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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Ghent, Belgium</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>OCAS</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental and numerical characterization of hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled submerged arc welded joint of S420G2+M offshore steel grade</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Offshore wind turbines are an important goal in national energy strategies worldwide. Foundation structures are manufactured from submerged arc welded (SAW) plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. In that connection, high-strength steels like the S420G2+M are more and more applied offering the possibility for increased stability and load-bearing capacity of the foundations. These offshore steel grades can show a susceptibility for delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking of the weld joints. For that purpose, a minimum waiting time (MWT) of up to 48 h (dependent on applied standards) is recommended before non-destructive testing is allowed and conducted. But this concept is based on older steel grades that have been used for three or more decades. Nowadays, the metallurgical improvements (clean steels, proper rolling, and heat treatment) of base materials and well as welding consumables must be anticipated. Hence, the MWT concept should be critically discussed as it is assumed to be very conservative. For that reason, the focus of this study was to investigate the diffusion behavior in S420G2+M steel and its multi-layer SAW joint. Electrochemical permeation experiments were carried at room temperature. Boundary conditions were anticipated in terms of using different sample thicknesses. From the experimental data, hydrogen diffusion coefficients and absorbed diffusible hydrogen concentrations had been calculated. It was shown that hydrogen diffusion in the base material is increased compared to the weld metal. In addition, the sample thickness had a significant on the calculated diffusion coefficients. The minimum and maximum diffusion coefficients had been used for numerical modelling of the hydrogen diffusion in the welding joint. It became clear that a MWT must be always regarded together with a critical initial diffusible hydrogen concentration for the evaluation of a possible delayed cracking as diffusion times were mostly &gt; 48 h due to the thick plates.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Metals &amp; Hydrogen</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen - Steely &amp; Hydrogen 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ghent, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">13.10.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Submerged arc welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum waiting time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electrochemical permeation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>55946</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>69</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>75</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>382</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V.</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Untersuchung von Spannungsrelaxationsrissmechanismen mittels Simulation einachsiger Spannungszustände in der Grobkornzone von UP-geschweißtem CrMoV-Stahl</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Druckbehälter mit großen Wandstärken (250+ mm) aus hochwarmfesten, niedriglegierten Stählen werden hauptsächlich Mehrdraht-Unterpulver-(UP) geschweißt. Der damit verbundene hohe Energieeintrag führt unter anderem zu hohen lokalen Schweißeigenspannungen, welche bei unsachgemäßer Prozessführung der notwendigen Wärmenachbehandlung (PWHT) zu Spannungsrelaxationsrissen (SRR) führen. In den Bewertungskriterien zur Spannungsrelaxationsrissanfälligkeit finden weder die, mit klassischen, freischrumpfenden Schweißversuchen nicht abbildbaren, erhöhten Eigenspannungen aus der Schrumpfbehinderung der Bauteilsteifigkeit Beachtung, noch die damit einhergehenden metallurgischen Effekte wie bspw. das Ausscheidungswachstum während der PWHT und damit einhergehende Härteunterschiede an den Korngrenzen bzw. die vorzeitige Alterung durch Bildung differenter Sonderkarbide. Die Aufheizrate des PWHT als Einflussfaktor für die SRR-Bildung bleibt derzeit ebenfalls unbeachtet.&#13;
Daher wurde eine Versuchsmethodik entwickelt, die eine mögliche SRR-Anfälligkeit durch die Kopplung von thermischer und mechanischer Beanspruchung untersucht. Dazu wurden Proben mit unterschiedlichen Gefügen thermisch simuliert und während des PHWT repräsentativ mit sehr hohen Lasten/Eigenspannungen mechanisch beansprucht.&#13;
Dazu wurde an Kleinzugproben für das as-welded UP-Schweißgut und die thermisch simulierte GKZ eines 13CrMoV9-10 die Dehnung des Prüfbereichs bei variablen Querspannungen und Aufheizraten gemessen. Diese aufheizraten- und gefügeabhängige Längenänderung der Probe wurde durch mathematische Prozeduren analysiert. Damit war es möglich, singuläre werkstoffliche Effekte auf μm-Ebene (Ausscheidungswachstum) als summarische Längen- bzw. Volumenänderung per klassischer Kurvendiskussion zu beschreiben. Die erste und zweite Ableitung zeigten eine ausscheidungsabhängige Härtezunahme, welche von der Spannung und Aufheizrate im geringen Maß linear abhängig war. Gleichzeitig sind Volumenänderungen bei Bildung und Wachstum differenter Sonderkarbide bekannt, welche zusammen mit gefügespezifischen Untersuchungen und der neuen Versuchsmethodik zu einer verbesserten Beurteilung der SRR-Anfälligkeit von geschweißten CrMoV-Stählen beitragen sollen. Prinzipiell ist die vorgestellte Methodik jedoch werkstoff- und zustandsoffen, d.h. sowohl für Grundwerkstoff e als auch definierte Wärmebehandlungsbedingungen geeignet. Dies ermöglicht erstmals die Schaffung einer Transfergröße zwischen Labor und realen Schweißungen, unter Beibehaltung der Bauteilsteifigkeit, d.h. vereinfachte, aber realistische Eigenspannungsabbildung als Grundlage für weitergehende gefügespezifische metallurgische Effekte während des PWHT.