<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>62393</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Effect of alloy modification on the wear protection coatings made of Ni- and Co-based materials and surface machinability via ultrasonic milling process</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractWear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in equipment, process, and power plant engineering to withstand high corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses. Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00170-024-14955-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623931</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0268-3768</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T17:40:16Z","timestamp":1736444416756,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021130","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 21.959 (FOSTA P1550"],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018933","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Adv Manuf Technol"],"abstract":"&lt;jats:title&gt;Abstract&lt;\/jats:title&gt;&lt;jats:p&gt;Wear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in equipment, process, and power plant engineering to withstand high corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses. Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as well as on the formation of the hard phases of the build-up welds is compared. For example, the inclusion of the alloying element Nb results in the formation of a more refined hard phase and reduces the machining force required for C56 and T400. In most cases, the wear resistance potential has been maintained. In order to improve the machinability of the hard facings, the optimization of the demanding machining conditions by alloy modifications of the Co- and Ni-based alloys is also presented. It is shown that some of the modified alloys have significantly better machinability than the conventional alloy.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T16:20:03Z","timestamp":1736439603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of alloy modification on the wear protection coatings made of Ni- and Co-based materials and surface machinability via ultrasonic milling process"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Maraike","family":"Willeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Giese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Swenja","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Treutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schr\u00f6pfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Wesling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kannengie\u00dfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"14955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-017-0183-5","volume":"5","author":"Kenneth Holmberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holmberg Kenneth, Erdemir Ali (2017) Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5:263\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40544-017-0183-5","journal-title":"Friction"},{"issue":"1","key":"14955_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03875-9","volume":"9","author":"D Bowden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowden D, Krysiak Y, Palatinus L, Tsivoulas D, Plana-Ruiz S, Sarakinou E, Kolb U, Stewart D, Preuss M (2018) A high-strength silicide phase in a stainless steel alloy designed for wear-resistant applications. Nat Commun 9(1):1374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-03875-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"14955_CR3","unstructured":"Bohatch RG, Scheid A (2019) Microstructure and properties of cocrmosi alloy coatings by plasma transferred arc (pta) weld surfacing, 2nd International Brazilian Conference on Tribology."},{"key":"14955_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-92242012000100011","volume":"17","author":"R Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silva R, Dutra J (2012) Pta-p process - a literature review as basis for innovations. Part 1 of 2: constructive elements. Soldagem &amp; Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o 17:76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-92242012000100011","journal-title":"Soldagem &amp; Inspe\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"14955_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2006.01.037","volume":"80","author":"Tadeusz Hejwowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hejwowski Tadeusz (2006) Sliding wear resistance of fe-, ni- and co-based alloys for plasma deposition. Vacuum 80(11\u201312):1326\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vacuum.2006.01.037","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"14955_CR6","unstructured":"Raghu D, Wu JB (1997) Recent developments in wear and corrosion resistant alloys for oil industry. In: NACE CORROSION: 97016."},{"key":"14955_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.026","volume":"10","author":"S Balaguru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaguru S, Gupta M (2021) Hardfacing studies of ni alloys: a critical review. J Mater Res Technol 10:1210\u20131242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.026","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"14955_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.09.056","volume":"55","author":"S Apay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Apay S, Gulenc B (2014) Wear properties of aisi 1015 steel coated with stellite 6 by microlaser welding. Mater Des 55:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.09.056","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"14955_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.08.226","volume":"25","author":"M Ferozhkhan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferozhkhan M, Duraiselvam M, Kumar G, Bharath R (2016) Plasma transferred arc welding of stellite 6 alloy on stainless steel for wear resistance. Procedia Technol 25:1305\u20131311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.protcy.2016.08.226","journal-title":"Procedia Technol"},{"key":"14955_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008","volume":"251","author":"R Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh R, Kumar D, Mishra S, Tiwari S (2014) Laser cladding of stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance. Surf Coat Technol 251:87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008","journal-title":"Surf Coat Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"14955_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s13632-024-01040-x","volume":"13","author":"XZ Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang XZ, Liu R, Wu XY, Wu XJ, Khelfaoui F (2024) Microstructure and hardness investigation of tribaloy alloy T-400C hardfacing deposited on nickel-based alloy inconel 740H via plasma transferred arc welding subjected to long-time