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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Visualizing the progression of the thermal runaway in lithium-ion-cells by controlled abuse tests at low temperatures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to their increasing energy density, lithium-ion-batteries (LIBs) play a key role in the traffic energy transition. Regarding their safety behavior, the main challenge of LIB-cells remains the thermal runaway (TR) process. In situ/operando investigations of the TR on commercial cells is possible with radiographic and computer tomographic measurements. Nonetheless, high resolution visualization of the TR persists as a challenge due to the high progression speed of the TR-process itself. Generally, performing abuse tests at cryogenic temperatures allows to slow down or even prevent the TR. Nevertheless, not all abuse methods are suitable for TR investigations at low temperatures. Nail penetration is an appropriate option, however, contains numerous unknown parameters and therefore suffers regarding reproducibility.&#13;
Herein, a self-developed high precision nail-penetration-setup is introduced, approaching the necessary mechanically reproducibility with controlled temperatures down to -190°C. The setup allows the preparation of critically abused, however, at cryogenic temperatures stable LIB-cells. These cells were controlled rethermalized to room temperature during synchrotron x-ray computer tomography (SXCT) with a pixel size up to 0.7 μm. During this measurement, the temperature and voltage of the cell is monitored allowing the visualization of the initial internal cell reactions. This study reveals the relation between internal reactions and cell voltage. Finally, the developed set-up enables in-depth analysis of thermal runaway behavior down to material level for various commercial battery cells in the future.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Battery Safety Workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ulm, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Computer Tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>60658</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">In situ tomographic imaging with hard x rays at Bamline (BESSY II)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The BAMline at the synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) is supporting researchers especially in materials science [1]. As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography (SXCT) with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The imaging capabilities allow for in-situ and operando experiments. In this presentation the equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from material science are presented.&#13;
In series-connected lithium-ion cells are susceptible to an electrical safety hazard called over-discharge. Here the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during over-discharge is presented, which leads to irreversible loss of capacity and internal short circuits. The concentration of dissolved and deposited copper is quantified. Also, a non-uniform distribution pattern of copper deposition on the cathode is shown. &#13;
The second example deals with an Al alloy 7017 customized for a 3d-printing process by means of laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) technique. These advanced alloys have a significantly higher modulus of elasticity than conventional Al alloys, making them attractive for applications requiring high stiffness. SXCT during In-situ tensile tests confirmed that fracture initiation strongly depends on defects created during printing. However, the cracks are deflected from decohesion around inclusions/precipitates embedded in the Al matrix, increasing ductility. &#13;
Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer housings offer 3D-circuits for a wide range of applications in telecommunications, microsystems and sensor technology. Such housings are produced by combining structured and metallized ceramic layers using tape-casting and multilayer technology. The characterization of the integrity, deformation, defects, and positioning of the internal metal features was carried out using in-situ SXCT at up to 950°C.&#13;
A high-precision nail penetration tool was developed to characterize the mechanically induced thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells in a dynamic temperature range down to -190 °C. To investigate safety-specific low-temperature transport conditions, the damaged cells were tomographically imaged during thawing.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICTMS - International Conference on Materials and Structures 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Cape Town, South Africa</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">01.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.07.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
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    <author>Henning Markötter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Synchrotron radiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>X-ray tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Li-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.4 Multimateriale Fertigungsprozesse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61492</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <title language="eng">Segregating the Degradation Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Cells during Strongly Accelerated Ageing with Critically Extended Voltage Ranges</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Repurposing end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries from mobile applications, such as electric vehicles, is of utmost importance for a sustainable handling of scarce resources. For an economically and ecologically desirable reuse of aged batteries in second-life applications, a guarantee for safe and reliable operation is urgently required. However, the assessment of the state of safety (SOS) is not straightforward, as multiple abuse cases, variables and interactions need to be considered [1]. Therefore, defining safety parameters and test procedures, as well as determining the SOS requires a plethora of aged cells to be tested. &#13;
In this study, a novel method of greatly accelerating the ageing process of lithium-ion batteries is proposed. Overcharging and overdischarging are embedded in cyclic ageing, continuously employing a depth of discharge larger than 100 %. Different electrical abuse conditions (overcharge, overdischarge, high current rates) are applied on lithium-ion NMC and LFP pouch cells in a preliminary test series. In this manner, the cells are stressed until a cell failure or a thermal runaway is induced. Thus, the critical state in proximity to a cell failure is spotted for individual and combined stress parameters. Based on this knowledge, a test protocol for strongly accelerated ageing with cell-specific, abusive electrical parameters is developed. The aging dynamics under these critical conditions are monitored by systematic capacity, open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. This enables an assessment of the degradation mechanisms induced by overdischarge and overcharge cycling. A special focus is set on the comparative assessment of the electrical behaviour, following conventional vs. greatly accelerated ageing. &#13;
