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    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
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    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Using ultrasonic atomization to recycle aluminium bronze chips for additive laser directed energy deposition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Abstract&#13;
 In the post-processing of large maritime components, a considerable amount of waste in the form of milling and grinding chips is produced. At the same time, additive manufacturing technologies have shown great potential in producing high-volume parts for maritime applications, allowing novel design approaches and short lead times. In this context, this study presents a sustainable approach to recycle and use aluminium bronze waste material, generated during post-processing of large cast ship propellers, as feedstock for laser-powder directed energy deposition. The recycling technology used to produce powder batches is inductive re-melting in combination with ultrasonic atomization. The derived metal powders are characterized using digital image analysis, powder flowability tests, scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared to conventional metal powders produced by gas atomization, the recycled material shows excellent sphericity and a powder size distribution with a higher content of finer and coarser particles. Metallographic sections of deposited additively produced specimens show an increased hardness and reduced ductility, but also competitive densities and higher yield and ultimate tensile strength compared to cast material. The process chain shows high potential for the maritime sector to enable circular and sustainable manufacturing.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/1296/1/012036</identifier>
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The derived metal powders are characterized using digital image analysis, powder flowability tests, scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared to conventional metal powders produced by gas atomization, the recycled material shows excellent sphericity and a powder size distribution with a higher content of finer and coarser particles. Metallographic sections of deposited additively produced specimens show an increased hardness and reduced ductility, but also competitive densities and higher yield and ultimate tensile strength compared to cast material. 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vinzenz Müller</author>
    <author>Janek Maria Fasselt</author>
    <author>Tobias Kruse</author>
    <author>Christian Klötzer</author>
    <author>Rafael Kleba-Ehrhardt</author>
    <author>Tomasz Choma</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59444/mueller 2023 NOLAMP19.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57056</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Strain Prediction Using Deep Learning during Solidification Crack Initiation and Growth in Laser Beam Welding of Thin Metal Sheets</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The strain field can reflect the initiation time of solidification cracks during the welding process. The traditional strain measurement is to first obtain the displacement field through digital image correlation (DIC) or optical flow and then calculate the strain field. The main disadvantage is that the calculation takes a long time, limiting its suitability to real-time applications. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made impressive achievements in computer vision.&#13;
To build a good prediction model, the network structure and dataset are two key factors. In this paper, we first create the training and test sets containing welding cracks using the controlled tensile weldability (CTW) test and obtain the real strain fields through the Lucas–Kanade algorithm. Then, two new networks using ResNet and DenseNet as encoders are developed for strain prediction, called StrainNetR and StrainNetD. The results show that the average endpoint error (AEE) of the two networks on our test set is about 0.04, close to the real strain value. The computation time could be reduced to the millisecond level, which would greatly improve efficiency.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app13052930</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570565</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.04.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>W. Huo</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>K. Wolter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Convolutional neural network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Strain fields prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57056/applsci-13-02930-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58694</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The Identification of a New Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) Type in Resistance Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength Steels on Reduced Flange Widths</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking is a phenomenon observed during resistance spot welding (RSW) of zinc􀀀coated advanced high􀀀strength steels (AHSS) in automotive manufacturing. In this study, severe cracks are observed at the edge of the sheet under reduced flange widths. These cracks, traversing the AHSS sheet, culminate at the edge with a width of approximately 1.2 mm.&#13;
Through combined numerical and experimental investigations, and material testing, these cracks are identified and validated as a new type of LME crack. The mechanism behind this crack formation is attributed to unique geometric conditions that, when compared to center welding, amplify radial material flow by ninefold to 0.87 mm. The resultant tangential tensile stresses approximate 760 MPa, which exceed the yield strength of the examined advanced high􀀀strength steel (AHSS) under heightened temperature conditions, and when combined with liquid zinc, promote the formation of this new type of LME crack.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met13101754</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586940</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.03.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. Yang</author>
    <author>G. Meschut</author>
    <author>G. Seitz</author>
