) as well as external effects (heat radiation, blast waves, flame ball development and fragmentation) were measured. All vessels were equipped with K-type thermocouples at several locations at the inner and outer vessel shell. The pressure inside the inner vessel and in the space between the inner and outer vessels (vacuum pressure) was measured. Bolometers were used to measure the heat radiation generated by both the propane fire and that generated by a possible fireball/BLEVE. To measure blast generated by the vessel burst/BLEVEs blast pencils were positioned at up to three locations. Further several cameras were used to monitor the events: normal cameras, infrared (IR)-cameras, high-speed cameras also on board of an UAV. Two of these vessels, a horizontal and a vertical vessel both insulated with perlite withstood the fire loading for 1 hour 20 minutes and 4 hours respectively without catastrophic failure. A horizontal vessel insulated with MLI failed by bursting after 1 hour and 6 minutes resulting in a fireball, fragments, and blast wave.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.7795/810.20221124</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Braunschweig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">15.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Martin Kluge</author>
    <author>Abdel Karim Habib</author>
    <author>Kees van Wingerden</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prevention</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial explosions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BLEVE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire ball</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fragments</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63442</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>97</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Hazard classification of different lithium-ion battery types after triggering thermal runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a better understanding of relevant parameters influencing the thermal runaway, this work classifies the behavior of six different types of lithium-ion batteries. Based on 145 repeatable tests, this research has created a unique and detailed database of battery behavior during thermal runaway. It contains information about changes in cell temperature, voltage, mass loss, smoke gas release and gas pressure. When it comes to characterizing the thermal runaway behavior across different cell types, this work eliminates the need for complex meta-analyses, which can only provide limited information due to the different test conditions in different test benches. In a pressure-resistant 100 dm³ autoclave and an 8-m³ room with connected multi gas analysis, 24 setups were examined under identical conditions. The investigations were carried out as a function of the variation parameters cell geometry, cathode active material, state of charge and initiation method of thermal runaway. The analysis of the measurement data reveals clear differences in the thermal runaway behavior of the tested cell types and can be used as a reference for determining the hazard potential in individual assessment categories of different cells.&#13;
All measured values from both test benches as well as the visual evaluation of the cell behavior during the test runs in the 8 m³ room are made available in a comprehensive data table in the supplementary material.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-4230</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105691</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634429</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.06.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Simone Krüger</author>
    <author>Tina Raspe</author>
    <author>Patrick Wagner</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>Thaddeus Strzyz</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>State of charge</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hazard classification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63442/Hazard Classification LIB - Published Paper.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