This novel method is suitable for providing cells with a defined SOH at a reasonable timescale. Furthermore, the results are of high relevance for the evaluation to which degree cyclic ageing can be accelerated without changing the characteristic degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Advanced Battery Power Conference 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Münster, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
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    <author>Philippa Scharpmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-Ion Battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ageing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59272</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Single Cell Exchange in Battery Packs – Sustainability vs. Safety Aspects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries usually consist of numerous individual cells. There is ongoing discussion about enhancing sustainability by considering the replacement of heavily aged or damaged cells. Nevertheless, the planned replacement of individual cells poses significant challenges in ensuring the required reliability and safety of the refurbished device.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">KLIB Gesprächsrunde Batteriesysteme</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Jonas Krug von Nidda</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Cells</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cell Exchange</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.6 Elektrochemische Energiematerialien</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63548</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>652</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times with analytical basis functions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present work proposes the implementation of non-singular basis functions into the algorithm for reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) function of impedance data. These functions reflect the dispersed and asymmetrical nature of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes. Inclusion is achieved by combining the singular Debye distribution basis with distributed relaxation functions, such as those derived from the analytical models of Cole–Cole and Havriliak–Negami. The shapes of the introduced basis functions are described by constant parameters, for which an empirical optimization approach is provided alongside. Using synthetic impedance data of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes subjected to white noise, it is shown that the demand for regularization can be reduced significantly by using distributed bases. To underline the practical relevance of non-singular basis functions in DRT reconstruction, an experimental study comprising 100 sodium-ion and 80 lithium-ion  ommercial cells is presented. In this context, it is shown that auxiliary information from the non-ideal nature of real-world electrochemical processes is outsourced into the basis and, hence, easily filtered out of the resulting DRT. This facilitates the separation of single processes without post-DRT curve fitting and thus improves the interpretation&#13;
and classification of impedance data significantly.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-7753</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237403</identifier>
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    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
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    <title language="eng">Tomographic Imaging Capabilities with hard X-Rays at BAMline (Bessy II)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The BAMline at the synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) is supporting researchers especially in materials science. As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The imaging capabilities allow for in-situ and operando experiments. In this presentation the equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from material science are presented.</abstract>
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    <subject>
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    <title language="eng">Multi-level X-ray computed tomography (XCT) investigations of commercial lithium-ion batteries from cell to particle level</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Adopting X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for ex-situ characterization of battery materials has gained interest in the past decade. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of several X-ray computer tomography techniques to study commercial batteries. General guidelines are provided to select the most suitable imaging equipment and parameters for investigations of lithium-ion batteries, spanning the length scales from cell to electrode, down to particle level. Relevantly, such parameters would also be suitable for operando experiments.&#13;
Safety mechanisms and manufacturing inconsistencies at cell level as well as defects and inhomogeneity in cathode and anode is illustrated and quantified. Furthermore, relation of beam energy and sample-detector-distance on contrast retrieved from attenuation and phase shift is inspected using Synchrotron XCT.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Energy Storage</parentTitle>
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    <author>Shahabeddin Dayani</author>
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    <author>Martinus Putra Widjaja</author>
    <author>Giovanni Bruno</author>
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      <value>Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography</value>
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      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
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    <title language="eng">High-speed synchrotron radiography of nail penetration-induced thermal runaway: Understanding the explosive behavior of commercial sodium-ion batteries with NFM cathode</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The dynamics of mechanically initiated thermal runaway (TR) events in  cylindrical 18650 cells with NFM (Na(Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3)O2), LFP (LiFePO4), and NMC532 (LiNi1/2Mn1/3Co1/5O2) cathode chemistries were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Structural similarity index measures (SSIM) were employed to identify and track rapid structural changes. In this manner, thermal decompositions and internal propagation dynamics, influencing the safety mechanisms of the cells, were studied. This lead to two major findings: (I) Among NFM, LFP, and NMC532 cells, the TR-characteristics differ significantly in temperature and internal propagation speed. Internal safety mechanisms appear, however, visually similar. Among all samples, LFP cells exhibit higher safety performance concerning the initiation of TR by nail penetration and the progression of TR. (II) The NFM cells used in this study displayed an almost explosive TR. This finding appears counterintuitive on a first glance, since sodium-ion batteries are usually considered safe. High-speed imaging revealed that the explosive TR is not necessarily caused by the thermochemical decomposition reactions, but rather by a failure of the venting mechanism. This results in a significant pressure buildup within the cell upon TR initiation and eventually a severely violent TR. These results underline that battery safety depends on many factors and not solely on optimized cell chemistries or materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Power Sources Advances</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2666-2485</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.powera.2025.100188</identifier>