    <author>M. Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Advanced high strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flange width</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58694/metals-13-01754.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64170</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer International Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Electron Beam Bonding: A novel method for joining additively manufactured carbon fiber thermoplastic composites with aluminum to produce multi-material joints for lightweight applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In recent years, new solutions have been explored to reduce the weight of components for the automotive, railway, and aerospace industries. For this reason, Carbon Fiber Composites (CFCs) have increasingly replaced metals in products that need to be lightweight. However, due to their poor thermal conductivity, CFCs have limited use in applications requiring efficient heat dissipation. In such applications, conventionally manufactured metal alloys are typically utilized. To address these limitations, a novel approach using a combination of additively manufactured aluminum and CFCs is proposed to exploit the distinct advantages of both materials. These innovative hybrid structures aim to combine good structural and thermal management properties with reduced weight compared to conventionally produced metal products. In this study, additively manufactured aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) and short carbon fiber Polyamide 6 composite (sCF-PA6) are utilized to produce metal–polymer pairs using electron beam energy to bond the two materials. Direct irradiation of short CFCs with electron beam leads to polymer degradation. Thus, a novel method “Electron Beam Bonding” for joining CFCs with aluminum alloy in various joint configurations using electron beam technology is demonstrated. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for creating metal–polymer multi-materials for lightweight applications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Progress in Additive Manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2363-9512</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40964-025-01206-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641705</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aybike Yalçınyüz</author>
    <author>Julius Raute</author>
    <author>Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez</author>
    <author>Eujin Pei</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electron beam bonding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lightweight</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufactured materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Short carbon fiber composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AlSi10Mg</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Joining</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64170/s40964-025-01206-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61209</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Laser Metal Deposition of Rene 80—Microstructure and Solidification Behavior Modelling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">New developments in nickel-based superalloys and production methods, such as the use of additive manufacturing (AM), can result in innovative designs for turbines. It is crucial to understand how the material behaves during the AM process to advance the industrial use of these techniques. An analytical model based on reaction–diffusion formalism is developed to better explain the solidification behavior of the material during laser metal deposition (LMD). The well-known Scheil–Gulliver theory has some drawbacks, such as the assumption of equilibrium at the solid–liquid interface, which is addressed by this method. The solidified fractions under the Scheil model and the pure equilibrium model are calculated using CALPHAD simulations. A differential scanning calorimeter is used to measure the heat flow during the solid–liquid phase transformation, the result of which is further converted to solidified fractions. The analytical model is compared with all the other models for validation.</abstract>
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    <author>Krishnanand Srinivasan</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
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      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
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      <value>Solidification behavior</value>
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      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Analytical model</value>
    </subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nickel‐based superalloy</value>
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    <title language="eng">Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The widespread adoption of ultra-high strength steels, due to their high bulk resistivity, intensifies expulsion issues in resistance spot welding (RSW), deteriorating both the spot weld and surface quality. This study presents a novel approach to prevent expulsion by employing a preheating current. Through characteristic analysis of joint formation under critical welding current, the importance of plastic material encapsulation around the weld nugget (plastic shell) at high temperatures in preventing expulsion is highlighted. To evaluate the effect of preheating on the plastic shell and understand its mechanism in expulsion prevention, a two-dimensional welding simulation model for dissimilar ultra-high strength steel joints was established. The results showed that optimal preheating enhances the thickness of the plastic shell, improving its ability to encapsulate the weld nugget during the primary welding phase, thereby diminishing expulsion risks. Experimental validation confirmed that by employing the optimal preheating current, the maximum nugget diameter was enhanced to 9.42 mm, marking an increase of 13.4 % and extending the weldable current range by 27.5 %. Under quasi-static cross-tensile loading, joints with preheating demonstrated a 7.9 % enhancement in maximum load-bearing capacity compared to joints without preheating, showing a reproducible and complete pull-out failure mode within the heat-affected zone. This study offers a prevention method based on underlying mechanisms, providing a new perspective for future research on welding parameter optimization with the aim of expulsion prevention.</abstract>
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    <author>Keke Yang</author>
    <author>Bassel El-Sari</author>
    <author>Viktoria Olfert</author>
    <author>Zhuoqun Wang</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
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      <value>Preheating</value>
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      <value>Weldable current range</value>
