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  <doc>
    <id>54103</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>665</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>666</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>27</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Schwarze Pilze – Wüstenbesiedler finden neue Lebensräume</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Schwarze mikrokoloniale Pilze besiedeln zunehmend von Menschen geschaffene Habitate, wie schadstoffbelastete Böden, Statuen, Gebäudefassaden und Dächer. Sie verfärben und zersetzen die Oberflächen von anfälligen Materialien oder reduzieren die Lichtausbeute von Solaranlagen. Die Biologie dieser Pilze und ihre Relevanz für die Materialforschung stehen im Fokus unserer Studien an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Mit einer Kollektion schwarzer Pilze, die von Solaranlagen isoliert wurden, bringen wir klima- und materialrelevante Biodiversität in den Stammbaum des Lebens. Die Überlebensstrategien dieser Organismen versuchen wir mit molekularbiologischen und genetischen Untersuchungsansätzen zu entschlüsseln.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">BIOspektrum</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s12268-021-1646-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-541037</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pilze</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genetik</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diversität</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54103/Schumacher and Gorbushina 2021.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54619</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>3</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Frontiers Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Genetic Engineering of the Rock Inhabitant Knufia petricola Provides Insight Into the Biology of Extremotolerant Black Fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black microcolonial fungi (Ascomycetes from Arthonio-, Dothideo-, and Eurotiomycetes) are stress-tolerant and persistent dwellers of natural and anthropogenic extreme habitats. They exhibit slow yeast-like or meristematic growth, do not form specialized reproduction structures and accumulate the black pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin in the multilayered cell walls. To understand how black fungi live, survive, colonize mineral substrates, and interact with phototrophs genetic methods are needed to test these functions and interactions. We chose the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola of the Chaetothyriales as a model for developing methods for genetic manipulation. Here, we report on the expansion of the genetic toolkit by more efficient multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 using a plasmid-based system for expression of Cas9 and multiple sgRNAs and the implementation of the three resistance selection markers genR (geneticin/nptII), baR (glufosinate/bar), and suR (chlorimuron ethyl/sur). The targeted integration of expression constructs by replacement of essential genes for pigment synthesis allows for an additional color screening of the transformants. The black-pink screening due to the elimination of pks1 (melanin) was applied for promoter studies using GFP fluorescence as reporter. The black-white screening due to the concurrent elimination of pks1 and phs1 (carotenoids) allows to identify transformants that contain the two expression constructs for co-localization or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) studies. The co-localization and interaction of the two K. petricola White Collar orthologs were demonstrated. Two intergenic regions (igr1, igr2) were identified in which expression constructs can be inserted without causing obvious phenotypes. Plasmids of the pNXR-XXX series and new compatible entry plasmids were used for fast and easy generation of expression constructs and are suitable for a broad implementation in other fungi. This variety of genetic tools is opening a completely new perspective for mechanistic and very detailed study of expression, functioning and regulation of the genes/proteins encoded by the genomes of black fungi.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Frontiers in Fungal Biology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3389/ffunb.2022.862429</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546192</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2673-6128</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.10.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Eileen Erdmann</author>
    <author>Sarah Nitsche</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microcolonial fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DHN melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cloning vectors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genetics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54619/Erdmann et al. 2022.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51860</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>22021</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">An advanced genetic toolkit for exploring the biology of the rock‑inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast-like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man-made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. A cell biological approach was taken by generating K. petricola strains expressing green or red fluorescent protein variants. By applying: (1) traditional gene replacement; (2) gene editing and replacement via plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9, and (3) silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), we constructed mutants in the pathways leading to melanin, carotenoids, uracil and adenine. Stable single and double mutants were generated with homologous recombination (HR) rates up to 100%. Efficient, partially cloning-free strategies to mutate multiple&#13;
genes with or without resistance cassettes were developed. This state-of-the-art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scientific Reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41598-020-79120-5</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518601</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.01.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Oliver Voigt</author>
    <author>Nicole Knabe</author>
    <author>Sarah Nitsche</author>
