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  <doc>
    <id>57905</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>20761</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>20779</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>30</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cambridge, UK</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Harmful effects of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway: scale-up tests from cell to second-life modules</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a comprehensive safety assessment of stationary lithium-ion-battery applications, it is necessary to better understand the consequences of thermal runaway (TR). In this study, experimental tests comprising twelve TR experiments including four single-cell tests, two cell stack tests and six second-life module tests (2.65 kW h and 6.85 kW h) with an NMC-cathode under similar initial conditions were conducted. The temperature (direct at cells/modules and in near field), mass loss, cell/module voltage, and qualitative vent gas composition (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and diode laser spectroscopy (DLS) for HF) were measured. The results of the tests showed that the battery TR is accompanied by severe and in some cases violent chemical reactions. In most cases, TR was not accompanied by pregassing of the modules. Jet flames up to a length of 5 m and fragment throwing to distances to more than 30 m were detected. The TR of the tested modules was accompanied by significant mass loss of up to 82%. The maximum HF concentration measured was 76 ppm, whereby the measured HF concentrations in the module tests were not necessarily higher than that in the cell stack tests.&#13;
Subsequently, an explosion of the released vent gas occurred in one of the tests, resulting in the intensification of the negative consequences. According to the evaluation of the gas measurements with regard to toxicity base on the “Acute Exposure Guideline Levels” (AEGL), there is some concern with regards to CO, which may be equally as important to consider as the release of HF.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">RSC Advances</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2046-2069</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D3RA02881J</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579054</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.07.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Christopher Bernardy</author>
    <author>Patrick Wagner</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>Christian Liebner</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Large-scale tests</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57905/d3ra02881j.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57647</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>19</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel, Switzerland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Composition and Explosibility of Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries Undergoing Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Lithium-based batteries have the potential to undergo thermal runaway (TR), during which mixtures of gases are released. The purpose of this study was to assess the explosibility of the gaseous emission from LIBs of an NMC-based cathode during thermal runaway. In the current project, a series of pouch lithium-based battery cells was exposed to abuse conditions (thermal) to study the total amount of gases released and the composition of the gas mixture. First, the battery cells were placed in a closed vessel, and the pressure and temperature rise inside the vessel were measured. In a second step, the composition of gases was analysed using a Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.&#13;
We found that the amount of released gases was up to 102 ± 4 L, with a clear dependence on the battery capacity. This study showed that the concentration of gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) increased with higher cell capacity. Of the five studied flammable gases, the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide (16.85 vol%), methane (7.6 vol%), and ethylene (7.86 vol%) were identified to be within their explosible range. Applying Le Chatelier’s law, a calculated lower explosion limit (LEL) of 7% in volume fraction was obtained for the gas mixture. The upper explosion limit (UEL) of the gas mixture was also found to be 31% in volume. A filter comprising pyrobubbles was used for the removal of the studied gas components released during the thermal abuse. The investigation revealed that the pyrobubbles filter was highly effect in the removal of HCN (up to 94% removal) and CO2 (up to 100% removal). Herein, we report the dependency of the method of thermal runaway trigger on the measured maximum temperature.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Batteries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/batteries9060300</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576477</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.07.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. O. A. Amano</author>
    <author>S.-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>N. Butt</author>
    <author>P. Vorwerk</author>
    <author>E. Gimadieva</author>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Tim Rappsilber</author>
    <author>U. Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal runaway</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Smoke gas emission</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas explosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion limit</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57647/batteries-09-00300-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59482</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1359</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1368</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Part A</issue>
    <volume>50</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative investigation of explosion behavior and spectral radiant  characteristics of free radicals for syngas/air mixtures</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The combustion characteristics and explosive hazard of syngas (H2/CO)/air mixtures are affected by its exact composition and equivalence ratios. In this paper, the explosion pressure and spectral radiant intensity of free radicals were quantitatively examined for syngas with different H2 proportions ([H2 in syngas] = 0, 30, 50, 70, 100 vol%) and equivalence ratios (φ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5). The results show that the explosion process of syngas/air mixtures can be separated into the initial slow combustion stage, the violent deﬂagration stage and the deﬂagration ending stage. The peaks of explosion pressure, pressure rise rate, OH*spectral intensity and rise rate of spectral intensity ﬁrst increase and then decrease with increasing the equivalence ratio, and they reduce gradually with the decrease of H2 proportion in syngas. The H2 content in syngas greatly affects the heat release and the concentration of excited state OH*, especially for the syngas/air mixtures with smaller proportion of H2. Additionally, the presence of H2 greatly increases the deﬂagration index and spectral radiant index of OH* for syngas/air mixtures. The average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity of free radicals are introduced and the coupling model between them is established based on the ﬁrst law of thermodynamics and the principle of chain reaction. The established model is furthermore veriﬁed by the experimental results. It is indicated that there is a linear relationship between average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity (OH*). The results can be used to improve the combustion efﬁciency of syngas and to guide theoretically the prevention, mitigation and control of syngas explosions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.280</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.02.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Bin Su</author>