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    <title language="eng">A Comparative Evaluation of Powder Characteristics of Recycled Material from Bronze Grinding Chips for Additive Manufacturing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the manufacturing process of ship propellers, large quantities of grinding chips are generated. These grinding chips result from the finishing of the blade surfaces after the primary casting process of the propeller. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare different preparation processes used to produce chip powders with sufficient powder quality for the additive manufacturing process of directed energy deposition. The preparation of the samples was performed through different sieving, milling and re-melting processes. For the characterization of the prepared samples, powder analysis according to relevant industry standards was carried out. It was found that the re-melting processes result in superior powder quality for additive manufacturing in terms of particle size, morphology, and flowability. For some characteristics, the powder exhibits even better properties than those of commercial powders. Furthermore, the powder properties of the milled samples demonstrate a promising potential for u</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma17143396</identifier>
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These grinding chips result from the finishing of the blade surfaces after the primary casting process of the propeller. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare different preparation processes used to produce chip powders with sufficient powder quality for the additive manufacturing process of directed energy deposition. The preparation of the samples was performed through different sieving, milling and re-melting processes. For the characterization of the prepared samples, powder analysis according to relevant industry standards was carried out. It was found that the re-melting processes result in superior powder quality for additive manufacturing in terms of particle size, morphology, and flowability. For some characteristics, the powder exhibits even better properties than those of commercial powders. Furthermore, the powder properties of the milled samples demonstrate a promising potential for use in additive manufacturing.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17143396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1720553240000},"page":"3396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Evaluation of Powder Characteristics of Recycled Material from Bronze Grinding Chips for Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eckart","family":"Uhlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2355-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Polte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Janek Maria","family":"Fasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vinzenz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kl\u00f6tzer-Freese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mecklenburger Metallguss GmbH, 17192 Waren, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8867-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Kleba-Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Biegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Rethmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management IWF, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Callcut, V. 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    <abstract language="eng">Protecting components against wear and corrosion is a common way to improve their lifetime. This can be achieved by coating them with a hardfacing material. Common coatings consist of materials such as tungsten carbide or cobalt-chromium alloys, also known as Stellite. Hardfacing materials can be deposited by welding methods like plasma welding or laser cladding. The discrete change of the base material to the hardfacing layer can lead to cracks and chipping. Studies showed a reduced risk of cracking when a functionally graded material is used to create a smooth transition between the base and the hardfacing. Gradings from austenitic steel to cobalt-chromium alloys are already known in the literature. However, there is no knowledge about austenitic- ferritic duplex steels as base material. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a functionally graded material from duplex steel to cobalt-chromium alloy with a new approach. By using powder-based directed energy deposition, a graded material with smooth material transition is manufactured additively. Cracking and porosity are examined through metallography. Microhardness measurements as well as the analysis of the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence are used to validate the build-up strategy.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">An Inherent Strain Method Using Progressive Element Activation for Fast Distortion Calculation in Directed Energy Deposition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of directed energy deposition (DED) processes offers many potential cost savings during the build job optimization process, through, e.g., distortion predictions. However, the biggest challenge is the long calculation time, frequently exceeding the actual build time. One way of simplifying the simulation with the aim of reducing the calculation times is the inherent strain method. While this method is already used commercially in the simulation of powder bed-based processes and conventional welding technologies, its use in DED is still the subject of research. In this work, an inverse determination of an inherent strain is carried out on a 20-layer-high, single-track-wide wall, common theories are reviewed, and an approach based on thermal strain is introduced. As a result, the calculation time could be reduced by 83% and the accuracy remained at 92%.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of liquid metal embrittlement on the failure behavior of dissimilar spot welds with advanced high-strength steel: A component study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates the effects of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks on the mechanical performance of resistance spot-welded joints in zinc-coated advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) at the component level. To this end, a novel component-level test specimen featuring a hat and L-shaped profile was developed to identify&#13;
critical failure points under three-point bending loads. Load-bearing capacity tests were subsequently conducted under both quasi-static and impact loading conditions, specifically targeting LME cracks with an average depth reaching 63.6% of the sheet thickness. By monitoring the surface strain of spot welds affected by LME cracks, the study visualizes stress concentration effects at the crack tips and traces the propagation of these cracks into the base material, which ultimately leads to material tearing and joint failure. The findings reveal that the effect of LME cracks in reducing load-bearing capacity is more pronounced under impact loading than under quasi-static&#13;