    <author>Eileen Erdmann</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Subaerial biofilms</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodeterioration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fluorescent microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CRISPR/Cas9</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RNA interference</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51860/Voigt_et_al-2020-Scientific_Reports.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54902</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The roles extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play in mineral attachment and weathering were studied using genetically modified biofilms of the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola strain A95. Mutants deficient in melanin and/or carotenoid synthesis were grown as air-exposed biofilms. Extracted EPS were quantified and characterised using a combination of analytical techniques. The absence of melanin affected the quantity and composition of the produced EPS: mutants no longer able to form melanin synthesised more EPS containing fewer pullulan-related glycosidic linkages. Moreover, the melanin-producing strains attached more strongly to the mineral olivine and dissolved it at a higher rate. We hypothesise that the pullulan-related linkages, with their known adhesion functionality, enable fungal attachment and weathering. The released phenolic intermediates of melanin synthesis in the Δsdh1 mutant might play a role similar to Fe-chelating siderophores, driving olivine dissolution even further. These data demonstrate the need for careful compositional and quantitative analyses of biofilm-created microenvironments.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">npj Materials degradation</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41529-022-00253-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549025</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2397-2106</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-54901</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Romy Breitenbach</author>
    <author>Ruben Gerrits</author>
    <author>Polina Dementyeva</author>
    <author>Nicole Knabe</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>Ines Feldmann</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>M. Ryo</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biofilms</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54902/title.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54902/41529_2022_253_MOESM1_ESM.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50953</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>235</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>252</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fungal Biology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">23.05.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">01.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>A. Alder-Rangel</author>
    <author>A. Idnurm</author>
    <author>A. Brand</author>
    <author>A. Brown</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <author>C. Kelliher</author>
    <author>C. Campos</author>
    <author>D. Levin</author>
    <author>D. Bell-Pedersen</author>
    <author>E. Dadachova</author>
    <author>F. Bauer</author>
    <author>G. Gadd</author>
    <author>G. Braus</author>
    <author>G. Braga</author>
    <author>G. Brancini</author>
    <author>G. Walker</author>
    <author>I. Druzhinina</author>
    <author>I. Pocsi</author>
    <author>J. Dijksterhuis</author>
    <author>J. Aguirre</author>
    <author>J. Hallsworth</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>K. Ho Wong</author>
    <author>L. Selbmann</author>
    <author>L. Corrochano</author>
    <author>M. Kupiec</author>
    <author>M. Momany</author>
    <author>M. Molin</author>
    <author>N. Requena</author>
    <author>O. Yarden</author>
    <author>R. Cordero</author>
    <author>R. Fischer</author>
    <author>R. Pascon</author>
    <author>R. Mancinelli</author>
    <author>T. Emri</author>
    <author>T. Basso</author>
    <author>D. Rangel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Agricultural mycology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungal stress mechanisms and responses</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial mycology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Medical mycology</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51932</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>362</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Shed Light in the DaRk LineagES of the Fungal Tree of Life—STRES</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The polyphyletic group of black fungi within the Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes) is ubiquitous in natural and anthropogenic habitats. Partly because of their dark, melanin-based pigmentation, black fungi are resistant to stresses including UV- and ionizing-radiation, heat and desiccation, toxic metals, and organic pollutants. Consequently, they are amongst the most stunning extremophiles and poly-extreme-tolerant organisms on Earth. Even though ca. 60 black fungal genomes have been sequenced to date, [mostly in the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes)], the class Dothideomycetes that hosts the largest majority of extremophiles has only been sparsely sampled. By sequencing up to 92 species that will become reference genomes, the “Shed light in The daRk lineagES of the fungal tree of life” (STRES) project will cover a broad collection of black fungal diversity spread throughout the Fungal Tree of Life. Interestingly, the STRES project will focus on mostly unsampled genera that display different ecologies and life-styles (e.g., ant- and lichen-associated fungi, rock-inhabiting fungi, etc.). With a resequencing strategy of 10- to 15-fold depth coverage of up to ~550 strains, numerous new reference genomes will be established. To identify metabolites and functional processes, these new genomic resources will be enriched with metabolomics analyses coupled with transcriptomics experiments on selected species under various stress conditions (salinity, dryness, UV radiation, oligotrophy). The data acquired will serve as a reference and foundation for establishing an encyclopedic database for fungal metagenomics as well as the biology, evolution, and ecology of the fungi in extreme environments.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Life</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/life10120362</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519328</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.01.2020</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>L. Selbmann</author>
    <author>Z. Benkő</author>
    <author>C. Coleine</author>
    <author>S. de Hoog</author>
    <author>C. Donati</author>
    <author>I. Druzhinina</author>
    <author>T. Emri</author>
    <author>C. L. Ettinger</author>