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS Berichte 382: DVS CONGRESS 2022 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung DVS CAMPUS</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-190-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVS Congress 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Koblenz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>UP-Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spannungsrelaxationsriss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmenachbehandlung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ersatzgeometrie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prüfverfahren</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59676</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Call for interested people to contribute to series of comprehensive papers on welding and joining of components for sustainable energy systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Joining and welding technologies are of high importance for the manufacturing of components and parts used in sustainable energy generation, conversion, and transport. In that connection, offshore and on-shore installed wind turbines are of high interest for the generation of electrical energy as well as photo-voltaic systems (solar cells). The electricity can be either directly transported or conversed via power-to-gas e.g., to hydrogen. In that scope, electrolyzer up to MW-range are of interest as well as the conver-sion back to electricity via fuel cells. In addition, hydrogen is a key element of the decarburization of in-dustries as well as the mobility sector encompassing sea, air and land transportation driven by hydrogen or its derivates. Well-known examples cover the direct reduction of iron ore to replace the conventional blast furnace process up to gas turbines or fuel cells for home-end use. All mentioned technologies re-quire reliable components, which are to a high extend dependent on joining and especially welding pro-cessing of materials. Especially, the (petro-) chemical industry has many years of experience with both materials used in hydrogen applications. The challenge is e.g., the transition to mass production of sys-tem components of electrolyzers/fuel cells and for distribution grids. At this point, the scalability of cur-rently applied joining processes often limits the economic efficiency, whereas especially laser welding or additive manufacturing will be of high interest. In that connection, it is very important to provide answers by joint research of universities, institutes, and industrial companies. Very often, solutions are already available and “just” have to be investigated and adapted for the new application, like repair welding of NG pipelines. For that reason, we want to set up a series of comprehensive papers with the aforementioned title. The idea is to get an in-depth but manageable overview of the importance of joining technologies in sustaina-ble energy generation, conversion, and transport encompassing current processes, limitations, and fur-ther perspectives. In that connection, the additive manufacturing is gaining more and more attention. If applicable, current challenges in the adaption or creation of new standards/regulations shall be addressed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Incheon, Republic of Korea</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.03.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Comprehensive study</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component manufatcturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Windenergie</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53370</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>612</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>624</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>371</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien - Forschungsbedarf für die Branche (Kurzversion)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Studie gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die jetzige Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien und über zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe für die Branche in den einzelnen Technologiefeldern Wasserstofferzeugung, -speicherung, -transport und -nutzung. Fügetechnologien haben dabei wesentliche Bedeutung für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien. Die Schwerpunkte bzw. Forschungsbedarfe ergeben sich bspw. durch die Erstellung neuer Infrastruktur für Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport sowie durch Umnutzung der bestehenden Erdgasinfrastruktur. Bei der Wasserstofferzeugung und -anwendung wird z.B. die Entwicklung effiziente Massenproduktionsmethoden von Elektrolyseuren und Brennstoffzellen einen wichtigen Meilenstein bilden und laserbasierte Fügetechnologien sind hier zum Teil schon etabliert. Die additive Fertigung nimmt dabei eine Querschnittsposition ein und besitzt hohes Anwendungspotential für die Zukunft z.B. für die Fertigung von Komponenten in Gasturbinen. Aus den technischen Fragestellungen und Forschungsbedarfen ergeben sich zudem Herausforderungen für die notwendige Neu- und Weiterentwicklung von technischen Regelwerken und Normen und den Eingang in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von fügetechnischem Fachpersonal.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS Berichte 371: DVS CONGRESS 2021 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung DVS CAMPUS</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-146-4</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVS Congress 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.09.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fügetechnik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Forschung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Werkstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bedarf</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55944</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>76</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>82</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>DVS Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Kurzbericht zum Projekt „Entwicklung von Wärmenachbehandlungskonzepten zur Vermeidung von Spannungsrelaxationsrissen an Bauteilen aus hochwarmfesten Stählen“ (DVS-Nr. 01.2261 / IGF-Nr. 20171 N)</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Komponenten aus dickwandigen, hochwarmfesten CrMoV-Stählen erfordern eine anspruchsvolle UP-Schweißverarbeitung. Dabei muss die notwendige Wärmenachbehandlung der Schweißnaht (PWHT) sicher beherrscht werden.&#13;
Hier kann u.U. Bauteilversagen infolge von Spannungsrelaxationsrissbildung (SRR) auftreten. Bislang erfolgt die Beurteilung der SRR-Neigung primär über Ersatzgrößen, wie temperaturbedingte Änderung der Härte und Duktilität.&#13;
Die Wirkung der konstruktiven Schrumpfbehinderung einer Schweißnaht auf die SRR ist bislang völlig unbekannt.&#13;