loading, highlighting a previously underexplored aspect of LME behavior under impact loading. Specifically, the peak load decreased by 3.9% and 10.8%, while energy absorption declined by 52.2% and 78.3% under quasistatic and impact loading, respectively.</abstract>
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    <author>Keke Yang</author>
    <author>Matthias Sowada</author>
    <author>Viktoria Olfert</author>
    <author>Georg Seitz</author>
    <author>Vincent Schreiber</author>
    <author>Marcel Heitmann</author>
    <author>David Hein</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Sven Jüttner</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>Gerson Meschut</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Impact loading</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack propagation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Advanced high-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Process strategies for optimizing the cooling behaviour of laser-welded Tailor Welded Blanks made of advanced high strength steels (AHSS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AHSS with 1000 MPa tensile strength show promising properties for the use in Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs) to locally strengthen car body parts. Challenges in laser beam welding of the sheets are hardness-drops and -peaks in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld, which cause risks during cold-forming. This happens due to rapid cooling caused by laser welding. A numerical approach aiming for slower cooling rates in the weld region is presented in this article. Laser welded sheets served as reference for setting up a process simulation. Models for pre-heating and a coaxial setup with power split were set up. A correlation between cooling-rate and hardness in the joining zone was established and applied to the modelled strategy. Splitting the power led to a slightly narrower weld seam and experimental pre-heating of the sheets to 600 °C could lower total seam hardening. It achieved a homogenization of the fusion zone.</abstract>
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Schwenk, \"FE-Simulation des Schwei\u00dfverzugs laserstrahlgeschwei\u00dfter d\u00fcnner Bleche: Sensitivit\u00e4tsanalyse durch Variation der Werkstoffkennwerte,\" in BAM-Dissertationsreihe, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung, Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.176_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.849.357","article-title":"\"Welding of Ultra High Strength Steels\u201d","volume":"849","author":"Kah","year":"2013","journal-title":"AMR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.176_bib10","first-page":"2019","article-title":"\"Beam Shaping BrightLine Weld \u2013 Latest Application Results,\"","volume":"2019","author":"Haug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers in Manufacturing Conference"}],"container-title":["Procedia CIRP"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212827124005304?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2212827124005304?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T09:40:03Z","timestamp":1732182003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2212827124005304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["S2212827124005304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-8271"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2212-8271"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Process strategies for optimizing the cooling behaviour of laser-welded Tailor Welded Blanks made of advanced high strength steels (AHSS)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Procedia CIRP","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2024.08.176","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}</enrichment>
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    <author>Josefine Lemke</author>
    <author>Matthias Höfemann</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AHSS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tailor Welded Blanks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hardness</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAZ</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51631</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>97</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>114</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>19</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Taylor &amp; Francis Group</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London, UK</publisherPlace>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">In-situ monitoring of a laser metal deposition (LMD) process: comparison of MWIR, SWIR and high-speed NIR thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing offers a range of novel applications. However, the manufacturing process is complex and the production of almost defect-free parts with high reliability and durability is still a challenge. Thermography is a valuable tool for process surveillance, especially in metal additive manufacturing processes. The high process temperatures allow one to use cameras usually operating in the visible spectral range. Here, we compare the results of measurements during the manufacturing process of a commercial laser metal deposition setup using a mid wavelength infrared camera with those from a short wavelength infrared camera and those from a visual spectrum high-speed camera with band pass filter in the near infrared range.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1080/17686733.2020.1829889</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516318</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.11.2020</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MWIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SWIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NIR</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51631/QIRT_In-situ-thermography_LMD.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>52516</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>77</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>83</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2021</volume>