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    <author>Jonas Pfaff</author>
    <author>Sebastian Schopferer</author>
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    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structure similarity index measure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.5 Röntgenbildgebung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64264/High-speed synchrotron radiography of nail penetration-induced thermal runaway.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62328</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Eine sichere Zukunft für Lithium-Ionen Batterien</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Eine sichere Zukunft hat eine Technologie dann, wenn sie die Gesellschaft auch von ihrer Sicherheit überzeugen kann. Dies ist insbesondere für Lithiumbatterien von hoher Bedeutung. Die BAM trägt auf den verschiedene Ebenen auf vielfältige Art und Weise dazu bei, diese Sicherheit zu untersuchen und zu verbessern.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4. Batterieforum Berlin Brandenburg</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Potsdam, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIthiumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.3 Instrumentelle Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65076</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Lithium und Natrium Ionen Batterien: Eine Frage der Sicherheit - Aktuelle und zukünftige Herausforderungen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Markt für Energiespeicher befindet sich in einer Phase intensiver technologischer Diversifizierung. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen neue Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien und künftige Technologien, z.B. Festkörperbatterien, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies stellt neue Anforderungen an Handhabung, Logistik und insbesondere das Recycling respektiver Systeme. Gleichwohl die Batterieverordnung einen künftigen Einsatz von Rezyklat in bei der Herstellung von Batterien vorsieht, ist bislang wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich recycelte Materialien auf Batteriesicherheit-, Leistungsfähigkeit- und Lebensdauer auswirken. Alternativ zu einem direkten Recycling gewinnt ebenso die Verlängerung der Batterielebensdauer durch so genannte „Second-life Anwendungen“ zunehmend an Interesse. Durch verbesserte Methoden zur Vorhersage von Lebensdauer, Restlebensdauer und Betriebssicherheit könnten Batterien länger im Einsatz gehalten werden, was zunehmend Ressourcen schonen würde. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden die o.g. Themen in einem umfassenden Kontext des Gesamtsystems „Batterie“ diskutiert und aktuelle Entwicklungen aus einem regulatorischen und wissenschaftlichen Blickwinkel zusammenfassend dargelegt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">TraWeBa-Kongress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Leipzig, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycling von Batterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Durchgehen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Second-Life Anwendungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batteriekreisläufe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56755</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Neuartige Akku‘s/Batterien – Inhaltsstoffe und Reaktionsprodukte</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Inhaltsstoffe von Batterien sowie die Reaktionsprodukte beim Thermischen Durchgehen werden vorgestellt.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">28. Sitzung der BfR-Kommission „Bewertung von Vergiftungen</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">05.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithiumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inhaltsstoffe</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54178</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Second life für E-Akkus</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Um die Nachhaltigkeit von Lithiumbatterien zu gewährleisten, kommt neben dem Recycling der Rohstoffe auch eine Weiternutzung von für die Erstanwendung nicht mehr ausreichend leistungsstarken Batterien aus der Erstanwendung in Frage. Dabei sind auch Sicherheitsaspekte zu beachten.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Berlin Science Week 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.11.21</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.11.21</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Batterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Second Life</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>State of Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62330</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Handling and Transport of defective lithiumbatteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Safe handling and transport of Lithiumbatteries is fundamental for their global trade and use. BAM is the German competent authority responsible for the transport of defective lithium batteries and as such approves transport conditions and packaging for the transport. Also BAM is providing the test protocol for fire testing of packagings. Results and topics around safe transport are described and discussed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Sino-German Workshop on Dangerous Goods Packaging</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56742</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für  die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG  Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten  Klassifizierung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten Klassifizierung BAM ist beteiligt in den Arbeitsgruppen und stellt eigene Prüfergebnisse vor.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IAA 2022 Transportation, Gefahrguttag des BMDV, "Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Gefahrgutrecht und Erhöhung der Sicherheit von  Gefahrgutfahrzeugen"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Hannover, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithiumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>UN TDG Lithiumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54181</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Herausforderung: Verpackungen von Lithiumbatterien</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Je nach Zustand bestehen unterschiedliche Anforderungen an Verpackungen zum Transport von Lithiumbatterien. Hierbei sind bestimmte Prüfungen und Kriterien zu betrachten. Aktuell besteht insbesondere der Bedarf an Verpackungen für kritisch defekte Batterien. Innovative Lösungen sind gefordert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Workshop AG Future Markets New Energy Packaging</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Anita Schmidt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Batterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefahrgutverpackungen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56246</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.11.