Hier setzt das Forschungsprojekt an, hinsichtlich der Gewinnung und Optimierung der Parameter für die PWHT unter realitätsnahen Bauteilsteif igkeiten (def inierte Einspannbedingung) mit dem Ziel der SRR-Vermeidung. Am Beispiel des niedriglegierten, hochwarmfesten Stahls 13CrMoV9-10 wurden UP- Schweißungen unter industriepraktischen Bedingungen freischrumpfend bzw. unter definierter Schrumpfbehinderung durchgeführt. Diese wurden mit unterschiedlichen PWHT-Szenarien (Variation der Auf heizrate und Endtemperatur) beaufschlagt. Die Ergebnisse des Projektes DVS 01.2261 / IGF 20171 N werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt, wie Aussagen zur SRR-Suszeptibilität in Abhängigkeit von Mikrostruktur und vorliegender mehrachsiger mechanischer Beanspruchung der Schweißnaht vor/während des PWHT. Für einen kritischen Zustand sind hohe Kräfte / Spannungen notwendig, die in freischrumpfenden Schweißversuchen u.U. nicht abbildbar sind. Die Berücksichtigung des mikrostrukturspezifischen Ausscheidungsverhaltens (in Schweißgut und Wärmeeinflusszone) unter realitätsnahen Einspannbedingungen ist für die Bewertung einer SRR-Suszeptibilität notwendig. Instrumentierte Schweißversuche unter definierter Schrumpfbehinderung ermöglichen hier das Monitoring der entstehenden Reaktionskräfte, -momente bzw. -spannungen. Ausgehend von diesem Referenzzustand erfolgte die Applikation der PWHT-Szenarien bzw. deren praktische Überprüfung. Zusätzlich wurde eine Ersatzprüfmethodik entwickelt, die die Betrachtung der mikrostrukturspezifischen SRR-Suszeptibilität unter Beibehaltung der äußeren Schrumpfbehinderung der Schweißnaht während des PWHT ermöglicht. Hierdurch wird die Bauteilübertragbarkeit ermöglicht und eine Transfergröße geschaffen, welche die Bauteilbewertung hinsichtlich der SRR-Neigung umfasst.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS Berichte 382: DVS CONGRESS 2022 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung DVS CAMPUS</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-190-7</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVS Congress 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Koblenz, Germany</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>UP-Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Spannungsrelaxationsriss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Forschungsprojekt</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dickblech</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmebehandlung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57991</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>612</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>627</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Shaker</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Aachen</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">In situ Messung der chemischen Konzentration in der Schmelze während des WIG-Schweißens von Duplexstählen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Duplexstähle besitzen ein zweiphasiges Gefüge und werden aufgrund ihrer verbesserten Schweißeignung gegenüber den Vollausteniten häufig im Anlagen- bzw. Apparatebau eingesetzt. Aufgrund der hohen Abkühlgeschwindigkeit und dem Abbrand von Legierungselementen kommt es zu einer Ferritisierung des Schweißguts und damit zu einer Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Zur Vorhersage des Phasenverhältnisses im Schweißgut wird das WRC1992-Diagramm genutzt. Dieses Diagramm zeigt einige Ungenauigkeiten und benötigt zur genaueren Vorhersage der Phasenverhältnisse eine Überarbeitung. Um den Einfluss einzelner Elemente auf das Schweißnahtmikrogefüge besser zu verstehen, wurden drahtförmige Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe mit dem Ferrit-Bildner Nb und dem Austenit-Bildner Cu beschichtet und für Schweißungen verwendet. Die Messmethode der Laser-induzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) bietet hier eine gute Möglichkeit der in situ Überwachung der chemischen Konzentrationen, während des WIG-Schweißens von Duplexstählen. Die LIBS-Messergebnisse, konnten mit der Ferritnummer und der Schweißnahtmikrostruktur korreliert werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Fortschrittsberichte der Materialforschung und Werkstofftechnik</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Symposium Materialtechnik der TU Clausthal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.02.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.02.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Lukas Quackatz</author>
    <author>Axel Griesche</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>K. Treutler</author>
    <author>T. Gehling</author>
    <author>A. Eissel</author>
    <author>V. Wesling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LIBS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ measurement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WRC 1992 diagram</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dduplex stainless steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TIG welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56719</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>737</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>745</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>382</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Einfluss von Wärmeführung und Bauteildesign auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze &gt;790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DVS-Berichte - DVS CONGRESS 2022</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-189-1</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DVS Congress 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Koblenz, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MAG-Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfester Stahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Kaltrisssicherheit</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wärmeführung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Windenergie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55484</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>85</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>99</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>bookpart</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Nickel-Iron-Alloy Modification to Enhance Additively Welded Microstructure for Subsequent Milling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The aerospace industry uses nickel–iron alloys, e.g., FeNi36, to create moulding tools for composite materials, since these alloys have a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Nickel–iron alloys are hard-to-cut materials. The moulding tools are large in size and involve complex structures, making them cost-intensive and difficult to manufacture. Thus, the focus is set on additive manufacturing, which can additionally enable the repair of components in order to eliminate local defects. However, the process usually results in a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. As there is a high demand for a precise and exact fit of the precision moulds and the surface quality, the welded components must be subsequently machined. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructure may lead to unstable cutting forces and conditions. Consequently, a modification of the microstructure morphology is achieved through specific alloy modifications in order to stabilise and improve the subsequent machining process. Therefore, titanium and zirconium are chosen as modification elements with a maximum 1% weight percent and are added to nickel–iron alloy powder. The elements are alloyed, and build-up welded by plasma-transferred-arcwelding. The resulting microstructure morphology of the welded wall structure and the machining properties are then determined. It can be shown that titanium has a significant effect on the structural morphology of the welded layers, as well as on the machining.