aging. Metallogr Microstruct Anal 13(1):145\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13632-024-01040-x","journal-title":"Metallogr Microstruct Anal"},{"key":"14955_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.56028\/aetr.5.1.38.2023","volume":"5","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhu H, Huang J (2023) Corrosion behaviour of tribaloy t400 coating prepared by laser cladding in molten aluminium alloys. Adv Eng Technol Res 5:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56028\/aetr.5.1.38.2023","journal-title":"Adv Eng Technol Res"},{"key":"14955_CR13","first-page":"41","volume":"31","author":"C Cameron","year":"1975","unstructured":"Cameron C, Hoffman R, Poskitt R (1975) Tribaloy intermetallic alloy compositions: new materials or additives for wear resistant applications. Prog. Powder Metall (United States) 31:41\u201351","journal-title":"Prog. Powder Metall (United States)"},{"key":"14955_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.10.088","volume":"452","author":"W Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu W, Liu R, Patnaik P, Yao M, Wu X (2007) Mechanical and tribological properties of newly developed tribaloy alloys. Mater Sci Eng, A 452:427\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2006.10.088","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng, A"},{"key":"14955_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00555273","volume":"20","author":"A Halstead","year":"1985","unstructured":"Halstead A, Rawlings RD (1985) The effect of iron additions on the microstructure and properties of the \u201ctribaloy\u201d co-mo-cr-si wear resistant alloys. J Mater Sci 20:1693\u20131704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00555273","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"14955_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2016.12.045","volume":"376\u2013377","author":"A Renz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Renz A, K\u00fcrten D, Lehmann O (2017) Wear of hardfaced valve spindles in highly loaded stationary lean-burn large bore gas engines. Wear 376\u2013377:1652\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wear.2016.12.045","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"14955_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2018.02.013","volume":"402","author":"A Renz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renz A, Prakash B, Hardell J, Lehmann O (2018) High-temperature sliding wear behaviour of stellite\u00ae 12 and tribaloy\u00ae t400. Wear 402:148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wear.2018.02.013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"14955_CR18","unstructured":"Glycon I CiteDrive brings reference management to overleaf. https:\/\/glycon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/pdf4.pdf Accessed 13.06.2024"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"14955_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(98)00524-6","volume":"106","author":"Q Ming","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ming Q, Lim L, Chen Z (1998) Laser cladding of nickel-based hardfacing alloys. Surf Coat Technol 106(2\u20133):174\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0257-8972(98)00524-6","journal-title":"Surf Coat Technol"},{"key":"14955_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2023.129236","volume":"455","author":"M Aliabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aliabadi M, Khodabakhshi F, Soltani R, Gerlich A (2023) Modification of flamesprayed nicrbsi alloy wear-resistant coating by friction stir processing and furnace re-melting treatments. Surf Coat Technol 455:129236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2023.129236","journal-title":"Surf Coat Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14955_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp7030110","volume":"7","author":"JC Pereira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira JC, Taboada MC, Niklas A, Ray\u00f3n E, Rocchi J (2023) Influence of the chemical composition on the solidification path, strengthening mechanisms and hardness of Ni-Cr-Si-Fe-B self-fluxing alloys obtained by laser-directed energy deposition. J Manuf Mater Proc 7(3):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp7030110","journal-title":"J Manuf Mater Proc"},{"key":"14955_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95463-56","volume":"66","author":"A Eissel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eissel A, Engelking L, Treutler K, Wesling V, Schroepfer D, Kannengiesser T (2021) (2021) Monickel-iron-alloy modification to enhance additively welded microstructure for subsequent milling. 2nd Int Conf Adv Join Proc (AJP2021), Selected Contrib AJP 66:85\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-95463-56","journal-title":"2nd Int Conf Adv Join Proc (AJP2021), Selected Contrib AJP"},{"key":"14955_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08669-4","volume":"119","author":"Y Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Y, Li L (2022) Surface integrity of ultrasonic-assisted dry milling of slm ti6al4v using polycrystalline diamond tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 119:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-022-08669-4","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"14955_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-06815-y","volume":"114","author":"Dirk Schroepfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schroepfer Dirk, Treutler Kai, Boerner Andreas, Gustus Rene, Kannengiesser Thomas, Wesling Volker (2021) Maus-Friedrichs, W.: Surface finishing of hard-to-machine cladding alloys for highly stressed components. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 114:1427\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-021-06815-y","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Tech"},{"key":"14955_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40194-022-01334-0","volume":"66","author":"A Eissel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eissel A, Engelking L, Treutler K, Wesling V, Schroepfer D, Kannengiesser T (2022) Modification of co\u2013cr alloys to optimize additively welded microstructures and subsequent surface finishing. Welding World, Le Soudage Dans Le Monde 66:2245\u20132257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40194-022-01334-0","journal-title":"Welding World, Le Soudage Dans Le Monde"},{"key":"14955_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giese M, Graebner M, Schroepfer D, Treutler K, Lorenz S, Kannengiesser T, Wesling V (2024) Alloy modification and ultrasonic-assisted milling of wearresistant alloys with defined surfaces. Welding World: 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40194-024-01786-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40194-024-01786-6"},{"key":"14955_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilthey U (2006) Schwei\u00dftechnische Fertigungsverfahren 2, Verhalten der Werkstoffe Beim Schwei\u00dfen. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/b139036"},{"key":"14955_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/3527602062","volume-title":"Metallische Verbundwerkstoffe","author":"KU Kainer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kainer KU (2003) Metallische Verbundwerkstoffe. WILEY-VCH Verlag, Weinheim"},{"key":"14955_CR29","unstructured":"Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH: Technical Datasheet Deloro 56 Alloy. https:\/\/www.deloro.com\/fileadmin\/users\/redakteur\/006_Downloads\/Data_Sheets\/Deloro_MDS_Deloro56_rev00.pdf. Acessed 27 November 2024"},{"key":"14955_CR30","unstructured":"Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH: Technical Datasheet Deloro 56 Alloy. https:\/\/www.deloro.com\/fileadmin\/users\/redakteur\/006_Downloads\/Data_Sheets\/Deloro_MDS_Tribaloy400_rev00.pdf. Acessed 27 November 2024"},{"issue":"12","key":"14955_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1177\/14644207241265778","volume":"238","author":"M Graebner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Graebner M, Giese M, Treutler K, Lorenz S, Schroepfer D, Wesling V, Kannengiesser T (2024) Processing of crack-free nickel- and cobalt-based wear protection coatings and defined surfaces by subsequent milling processes. Proc Instit Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl 238(12):2413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14644207241265778","journal-title":"Proc Instit Mech Eng Part L J Mater Des Appl"},{"key":"14955_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ASTM - Committee MTS (2023) Metallic materials - Rockwell hardness test - part 1: test method (ISO 6508\u20131:2023); German version EN ISO 6508\u20131:2023. DIN German Institute for Standardization. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31030\/3516833","DOI":"10.31030\/3516833"},{"key":"14955_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamper S (2019) Eisenbasierte intermetallische hartlegierungen f\u00fcr den verschlei\u00dfschutz am beispiel von einschneckenextrudern. PhD thesis, TU Clausthal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21268\/20191202-0 .\u00a0https:\/\/dokumente.ub.tu-clausthal.de\/receive\/clausthal_mods_00001060","DOI":"10.21268\/20191202-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"14955_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp7060196","volume":"7","author":"A Niklas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niklas A, Santos F, Garcia D, Rouco M, Gonz\u00b4alez-Mart\u00b4\u0131nez R, Pereira JC, Ray\u00b4on E, Lopez P, Guillonneau G (2023) Chemical composition effects on the microstructure and hot hardness of nicrsifeb self-fluxing alloys manufactured via gravity casting. J Manuf Mater Proc 7(6):196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp7060196","journal-title":"J Manuf Mater Proc"},{"key":"14955_CR35","unstructured":"Davis JR (2000) Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys. ASM international."},{"key":"14955_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11085-008-9117-y","volume":"70","author":"Y-D Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Y-D, Yang Z-G, Zhang C (2008) Lan, H.: Oxidation behavior of tribaloy t-800 alloy at 800 and 1,000 c. Oxid Met 70:229\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11085-008-9117-y","journal-title":"Oxid Met"},{"issue":"10","key":"14955_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1179\/030634584790253146","volume":"18","author":"A Halstead","year":"1984","unstructured":"Halstead A, Rawlings R (1984) Structure and hardness of co\u2013mo\u2013cr\u2013si wear resistant alloys (tribaloys). Metal Sci 18(10):491\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/030634584790253146","journal-title":"Metal Sci"},{"key":"14955_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026320","volume":"20","author":"A Halstead","year":"1985","unstructured":"Halstead A, Rawlings RD (1985) The fracture behaviour of two co-mo-cr-si wear resistant alloys (\u201ctribaloys\u201d). J Mater Sci 20:1248\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01026320","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"14955_CR39","unstructured":"Cameron C, Hoffman R, Poskitt R (1975) Tribaloy intermetallic alloy compositions: new materials or additives for wear resistant applications. Prog Powder Metall (United States) 31."},{"issue":"4","key":"14955_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034075","volume":"138","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu R, Yao J, Zhang Q, Yao MX, Collier R (2016) Effects of silicon content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cobalt-based tribaloy alloys. J Eng Mater Technol 138(4):041017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4034075","journal-title":"J Eng Mater Technol"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T17:02:59Z","timestamp":1736442179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["14955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00170-024-14955-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3768","1433-3015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3768","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors consent to publish this work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.01.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Maraike Willeke</author>
    <author>Marcel Giese</author>
    <author>Swenja Lorenz</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wear resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Co-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PTA welding process</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic assisted milling process</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62393/Willeke_et_al-2025-The_International_Journal_of_Advanced_Manufacturing_Technology.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61877</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>31</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>45</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>69</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN  50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618777</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">x</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.01.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lukas Quackatz</author>
    <author>Elin Marianne Westin</author>
    <author>Axel Griesche</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <author>Sten Wessman</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase balance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61877/s40194-024-01878-3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62368</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>31</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>45</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>69</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN  50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623682</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus_import_data">x</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lukas Quackatz</author>