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    <publisherName>SPIE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Society for Optics and Photonics</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards the determination of real process temperatures in the LMD process by multispectral thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the rapid thermal cycles involved in additive manufacturing of metals, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine their formation, in-process measurements of the temperature are needed. Since the part emissivity is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing in the process, the applicability of thermography for the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. Measuring the thermal radiation in different wavelengths simultaneously, temperature and emissivity can be separated. Here, we present results of a preliminary study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in directed energy deposition (DED) processes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2587881</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.04.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52514</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unraveling thermal radiation by multispectral thermography: Real temperatures in LMD</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing of metals offers the opportunity to build parts with a high degree of complexity without additional costs, opening a new space for design optimization. However, the processes are highly complex and due to the rapid thermal cycles involved, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine the formation of internal stresses and the microstructure, in-process spatially resolved measurements of the part temperature are needed. If the emissivity of the inspected part is known, its thermodynamic temperature can be reconstructed by a suited radiometric model. However, in additive manufacturing of metals, the emissivity of the part surface is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing due to variations of, e.g., the degree of oxidation, the material state and temperature. Thus, here, the applicability of thermography in the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. However, measuring the process thermal radiation at different wavelengths simultaneously enables one to separate temperature and emissivity spatially resolved to obtain further insight into the process. Here, we present results of an initial study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in the powderfree LMD process.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufactured Alloys</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>52515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards the determination of real process temperatures in the LMD process my multispectral thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the rapid thermal cycles involved in additive manufacturing of metals, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine their formation, in-process measurements of the temperature are needed. Since the part emissivity is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing in the process, the applicability of thermography for the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. Measuring the thermal radiation in different wavelengths simultaneously, temperature and emissivity can be separated. Here, we present results of a preliminary study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in directed energy deposition (DED) processes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2587881</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.04.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52744</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="deu">In-situ Monitoring der Additiven Fertigung von Metallen im LPA Prozess mittels Optischer Emissionsspektrometrie (OES) und Thermografie (TT)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Einer der aussichtsreichsten Ansätze, die Qualität und Sicherheit der gefertigten Teile in der metallbasierten additiven Fertigung (AM) zu erhöhen und die Notwendigkeit aufwändiger und zeitintensiver, zerstörender oder zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen (ZfP) nach der Fertigung zu verringern, liegt in dem Einsatz von in-situ Prozessüberwachungstechniken. Viele wichtige Prozessgrößen bei der additiven Fertigung sind thermischer Natur, wie z.B. die Temperatur des Schmelzbades. Aufgrund der Zugänglichkeit zum Werkstück während des Bauprozesses bieten sich optische Verfahren zur Temperaturbestimmung an. Für die Thermografie und Optische Emissionsspektrometrie im IR-Bereich, welche für die in-situ Anwendung prinzipiell als geeignet angesehen werden können, gibt es allerdings noch wenig konkrete praktische Umsetzungen, da die Möglichkeiten und individuellen Grenzen dieser Methoden, angewendet auf AM, noch nicht ausreichend erforscht sind. Aus diesem Grund verfolgt die BAM mit dem Projekt „Process Monitoring of AM“ (ProMoAM) im Themenfeld Material das Ziel, Verfahren des Prozessmonitorings zur in-situ Bewertung der Qualität additiv gefertigter Metallbauteile weiterzuentwickeln. &#13;
Im Beitrag wird der Fokus auf eine Versuchsserie gelegt, bei der Aufbau von Probekörpern aus dem austenitischen Edelstahl 316L mittels Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (LPA) durch od. mit Hilfe von IR-Spektrometrie und  Thermografie in-situ überwacht wurde. Hierbei stellen u.a. die hohe Bandbreite der zu messenden Temperaturen, die Bestimmung der Emissivität und ihre Änderung bei Phasenübergängen des Metalls große experimentelle Herausforderungen dar, wobei jede Methode individuelle Vor- und Nachteile aufweist, welche verglichen werden.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.05.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Direct Energy Deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laserauftragschweißen</value>
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    <publisherName>De Gruyter</publisherName>
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    <title language="deu">Vergleich der Messungen der Schmelzbadtemperatur bei der Additiven Fertigung von Metallen mittels IR-Spektroskopie und Thermografie</title>
    <title language="eng">Comparison of measurements of the melt pool temperature during the additive production of metals by means of IR spectroscopy and thermography</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Im Rahmen des Themenfeldprojektes „Process Monitoring of AM“ (ProMoAM) evaluiert die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) gegenwärtig die Anwendbarkeit verschiedenster ZfP-Verfahren zur in-situ Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung (AM) von Metallen in Hinblick auf die Qualitätssicherung.&#13;