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">2nd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes (AJP 2021)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-030-95463-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-030-95463-5_6</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <author>A. Eissel</author>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>K. Treutler</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>V. Wesling</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy modification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy 36</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma-transferred arc welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic-assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface integrity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56739</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2022</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Heat control and design‑related effects on the properties and welding stresses in WAAM components of high‑strength structural steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Commercial high-strength fller metals for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already available. However, widespread industrial use is currently limited due to a lack of quantitative knowledge and guidelines regarding welding stresses and component safety during manufacture and operation for WAAM structures. In a joint research project, the process- and material-related as well as design infuences associated with residual stress formation and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. For this purpose, reference specimens are welded fully automated with defned dimensions and systematic variation of heat control using a special, high-strength WAAM fller metal (yield strength&gt;790 MPa). Heat control is varied by means of heat input (200–650 kJ/m) and interlayer temperature (100–300 °C). The ∆t8/5 cooling times correspond with the recommendations of fller metal producers (approx. 5–20 s). For this purpose, additional thermo-physical forming simulations using a dilatometer allowed the complex heat cycles to be reproduced and the resulting ultimate tensile strength of the weld metal to be determined. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. High heat input leads to a lower tensile stress in the component and may cause unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. However, a sufciently low interlayer temperature is likely to be suitable for obtaining adequate properties at a reduced tensile stress level when welding with high heat input. The component design afects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a signifcant infuence on the residual stress. These complex interactions are analyzed within this investigation. The aim is to provide easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifcations for an economical, appropriate, and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the world</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-022-01450-x</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567397</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.01.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>R. Scharf-Wildenhain</author>
    <author>A. Hälsig</author>
    <author>J. Hensel</author>
    <author>Karsten Wandtke</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>GMA welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Residual stresses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cold cracking safety</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56739/s40194-022-01450-x.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57600</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel (CH)</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of stress relief crack susceptibility of CrMoV steels coarse grain HAZ via simulation of uniaxial stress conditions during PWHT</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Creep-resistant steels such as the 13CrMoV9-10, used in the construction of thick-walled pressure vessels, are most commonly submerged arc welded (SAW). These steels can develop stress relief cracks (SRC) if the mandatory post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is performed improperly. Current PWHT parameters, such as heating rate and holding time at a specific holding temperature, are based on both empirical experience and conventional free shrinking welding experiments to characterize the SRC-susceptibility of the weld. These cannot adequately depict the higher residual stresses caused by the structurally induced stiffness of the surrounding construction. This study discusses the development of a repeatable, precise, and time-efficient methodology to study the effects of different stress levels and heating rates on the SRC susceptibility of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ). For that purpose, samples were thermically treated to simulate a coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and subsequently exposed to representative levels of stress during the heating phase of a PWHT. The recorded stress and heating rate–dependent strains were mathematically analyzed via curve tracing/calculus to identify interdependent effects. This procedure facilitates the measurement of material characteristics such as carbide growth on grain boundaries at the µm-scale via an integrated value over the entire sample volume. The first and second derivatives show a slight, precipitate-dependent, increase in hardness of the sample, depending on the heating rate and applied stress. This new methodology generates an improved assessment of the SRC susceptibility of SAW microstructures of creep-resistant CrMoV steels.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01539-x</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576007</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>Jonathan Nietzke</author>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Submerged arc welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Creep-resistant steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress relief cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component-like test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post weld heat treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57600/Czeskleba_CrMoV_SRC_PWHT_Simulated_HAZ_050623.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57177</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Heidelberg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components—part I: effect on microstructure and hardness of Invar alloy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar,” is an alloy with 36% nickel. The alloy has a remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient in certain temperature ranges. This peculiarity is called the invar effect, which was discovered in 1896 by the Swiss physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume. Therefore, it is used in applications in which dimensional stability is critical, such as molding tools for composite materials in aerospace, automotive applications, or liquified natural gas (LNG) cargo tanks. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimization of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components. Additively manufactured components have a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. In addition, the manufactured components require subsequent machining surface finishing, like finish milling, to achieve their final contour. Nickel iron alloys are difficult to machine. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructure may lead to unstable cutting forces and conditions. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr, and Hf up to a maximum of 0.33 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Furthermore, one modification is applied to metal arc welding process and investigated. Part II focuses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01510-w</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571777</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">75th IIW Annual Assembly</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tokyo, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.04.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Eissel</author>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>R. Gustus</author>
    <author>K. Treutler</author>
    <author>V. Wesling</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy modification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy 36</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma-transferred arc welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57177/Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components_part I.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57524</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>4191</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>4198</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>126</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Optimisation of surface residual stresses using ultrasonic‑assisted milling for wire‑arc additive manufactured Ni alloy components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Nickel alloys are cost intensive materials and generally classified as difficult-to-cut material. However, machining of these materials is needed especially in case of alloy 36 (1.3912), which is commonly used in mould construction for the production of fibre-reinforced composites. With regard to repair, modification and manufacturing of such components, additive manufacturing offers significant economic advantages. Nevertheless, subsequent machining steps are needed to achieve the final component contour and defined surface conditions. Dependent on the material and machining process conditions, detrimental tensile residual stresses may be the result on the machined surface, having negative impact on the component performance and safety. In this investigation, machining experiments were carried out on wire arc additive manufactured components made of alloy 36, varying the cutting speed and the feed rate. In addition, the conventional milling process (CM) was compared with a modern, hybrid machining process, the ultrasonic-assisted milling (US). The cutting forces and the surface-near residual stresses were analysed using X-ray diffraction. A significant improvement of the machinability as well as the surface integrity by using the ultrasonic assistance was observed, especially at low cutting speeds. The CM induced mainly tensile residual stresses, the US mainly compressive residual stresses.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1433-3015</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00170-023-11326-z</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575246</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Lorenz Engelking</author>
    <author>A. Eissel</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>K. Treutler</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>V. Wesling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface integrity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic-assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy 36</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57524/s00170-023-11326-z.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56629</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>793</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>798</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>108</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Tool development for hybrid finishing milling of iron aluminides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The importance of high-temperature materials made of iron aluminides (FeAl) has been increasing in light weight applications, e.g., airplane turbines, due to the high material’s specific strength. However, the highly economic production by means of permanent mold casting involves special microstructures for Fe26Al4Mo0.5Ti1B alloy components leading to difficult machinability for subsequent finishing milling and low surface qualities. Major effects of tool and machining parameter variation incorporating ultrasonic assistance on the milling process and surface integrity are shown. Loads for tool and component surface are significantly adjustable to enable an economic process chain regarding the surface integrity of safety-relevant components.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia CIRP</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2022.03.123</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2212-8271</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-566294</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Witte</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>M. Hamacher</author>
    <author>H. Michels</author>
    <author>C. Hamm</author>
    <author>M. Appelt</author>
    <author>Andreas Börner</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic-assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Iron aluminide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface integrity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tool wear</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56629/J.Witte_Tool development for hybrid finishing milling of iron aluminides.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55582</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>other</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Kurzdarstellung der Projektergebnisse: Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweißverbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich.&#13;
&#13;