    <author>Elin Marianne Westin</author>
    <author>Axel Griesche</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <author>Sten Wessman</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phase fraction prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WRC diagram</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62368/s40194-024-01878-3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62291</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2567</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2575</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>68</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin ; Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Alloy modification and ultrasonic-assisted milling of wear-resistant alloys with defined surfaces</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The reduction of CO2 emissions is closely linked to the development of highly efficient and economical steel components in plant and process engineering. To withstand the high combined corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses, wear-resistant coatings tailored to the application and steel grade are used. In addition to the increasing demand to substitute conventional cobalt alloys with nickel alloys, there is also a growing need for defined or functional surfaces of high integrity. Due to high tool wear, milling operations required to produce the complex geometries of the components are often not economically feasible for SMEs. By means of alloy modification of the filler metals for nickel-based plasma build-up welded wear-resistant coatings and by the use of innovative ultrasonic-assisted milling processes more favourable machinability shall be achieved without reducing the wear protection potential. In this paper, the influence of the microstructure and precipitation morphology adjusted by means of alloy modification on the machinability is investigated. This is done based on a wear protection alloy NiCrMoSiFeB (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA) typically used for screw machines, which substitutes conventional CoCr alloys (Stellite). Metallurgical investigations and in-situ measurements of occurring process forces and temperatures at the tool cutting edge during milling as well as subsequent investigations of tool wear and surface integrity allow a detailed analysis and correlation between microstructural properties and machinability. For the cast samples, a clear change in the microstructure and hardness can be seen through the addition of Al, Ti, or Nb. These differences lead to an improvement in the machining process for Nb. Al and Ti cause long-needled or star-shaped precipitations and hardness increases, which lead to higher cutting forces and increased tool wear.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01786-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622918</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.12.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Marcel Giese</author>
    <author>Maraike Gräbner</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Svenja Lorenz</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cladding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wear resistant alloys</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy modification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62291/s40194-024-01786-6.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63008</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2025</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin ; Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Transvarestraint testing of high-strength steel filler metal</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High-strength steel welds are typically not known to be susceptible to Solidification Cracking (SC). However, modern light-weight constructions may force welding in highly restrained conditions, which are known to increase the probability of Solidification Crack (SC) emergence. In this article, the Modified Varestraint-Transvarestraint (MVT) test was used to evaluate the hot cracking susceptibility of welds made from high-strength, low-alloyed filler material. The materials tested include solid wires and a metal-cored wire. All wires are typically used in the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. Susceptibility to SC was measured over a wide range of welding parameters and bending speeds. Results show little affinity of the tested materials to SC. However, crack length increases in most cases with arc energy ( U ∙ I∕welding speed ) and welding speed. The length of the longest crack in one test specimen follows a similar trend until high welding speeds, where stagnation of crack length with changing arc energy was observed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02042-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630084</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">30.04.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philipp Liepold</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MVT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Varestraint</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transvarestraint</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63008/Transvarestraint testing of high-strength steel filler metal.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57269</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>987</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>996</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>67</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the efficient production of weight-optimized modern engineering structures. Further increases in efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength structural steels. Commercial welding consumables for WAAM are already available on the market. Lack of knowledge and guidelines regarding welding residual stress and component safety during production and operation leads to severely limited use for industry applications. The sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking; therefore, residual stresses play a crucial role. For this reason, the influences of the material, the WAAM process, and the design on the formation of residual stresses and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. The material used has a yield strength of over 800 MPa. This strength is adjusted via solid solution strengthening and a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on the residual stresses. The focus of the present investigation is on the additive welding parameters and component design on their influence on hardness and residual stresses, which are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reference specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automated with a systematic variation of heat control and design. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. Increased heat input leads to lower tensile residual stresses which causes unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. The component design affects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a significant influence on the residual stress.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01503-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572698</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-arc</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel filler metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stress</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57269/Wandtke2023_Article_WAAM process and design aspects.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51159</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>012023</issue>
    <volume>882</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bristol</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Tungsten inert gas bead-on-plate weld chemical composition analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Chemical compositions of a weld can be varying locally as a result of the welding process. These local variations can be due to the vaporization of individual alloying elements. In this work, tungsten inert gas (TIG) bead-on-plate stainless steel welds of EN grade 1.4404 and 1.4435 were investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on the completed welds. This study aims to reveal the welding parameters’ influence on the resulting local chemical compositions of the stainless steel welds. We demonstrated Mn vaporize before Cr due to its lower latent enthalpy of vaporization. Hence, Mn accumulates on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) both sides across the weld bead by being swept away through the circulation flow of the welding plasma. Additionally, increasing the heat input tends to enhance the accumulated Mn content on the HAZ as well as increasing the shielding gas flow rate. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS is an effective method to inspect completed welds.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012023</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1757-8981</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1757-899X</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511595</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Magdeburg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.09.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ugur Alp Taparli</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Axel Griesche</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS TIG welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Austenitic stainless steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemical composition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ measurement</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51159/Taparli-2020-Tungsten inert gas bead-on-plate.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52440</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1671</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1685</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>65</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part III - Assessment of residual stresses from small-scale to real component welds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For higher operational temperatures and pressures required in petrochemical plants, the modified 13CrMoV9-10 steel was developed providing high resistance against creep and compressed hydrogen. Extreme care during the welding procedure is necessary for this steel, attributed to low toughness, high strength in as-welded state, and increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking (SRC) during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Previous research of SRC in creep-resistant steels discussed mainly thermal and metallurgical factors. Few previous findings addressed the influences of welding procedure on crack formation during PWHT considering real-life manufacturing conditions. These investigations focus on effects of welding heat control on stresses during welding and subsequent PWHT operations close to realistic restraint and heat dissipation conditions using a special 3D testing facility, which was presented in parts I and II of this contribution. Part III addresses investigations on residual stress evolution affecting crack formation and discusses the transferability of results from large-scale testing to laboratory-scale. Experiments with test set-ups at different scales under diverse rigidity conditions and an assessment of the residual stresses of the weld-specimens using X-ray (surface near) and neutron diffraction analysis (bulk) were performed. This study aims to provide a way of investigating the SRC behaviour considering component-specific residual stresses via small-scale testing concepts instead of expensive weld mock-ups.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-021-01101-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524403</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.04.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Lausch</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>R. C. Wimpory</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-weld heat treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/52440/Schroepfer2021_Article_InfluenceOfWeldingStressesOnRe.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52487</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1427</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1442</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5-6</issue>