Einige der wichtigsten Messgrößen sind hierbei die Temperatur des Schmelzbades und die Abkühlrate, welche starken Einfluss auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannung haben. Aufgrund der Zugänglichkeit zum Werkstück während des Bauprozesses bieten sich optische Verfahren zu Temperaturbestimmung an. Hierbei stellen jedoch u. a. die hohe Bandbreite der zu messenden Temperaturen, die Bestimmung der Emissivität und ihre Änderung bei Phasenübergängen der verwendeten Legierung große experimentelle Herausforderungen dar. Eine weitere Herausforderung stellt für die IR-Spektroskopie die Absorption durch das Schutzgas und weitere optische Elemente dar. Um diese auch in einem industriellen Umfeld kompensieren zu können, wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die das gemessene Spektrum bei der Verfestigung des Werkstoffes als Referenz nutzt. In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung dieser Methode für die IR-Spektrometrie als auch Thermografische Messungen beim Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen von 316L gezeigt, wobei beide Methoden weiterhin in Hinblick auf ihre individuellen Vor- und&#13;
Nachteile miteinander verglichen werden.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">Within the topic area project “Process Monitoring of AM” (ProMoAM) the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is currently evaluating the applicability of various NDT methods for in-situ process Monitoring in the additive manufacturing (AM) of metals with regard to quality assurance. Two of the most important variables to measure are the temperature of the molten pool and the cooling rate, which have a strong influence on the microstructure and the residual stress. Due to the accessibility of the workpiece during the construction process, optical methods for temperature determination are suitable.&#13;
However, the wide range of temperatures to be measured, the determination of emissivity and its change during phase transitions of the alloy pose great experimental challenges. Another challenge for IR spectroscopy is the absorption by the inert gas and other optical elements. In order to be able to compensate for this in an industrial environment, a method was developed which uses the measured spectrum as a reference when the material is solidified.&#13;
This paper shows the application of this method for IR spectrometry as well as thermographic measurements during laser powder cladding of 316L. Furthermore both methods are compared with respect to their individual Advantages and disadvantages.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">tm – Technisches Messen</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1515/teme-2021-0056</identifier>
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    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <author>Giuseppe Pignatelli</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Igor B. Gornushkin</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Direct Energy Deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IR-Spektroskopie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IR-spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Occurrence and avoidance of liquid metal embrittlement in resistance spot welding of springback-afflicted deep-drawn components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates the occurrence and mitigation of liquid metal embrittlement occurring during resistance spot welding in deep-drawn automotive components, specifically focusing on an S-Rail made from advanced high-strength steel. A simulation-based liquid metal embrittlement risk criterion based on local major component stresses was established and used to quantify and compare liquid metal embrittlement risks between different tests. Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted, revealing that springback significantly impacts liquid metal embrittlement formation. Adjustments in electrode geometry and hold time post-welding were found to mitigate liquid metal embrittlement risks. The effects of stack-up configuration and related parameter settings on liquid metal embrittlement occurrence were identified and liquid metal embrittlement was effectively prevented across both stack-up configurations. These findings advance the understanding of liquid metal embrittlement mechanisms and provide practical approaches to enhance the spot weld quality in AHSS-based body-in-whites.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Science and Technology of Welding and Joining</parentTitle>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Keke Yang</author>
    <author>Gerson Meschut</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Advanced high-strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld current</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat input</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Springback</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep drawing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>S-Rail</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>105</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier BV</publisherName>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Recycling nickel aluminium bronze grinding chips to feedstock for directed energy deposition via impact whirl milling: Investigation on processability, microstructure and mechanical properties</title>
    <abstract language="eng">During the production of ship propellers, considerable quantities of grinding chips from nickel aluminium bronze are produced. This paper examines the mechanical comminution of such chips via impact whirl milling and the utilization of two chip-powder batches as feedstock for a laser-based directed energy deposition process. The materials are characterized via digital image analysis, standardized flowability tests, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and are compared to conventional, gas atomized powder. The specimens deposited via directed energy deposition are analyzed for density, hardness and microstructure and tensile properties for vertical and horizontal build up directions are compared. At elevated mill rotation speeds, the comminution with impact whirl milling produced rounded particles, favorable flow properties and particle size distribution, making them suitable to deposit additive specimens. The microstructure exhibited characteristic martensitic phases due to the high cooling rates of the additive manufacturing process. The presence of ceramic inclusions was observed in both the powder and on the tensile fracture surfaces, partly impairing the mechanical properties. However, specimens in the vertical build-up direction (Z) showed competitive tensile results, with 775 MPa in tensile strength, 455 MPa in yield strength and 12.6 % elongation at break. The findings of this study indicate that recycling of machining chips to additive manufacturing feedstock can be a viable option for reducing material costs and environmental impact.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Additive Manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2214-8604</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.addma.2025.104804</identifier>
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