In einem Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA P1311) wurden Untersuchungen durchgeführt und Kenntnisse erarbeitet, um mittelfristig vor allem KMU beanspruchungsgerechte Reparaturkonzepte zur Verfügung zu stellen. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren.</abstract>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555822</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Amadeus Becker</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MAG-Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfester Stahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermisches Ausfugen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparaturschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefügedegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Eigenverlag BAM</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Arbeitspapiere der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55582/Kurzdarstellung_der_Ergebnisse_P1311_2022.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59198</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Component test for the assessment of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking in thick-walled SAW joints for offshore applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Offshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods, or jackets. These components are typically constructed using submerged arc welding (SAW) with high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicates the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam/layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with over 20 passes and a seam length of 1000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to achieve critical HAC conditions. The necessity of a minimum waiting time (MWT) before the NDT can be conducted (to exclude HAC) was critically verified by the application of ultrasonic testing of the welded joint at different time-steps of the NDT of up to 48 h after the completion welding. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modeling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld. No noticeable HAC occurrence was identified and confirms the high cracking resistance of the investigated material. Finally, the applicability of the MWT concept should be critically discussed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01658-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591981</identifier>
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These components are typically constructed using submerged arc welding (SAW) with high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicates the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam\/layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with over\u00a020 passes and a seam length of 1000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to achieve critical HAC conditions. 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Rhode</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Tobias Mente</author>
    <author>Daniel Brackrock</author>
    <author>Denis Czeskleba</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cold cracking</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Minimum Waiting Time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Offshore steel grade</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Component test</value>
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    <title language="eng">Approach for the probabilistic fatigue assessment of welded joints based on the local geometry of the weld seam</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Welded joints show large variation of the weld toe geometry along the weld seam, which is one important reason for the comparably large scatter in fatigue life. Therefore, it is crucial to take the local geometry at the weld toe into account, to reduce the conservatism in fatigue assessment of welded joints. This study is based on the IBESS procedure for the calculation of the fatigue strength, whereby the evaluation of local geometrical parameters is carried out by means of 3D surface scans. The approach is validated against 26 fatigue test series. The fatigue life is in general overpredicted, whereas good agreement is achieved for high stress ratio (R = 0.5). A sensitivity analysis conducted with IBESS shows that weld toe radii ρ &lt; 2 mm and flank angle α &lt; 30° have a significant influence on the calculated fatigue strength. In contrast to this, no strong correlation between ρ and the fatigue strength was determined experimentally in this study.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fatigue and Fracture Engineering Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1111/ffe.14170</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585700</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">8756-758X</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.11.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>J. Schubnell</author>
    <author>S. K. Konidena</author>
    <author>M. Jung</author>
    <author>M. Braun</author>
    <author>S. Ehlers</author>
    <author>Mauro Madia</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>D. Löschner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>3D Scanning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fatigue Strength</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fracture Mechanics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>IBESS Approach</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Local Weld Geometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welded Joints</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Stresses in repair welding of high-strength steels—part 1: restraint and cold cracking risk</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractThe sustainable and resource-efficient production of wind energy plants requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grain structural steels. This applies to both foundation and erection structures, like mobile or ship cranes. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of global and local welding-induced stresses may lead to crack formation and component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the repair process. However, manufacturers hardly have any information about these issues and there is a lack of recommendations and guidelines to take these safety-relevant aspects into account in adequate repair concepts. The aim of this research is to derive recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved providing a basis for standards and guidelines to avoid cold cracking, damage and expensive reworking especially for high-strength steels. Part 1 of this study involves systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint during repair welding of two high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore application and S960QL for mobile crane structures. The quantification of the shrinkage restraint of repair weld joints was achieved by means of experimental and numerical restraint intensity analysis. In welding experiments with self-restrained slot specimens, restraint intensity and introduction of hydrogen via the welding arc using anti spatter spray were varied systematically to analyse the effect on welding result, residual stresses and cold cracking. It could be shown that increasing restraint intensities result in significantly higher transverse residual stress levels. In the case of hydrogen introduction S500MLO showed no cold cracking independent of the restraint conditions. However, S960QL was found to be considerably cold cracking sensitive if hydrogen is introduced. With increasing restraint intensity length and number of cold cracks increases significantly. Part 2 [1] of this study is focussed on microstructure and residual stresses due to gouging and stress optimization via adequate heat control parameters in repair welding.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01691-y</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595212</identifier>