    <author>A. S. Gladfelter</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <author>I. V. Grigoriev</author>
    <author>M. Grube</author>
    <author>N. Gunde-Cimerman</author>
    <author>Z. A. Karányi</author>
    <author>B. Kocsis</author>
    <author>T. Kubressoian</author>
    <author>I. Miklós</author>
    <author>M. Miskei</author>
    <author>L. Muggia</author>
    <author>T. Northen</author>
    <author>M. Novak-Babič</author>
    <author>C. Pennacchio</author>
    <author>W. P. Pfliegler</author>
    <author>I. Pòcsi</author>
    <author>V. Prigione</author>
    <author>M. Riquelme</author>
    <author>N. Segata</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>E. Shelest</author>
    <author>K. Sterflinger</author>
    <author>D. Tesei</author>
    <author>J. M. U’Ren</author>
    <author>G. C. Varese</author>
    <author>X. Vázquez-Campos</author>
    <author>V. A. Vicente</author>
    <author>E. M. Souza</author>
    <author>P. Zalar</author>
    <author>A. K. Walker</author>
    <author>J. E. Stajich</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adaptation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Black fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dothideomycetes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eurotiomycetes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extremophiles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genomics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metabolomics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Secondary metabolites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress conditions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transcriptomics</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51932/2020_Selbman et al_STRES kickoff.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57147</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">The roles of DHN melanin and the stress-activated MAP kinase in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black fungi/yeasts exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. Due to their slow growth, robust cell walls and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of their phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. Using recently developed genetic tools, it is now possible to manipulate the genome of the rock-inhabiting model fungus Knufia petricola. Thus, gene functions and the cell biology of black fungi can be studied using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. Here, we are addressing the question to which extent constitutive pigment formation (melanin and carotenoids) and responses mediated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase contribute to the observed extremotolerance of K. petricola. The mutations of pks1, phs1 and both genes result in melanin-free (pink), carotenoid-free (black) and pigment-free (white) strains, respectively. The other putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Sak1 encoding the stress-activated MAP kinase was deleted in the wild-type and different pigment-deficient backgrounds. Growth of the obtained single, double and triple deletion mutants was tested by droplet tests on media supplemented with different stress-inducing agents. The Δsak1 mutants show slightly reduced growth rates even without environmental pressure and are hypersensitive to different stresses: e.g. osmotic, oxidative, membrane, pH and heat stress. Melanin-free Δsak1 mutants are more sensitive than black Δsak1 mutants to some but not all stress conditions, suggesting that melanin and the SAK1 pathway have complementary roles in protecting K. petricola from stress.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Innsbruck, Austria</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Black fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extremotolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigments</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54901</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>researchdata</type>
    <publisherName>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Data for "The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering"</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Data for the publication "The role of extracellular polymeric substances of fungal biofilms in mineral attachment and weathering" (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-022-00253-1). It includes:&#13;
&#13;
- The Summary of the EPS concentration, EPS sugar components and EPS linkages.&#13;
&#13;
- The Summary of the XPS analysis of freeze-dried biofilm samples of all strains.&#13;
&#13;
- The  Summary of the pH, Mg, SI and Fe concentration, biomass and olivine dissolution rate for each time point of all dissolution experiments.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.26272/opus4-54901</identifier>
    <enrichment key="ScientificResourceTypeGeneral">Datensatz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedStart">01.01.2015</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificDateCreatedEnd">31.08.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC0 1.0 - Universell - Public Domain Dedication</licence>
    <author>Romy Breitenbach</author>
    <author>Ruben Gerrits</author>
    <author>Polina Dementyeva</author>
    <author>Nicole Knabe</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>Ines Feldmann</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>M. Ryo</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biofilms</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Forschungsdatensätze der BAM</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56724</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>329</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>346</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>5</volume>