    <author>Zhenmin Luo</author>
    <author>Arne Krietsch</author>
    <author>Dejian Wu</author>
    <author>Tao Wang</author>
    <author>Shangyong Zhou</author>
    <author>Jun Deng</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Syngas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosion pressure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Free radicals</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spectral intensity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58547</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT &gt; 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l &gt; 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highest measured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Limassol, Cyprus</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BEV</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58552</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT &gt; 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l &gt; 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highestmeasured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Limassol, Cyprus</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.10.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequences</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>BEV</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58347</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>7</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bonn</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Sicherheitsrisiko Batterien – Demonstrator aus dem Projekt SEE-2L bereits im Einsatz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Beitrag beschreibt das BMBF-Verbundvorhaben SEE-2L. Im Artikel werden die wesentlichen Meilensteine des Projektes vorgestellt. Ebenso werden die wichtigsten im Projekt erzielten Ergebnisse aufgeführt und verlinkt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Informationsbrief zur zivilen Sicherheitsforschung 07/23</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://info.sifo.de/public/a_25436_GZ5jd/file/data/669_Informationsbrief_zur_zivilen_Sicherheitsforschung_07-2023.pdf#page=7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Rico Tschirschwitz</author>
    <author>Sarah-K. Hahn</author>
    <author>Alexander Saupe</author>
    <author>Marvin Janßen</author>
    <author>Ulrich Krause</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stationäre Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Batterie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Auswirkungsbetrachtungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elektrische Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58543</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Study of thermal runaway and gas emissions in NMC lithium-ion batteries: State of Charge Dependence Investigation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermal runaway investigations were performed by subjecting single and double NMC pouch cells to thermal abuse condition inside an air-tight reactor vessel with an internal volume of 100 dm³. The study was divided into two series. The findings revealed the thermal runaway-induced explosion in the cells results in a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90 – 100% SOC and higher battery capacities 0.79 L/Wh (Series 1, 10 Ah cell) and 0.87 L/Wh (Series 2, 32 Ah cell). The investigation showed between 25 m³ and 84 m³ of explosible gas mixture could be released from electric vehicles of nominal useable electrical energy from 32 kWh up to 108 kWh at thermal runaway. It was also found that, the release of these explosible gases could undergo a secondary explosion.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th IBSW 2023 – International Battery Safety Workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ulm, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Kofi Owusu Ansah Amano</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consequneces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrical Energy Storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Propagation; Gas release</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lithium-ion battery</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60961</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>FBRCI-028</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>other</type>
    <publisherName>DGUV Fachbereich Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Deutschland</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Ausbläser – Berechnung von Ex-Bereichen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Gefährdungen durch die Freisetzung von Gasen und Dämpfen infolge der Ableitung über Ausbläser aus Sicherheitsventilen, Prozess-Berstscheiben, Entlüftungs- und Entspannungsleitungen sind in einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung zu bewerten. Freisetzungen aus Druckanlagen können nach TRBS 2141 beurteilt werden.&#13;
In der Fachbereich AKTUELL werden verschiedene Methoden mit ihren benötigten Eingangsdaten und Anwendungsgrenzen zur Beurteilung der Gefahren an Ausbläsern für brennbare Gase vorgestellt, um den Anwendern und Prüfern von solchen Anlagen eine Hilfestellung bei der Bewertung und Beurteilung möglicher Gefahren an den prozessbedingten Stoffauslässen ins Freie zu geben.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Fachbereich AKTUELL FBRCI-028</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ex-Schutz bei Ausbläsern</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60962</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Ermittlung des angemessenen Sicherheitsabstands - Aktueller Stand und Ausblick</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Es wird die historische Entwicklung des Leitfadens KAS-18 dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen diskutiert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Meinungs- und Erfahrungsaustausch im Sinne von § 29a BImSchG</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Münster, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">06.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Bernd Schalau</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LUP KAS-18</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60609</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz -  Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. &#13;
&#13;
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen")  als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken")  können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. &#13;
&#13;
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.&#13;
&#13;
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten im HdT e.V., Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00169-E</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Essen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Thomas Grunewald</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanischer Explosionsschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schlagfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schleiffunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reibfunken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanische Funken</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="660">Chemische Verfahrenstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Anlagensicherheit und Prozesssimulation</collection>
  </doc>
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