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Alexander Winckelmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium Ion Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>GD-OES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FIB</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EDX</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.6 Anorganische Referenzmaterialien und Gasanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5 Werkstofftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">5.1 Mikrostruktur Design und Degradation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62302</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheit von Lithium-und Natrium-Batterien - Brandprüfungen und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Präsentation gibt einen ganzheitlichen Überblick im sicheren Umgang mit elektrochemischen Energiespeichertechnologien. Ferner enthält diese Präsentation einen Überblick über die aktuell an der BAM durchgeführten Forschungsprojekte und hoheitlichen Aufgaben mit Bezug diesen Energiespeichern</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Lehrgang "Moderne elektrochemische Energiespeicher" (905350)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mannheim, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Nils Böttcher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithiumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal Runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Natriumbatterien</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62304</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Electroanalytical experiments at macroporous electrodes for redox-flow batteries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Macroporous carbon felts (CFs) are the prevalently used electrode material for redox-flow batteris. Owing to their large internal surface area, these structures can efficiently drive the Faradaic reactions in a RFB. However, the electrochemical characterization of novel CFs, or modified CF-materials is a cumbersome task. This is essentially related to the complex mass-transport phenomena which are convoluted with the electrode kinetics. This talk will focus on ex-situ cyclic voltammetry and operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as electroanalytical techniques for porous RFB electrodes. Common pitfalls in the voltammetric analysis of CFs are elucidated and recent strategies for modeling and evaluating CV experiments on porous structures are introduced. Finally,  a method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is introduced which allows for an operando fingerprinting of electrochemical reactions in a vanadium-based RFB.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Flow4U-Event</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Eindhoven, Netherlands</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Porous Electrodes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Redox-Flow Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Convolutive modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impedance Spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Distribution of Relaxation Times</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62303</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The DSDC Algorithm -  A Universal Strategy for Simulating Voltammetry of Rough and Porous Electrodes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Porous electrodes or electrodes with rough surfaces offer a multitude of tailored applications. The theoretical treatment of such structures is, however, challenging since their voltammetric profile is a convolution of the time-dependent current with an inherently random mass-transfer function. Since the latter quantity has no analytical solution, the classical convolutive techniques cannot be applied. Therefore, simulations have been based on severe simplifications of the diffusion space [1,2] or were performed by means of digital simulation. Unfortunately, the latter approach becomes computationally prohibitive when a large and/or highly resolved, three-dimensional diffusion space needs to be considered. To mitigate these problems, we introduce the digital simulation, deconvolution, convolution (DSDC) algorithm, consisting of four successive steps [3]. Firstly, the three-dimensional image of the electrode under investigation is extracted via micro X-ray computed tomography (µ-CT) or atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Subsequently, the purely mass-transfer controlled current of this spatial template is generated by means of digital simulation. In the third and fourth steps, the mass-transfer function is extracted for a set of discrete points in time by numerical deconvolution and finally used for classical convolutive simulations. In this manner, any simplification of the diffusion domain becomes obsolete and the advantages of digital simulation and convolutive modelling are most favourably combined. Finally, this DSDC-algorithm provides an interdisciplinary connection of ex-situ imaging and in-situ electrochemistry which results in excellent agreement of simulated and experimentally acquired data.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Bunsentagung 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Aachen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.03.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Tim Tichter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Porous Electrodes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Convolutive Modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Redox-Flow Batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65068</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Impedance-based characterization of the overstress-related degradationin alkali metal-ion cells</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The successful repurposing of degraded alkali metal-ion batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics. Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life.&#13;
To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impact of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual lithium-ion and sodium-ion cells are initially stressed by different measures such as deep-discharging, high-temperature conditions, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells, which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and thus, be described as a multidimensional state function. &#13;
This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Doktorandenseminar der Technischen Universität Berlin</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">30.09.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Leonhardt</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alkali metal-ion batteries</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrochemical performance indicators</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