    <volume>114</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Surface finishing of hard-to-machine cladding alloys for highly stressed components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The supply and processing of materials for highly stressed components are usually cost-intensive. Efforts to achieve cost and resource efficiency lead to more complex structures and contours. Additive manufacturing steps for component repair and production offer significant economic advantages. Machining needs to be coordinated with additive manufacturing steps in a complementary way to produce functional surfaces suitable for the demands. Regarding inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as production-related stresses, a great deal of knowledge is still required for efficient use by small- and medium-size enterprises, especially for the interactions of subsequent machining of these difficult-to-machine materials. Therefore, investigations on these influences and interactions were carried out using a highly innovative cost-intensive NiCrMo alloy (IN725). These alloys are applied for claddings as well as for additive component manufacturing and repair welding using gas metal arc welding processes. For the welded specimens, the adequate solidification morphology, microstructure and property profile were investigated. The machinability in terms of finishing milling of the welded surfaces and comparative analyses for ultrasonic-assisted milling processes was examined focussing on surface integrity. It was shown that appropriate cutting parameters and superimposed oscillating of the milling tool in the direction of the tool rotation significantly reduce the mechanical loads for tool and workpiece surface. This contributes to ensure a high surface integrity, especially when cutting has to be carried out without cooling lubricants.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00170-021-06815-y</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524872</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.04.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>K. Treutler</author>
    <author>Andreas Börner</author>
    <author>R. Gustus</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>V. Wesling</author>
    <author>W. Maus-Friedrichs</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WAAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IN725</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machining</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic-assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cutting forces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface integrity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructure</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/52487/Schroepfer_et_al-2021-The_International_Journal_of_Advanced_Manufacturing_Technology.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53330</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>012002</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1147</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing Ltd</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Process-related influences and correlations in wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">High-strength fine-grained structural steels have great potential for weight-optimized, efficient structures in many modern steel applications. Further advances in efficiency can be achieved through additive manufacturing and bionic design. Commercial high-strength filler materials for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already provided by the consumable producers. Today, application would be strictly limited due to absence of quantitative findings or any guidelines for the industry regarding welding-related stresses and component safety during manufacturing and service. Hence, process- and material-related influences and design-related restraint conditions associated with formation of residual stresses and cold cracking risk are investigated. The aim is the accessibility of special WAAM self-restraining cold cracking tests and easy applicable processing recommendations, enabling an economical, fit-for-purpose and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels. This first study focuses on determination of interactions between WAAM process parameters, resulting layer geometry, microstructure and residual stresses, analyzed via X-ray diffraction. Defined reference specimens are automated welded using a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength &gt;820 MPa). Geometric properties can be specifically adjusted by wire feed and welding speed, but cannot be varied arbitrarily, since a high heat input causes local overheating, inadmissible changes of microstructure and mechanical properties, defects and comparable high tensile residual stresses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/1147/1/012002</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533300</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">22. Werkstofftechnischen Kolloquium der TU Chemnitz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.03.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.10.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53330/IOP-manuscript-WTK2021_Schroepfer_20201127.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54412</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in Offshore Steel S420G2+M Multi-layer Submerged Arc Welded Joint</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As onshore installation capacity is limited, the increase in the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These components are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW). In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of hydrogen-assisted cracking is anticipated by either a minimum waiting time (MWT, before non-destructive testing of the welded joint is allowed) at ambient or a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) at elevated temperatures. The effectiveness of both can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time, i.e., diffusion coefficients. In this study, these coefficients are obtained for the first time for a thick-walled S420G2+M offshore steel grade and its multi-layer SAW joint. The electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature is used for the determination of diffusion coefficients for both the base material and the weld metal. The coefficients are within a range of 1025 to 1024 mm2/s (whereas the weld metal had the lowest) and are used for an analytical and numerical calculation of the hydrogen diffusion and the related MWT. The results showed that long MWT can occur, which would be necessary to significantly decrease the hydrogen concentration. Weld metal diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures were calculated from hydrogen desorption experiments by carrier gas hot extraction. They are within a range of 1023 mm2/s and used for the characterization of a HRHT dwell-time. The analytical calculation shows the same tendency of long necessary times also at elevated temperatures. That means the necessary time is strongly influenced by the considered plate thickness and the estimation of any MWT/HRHT via diffusion coefficients should be critically discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1059-9495</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s11665-022-06679-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544127</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Process - Euromat 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.09.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.04.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Tim Richter</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thick-walled</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Submerged arc welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54412/Rhode_et_al-2022-Journal_of_Materials_Engineering_and_Performance.