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This applies to both foundation and erection structures, like mobile or ship cranes. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of global and local welding-induced stresses may lead to crack formation and component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the repair process. However, manufacturers hardly have any information about these issues and there is a lack of recommendations and guidelines to take these safety-relevant aspects into account in adequate repair concepts. The aim of this research is to derive recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved providing a basis for standards and guidelines to avoid cold cracking, damage and expensive reworking especially for high-strength steels. Part 1 of this study involves systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint during repair welding of two high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore application and S960QL for mobile crane structures. The quantification of the shrinkage restraint of repair weld joints was achieved by means of experimental and numerical restraint intensity analysis. In welding experiments with self-restrained slot specimens, restraint intensity and introduction of hydrogen via the welding arc using anti spatter spray were varied systematically to analyse the effect on welding result, residual stresses and cold cracking. It could be shown that increasing restraint intensities result in significantly higher transverse residual stress levels. In the case of hydrogen introduction S500MLO showed no cold cracking independent of the restraint conditions. However, S960QL was found to be considerably cold cracking sensitive if hydrogen is introduced. With increasing restraint intensity length and number of cold cracks increases significantly. 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    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
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    <title language="eng">Stresses in repair welding of high-strength steels—part 2: heat control and stress optimization</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In welding of high-strength steels, e.g. for foundations and erection structures of wind energy plants, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area, which should be removed by thermal gouging and subsequent re-welding. High shrinkage restraint of repair welds may lead to crack formation and component failure, predominantly in interaction with degraded microstructures and mechanical properties due to repair cycles. This study aims for elaboration of recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved to avoid cold cracking, damage and expensive reworking. In part 1 [1] of this study, systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint on residual stresses and cold cracking risk during repair welding of two high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore application and S960QL for mobile crane structures were focussed. In this part 2, the microstructure, particularly hardness, and residual stresses due to gouging and influences of heat control parameters in repair welding are analysed. A clear reduction in residual stress after gouging can be observed, especially for the specimens with restrained transverse shrinkage. Gouging to a depth of approx. 2/3 of the seam height does not lead to a complete relaxation of the observed reaction forces. Particularly for the higher strength steel S960QL, there are pronounced areas influenced by the gouging process in which a degradation of the microstructure and properties should be assumed. Overall, the repair welds show a significant increase in the width of the weld and HAZ compared to the original weld, especially in the case of S960QL/G89. The repair welds show higher welding-induced stresses than the original welds, especially in the areas of the HAZ and the base metal close to the weld seam. This behaviour can be attributed overall to increased restraint conditions due to the remaining root weld or shorter gouge grooves. In good agreement with earlier investigations, the residual stresses transverse to the weld can be significantly reduced by upwardly limited working or interpass temperatures, and the reaction stresses resulting from high restraint conditions can be effectively counteracted. The influence of the heat input on the stress formation is low compared to the interpass temperature for both test materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01731-7</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.05.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Julien Witte</author>
    <author>Arne Kromm</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Repair-welding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Wind Energy</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>High-strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cold cracking</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Residual stresses</value>
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      <value>Offshore steels</value>
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    <title language="eng">Effect of alloy modification on the wear protection coatings made of Ni- and Co-based materials and surface machinability via ultrasonic milling process</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractWear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in equipment, process, and power plant engineering to withstand high corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses. Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</parentTitle>
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Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as well as on the formation of the hard phases of the build-up welds is compared. For example, the inclusion of the alloying element Nb results in the formation of a more refined hard phase and reduces the machining force required for C56 and T400. In most cases, the wear resistance potential has been maintained. In order to improve the machinability of the hard facings, the optimization of the demanding machining conditions by alloy modifications of the Co- and Ni-based alloys is also presented. 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Maraike Willeke</author>
    <author>Marcel Giese</author>
    <author>Swenja Lorenz</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wear resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Co-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PTA welding process</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic assisted milling process</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>68</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Alloy modification and ultrasonic-assisted milling of wear-resistant alloys with defined surfaces</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The reduction of CO2 emissions is closely linked to the development of highly efficient and economical steel components in plant and process engineering. To withstand the high combined corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses, wear-resistant coatings tailored to the application and steel grade are used. In addition to the increasing demand to substitute conventional cobalt alloys with nickel alloys, there is also a growing need for defined or functional surfaces of high integrity. Due to high tool wear, milling operations required to produce the complex geometries of the components are often not economically feasible for SMEs. By means of alloy modification of the filler metals for nickel-based plasma build-up welded wear-resistant coatings and by the use of innovative ultrasonic-assisted milling processes more favourable machinability shall be achieved without reducing the wear protection potential. In this paper, the influence of the microstructure and precipitation morphology adjusted by means of alloy modification on the machinability is investigated. This is done based on a wear protection alloy NiCrMoSiFeB (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA) typically used for screw machines, which substitutes conventional CoCr alloys (Stellite). Metallurgical investigations and in-situ measurements of occurring process forces and temperatures at the tool cutting edge during milling as well as subsequent investigations of tool wear and surface integrity allow a detailed analysis and correlation between microstructural properties and machinability. For the cast samples, a clear change in the microstructure and hardness can be seen through the addition of Al, Ti, or Nb. These differences lead to an improvement in the machining process for Nb. Al and Ti cause long-needled or star-shaped precipitations and hardness increases, which lead to higher cutting forces and increased tool wear.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01786-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622918</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.12.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Marcel Giese</author>
    <author>Maraike Gräbner</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Kai Treutler</author>
    <author>Svenja Lorenz</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Volker Wesling</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cladding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wear resistant alloys</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alloy modification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonic assisted milling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable energy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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  <doc>
    <id>53315</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>488</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>501</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Shaker Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düren</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">Konstruktive Einflüsse bei der beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur geschweißter Bauteile aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung von Windkraftanlagen ist der Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle vielfach notwendig. Bei der Montage hochfester Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Derzeitige Normen und Verarbeitungsrichtlinien geben hierbei kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten, insbesondere für hochfeste Stähle. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der schweißtechnischen Reparatur durch lokales thermisches Ausfugen und erneutes Schweißen durchgeführt.&#13;
Hierzu werden einige wesentliche Ergebnisse an Beispielen des Ingenieurbaus, mit Blick auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen erörtert. In einem aktuellen Vorhaben (FOSTA P1311, IGF 20162N) sind darauf aufbauend die Einflüsse durch die Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Reparaturschweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle (S500MLO, S960QL) sowie die Reparaturzyklenanzahl Fokus systematischer Untersuchungen. Mittels strukturmechanischer Berechnungen ließen sich hierzu selbstbeanspruchende Probenformen identifizieren, die unterschiedliche definierte Steifigkeitsverhältnisse von Reparaturschweißnähten realer Bauteile abbilden. Schweißnähte an diesen bauteilähnlichen Proben weisen signifikant erhöhte schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mit zunehmenden (Biege-)Einspanngraden auf. Im Vergleich mit bisherigen Erkenntnissen wird gezeigt, dass eine sichere Reparatur solcher Schweißnähte nur mittels optimaler Reparaturkonzepte und Wärmeführung gelingt, um diesen hohen Beanspruchungen und auch den speziellen Gefügen hochfester Stähle Rechnung zu tragen.&#13;
Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es letztlich, Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte gerade für KMU abzuleiten, um Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten zu vermeiden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband 4. Symposium Material Technik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2364-0804</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8440-8021-6</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4. Niedersächsisches Symposium Materialtechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.02.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">26.02.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Amadeus Becker</author>
    <author>Dirk Schröpfer</author>
    <author>Thomas Kannengießer</author>
    <author>Thomas Michael</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eigenspannungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gefügedegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reparatur</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Schweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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