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54202</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In situ investigation of chemical composition during TIG welding in duplex stainless steels using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many applications in industry require a material-to-material joining process of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the material’s properties during a welding process to control the weld quality. With the help of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), the chemical composition during the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process of DSS could be monitored in situ. The chemical composition could be quantitatively measured using pre-established calibration curves. Although the surface temperature and the welding plasma have a high influence on the spectral intensities, reliable composition measurements were possible. The concentration of alloying elements could be mapped during the TIG welding process.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Forces in mechanics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100063</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2666-3597</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542026</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Sintra, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">21.10.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.10.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lukas Quackatz</author>
    <author>Axel Griesche</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ measurement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WRC 1992 diagram</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TIG welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex stainless steels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54202/1-s2.0-S2666359721000548-main (1).pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54578</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2101650</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley online library</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessment of the Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Welding Consumables in the Varestraint Test by Means of an Extended Evaluation Methodology</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Various test methods are available for assessing the susceptibility of materials to solidification cracking during welding. In the widely used Varestraint test, the crack length is selected as a criterion as a function of the applied bending strain.&#13;
Unfortunately, the crack length does not characterize the material behavior alone but depends to varying degrees on the individual test parameters used, which makes the interpretation of the results difficult. In addition, the crack length is not comparable under different test conditions. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed a novel evaluation methodology that decouples the machine influence from the material behavior. The measured crack length is related to the maximum possible value specified by welding speed and deformation time. This relative crack length is calculated numerically, considering the orientation of the cracks. Experiments on two high-alloy martensitic welding consumables show that, in contrast to the conventional evaluation, a comparison of different welding parameters becomes possible. Furthermore, the strain rate proved to be a suitable crack criterion in agreement with Prokhorov's hot cracking model.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Engineering Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adem.202101650</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545780</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-1656</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Maximilian Thomas</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>J. Gibmeier</author>
    <author>F. Vollert</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Varestraint test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54578/Adv Eng Mater - 2022 - Kromm.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63143</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Combined heating rate and restraint condition effect on stress relief cracking during PWHT of thick-walled Cr–Mo-V steel SAW joints</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Creep-resistant steels such as 13CrMoV9-10 are utilized in the manufacture of thick-walled pressure vessels and are typically joined by submerged arc welding (SAW). However, these materials are susceptible to stress relief cracking (SRC) if the required post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is not applied correctly. Existing PWHT guidelines, encompassing heating rate and dwell (or holding) time at a given temperature, are derived from a synthesis of empirical knowledge and typically free-shrinkage weld experiments to assess the susceptibility to SRC. Therefore, this study discusses the combined effect of the PWHT heating rate under free-shrinkage compared to restrained shrinkage. Welding experiments were conducted (using plates with a thickness of 25 mm) for both shrinkage conditions for a variety of heating rates and maximum temperatures. In-situ acoustic emission analysis was used to locate propagating SRCs during PWHT. Hardness measurements, mechanical property characterization (Charpy impact strength), and microstructure correlation were used to evaluate the SRC susceptibility. The results suggested that the influence of heating rate could not be directly related to SRC formation and that the initial weld microstructure prior to PWHT was more relevant in terms of very high hardness in the coarse grain heat affected zone, especially that of the last beads in the top layer of the welding sequence. This was seen in the form of random, unexpected SRC occurrence in only one specimen at a heating rate commonly used in welding practice (approximately 100 K/h). In this context, the additional effect of an external shrinkage restraint on SRC must be considered in the form of increasing mechanical loads during welding, which are typically not within the scope of welding practice. To mitigate the probability of SRC during PWHT, it is imperative to reduce the welding heat input and to restrict the structural shrinkage restraint of the weld joint.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-02062-x</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631439</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.05.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>H. Fleißner-Rieger</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PWHT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.1 Komponenten für Energieträger</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63143/s40194-025-02062-x_online_first.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