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    <publisherName>Springer, Cham</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Role of light in the life cycle of Botrytis cinerea</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The fungus Botrytis cinerea (Botryotinia fuckeliana) infects more than 500 plant species and causes a wide range of symptoms: soft rots, accompanied by collapse and water-soaking of tissues followed by the appearance of gray masses of conidia on leaves and soft fruits (gray mold), and spots that may turn brown to full-scale soft rotting on flower petals (Botrytis blight). In general, B. cinerea is responsible for severe economic losses that are either due to the damage of growing plants in the field or the rot of harvested fruits, flowers, and vegetables during storage under cold and humid conditions. B. cinerea has adapted to the plant host and its environment by evolving strategies to use plant tissues for proliferation in terms of a necrotrophic lifestyle, and to survive biotic stresses (host responses) as well as abiotic factors of the host’s environment such as sunlight and concomitant stresses. B. cinerea maintains a complex regulatory network of light-sensitive proteins and signal transduction pathways to use light for coordinating stress responses, virulence, and reproduction. Different light-controlled reproduction cycles enable B. cinerea to live in moderate climate zones by infecting and propagating in summer and resting in winter when green host tissues are unavailable.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Plant Relationships. The Mycota</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-16503-0_14</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gray mold fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plant pathogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Light</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photoreceptors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Development</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61685</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>16</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">1,8‐Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin provides unequal protection to black fungi Knufia petricola and Cryomyces antarcticus from UV‐B radiation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black fungi on rock surfaces endure a spectrum of abiotic stresses, including UV radiation. Their ability to tolerate extreme conditions is attributed to the convergent evolution of adaptive traits, primarily highly melanized cell walls. However, studies on fungal melanins have not provided univocal results on their photoprotective functions. Here, we investigated whether the black fungi Knufia petricola and Cryomyces antarcticus only use DHN melanin or may employ alternative mechanisms to counteract UV‐induced damage. For this, melanized wild types and non‐melanized Δpks1 mutants were exposed to different doses of UV‐B (312 nm) followed by incubation in constant darkness or in light–dark cycles to allow light‐dependent DNA repair by photolyases (photoreactivation). C. antarcticus could tolerate higher UV‐B doses but was sensitive to white light, whereas K. petricola showed the opposite trend. DHN melanin provided UV‐B protection in C. antarcticus, whereas the same pigment or even carotenoids proved ineffective in K. petricola. Both fungi demonstrated functional photoreactivation in agreement with the presence of photolyase‐encoding genes. Our findings reveal that although the adaptive trait of DHN melanization commonly occurs across black fungi, it is not equally functional and that there are species‐specific adaptations towards either UV‐induced lesion avoidance or repair strategies.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental Microbiology Reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1111/1758-2229.70043</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616859</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.11.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ilaria Catanzaro</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <author>Silvano Onofri</author>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rock-inhabiting Ascomycetes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photoprotection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photolyase</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Disinfection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Knufia petricola – a model for exploring the biology of black rock-inhabiting fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black fungi also called black yeasts, rock-inhabiting fungi or microcolonial fungi are a group of Ascomycetes [Eurotiomycetes, Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes] that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like or meristematic growth, and constitutive 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man‑made environments – from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs, and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and the lack of sexual cycles and genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We consider the rock inhabitant K. petricola [Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales] a suitable model for studying the phenotypic characteristics of black fungi. With K. petricola the regulation of pigment synthesis, general stress responses and the unusual modes of cell division can be dissected by advanced reverse and forward genetics approaches. The genome of K. petricola strain A95 was sequenced using a combination of short high quality Illumina reads and long PacBio reads. The final assembly consists of twelve contigs: five complete chromosomes and six contigs with one telomer each. Gene annotation supported by transcriptomics and proteomics data was manually curated. Recently, we developed a set of genetic tools to manipulate the genome for analyzing gene functions and studying the cell biology. This set includes CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, as well as protocols for -omics approaches and for simulation of mineral weathering in the laboratory. Mutants defective in DHN melanogenesis, carotenogenesis or both processes are currently studied to elucidate the role of these protective pigments in tolerance of natural and man-made stresses, weathering of olivine, penetration of marble, and adhesion to surfaces. Further, the established protocols and knowledge gained from K. petricola form a starting point for making other extremotolerant black fungi accessible to genetic manipulation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">31st Fungal Genetics Conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">USA, CA, Pacific Grove</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.03.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Black fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genome editing</value>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Many-sided DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Rome, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">17.02.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.02.2020</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>fungus</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>pigmentation</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58425</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <pageNumber/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Versatile DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by diverse Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g., in melanized reproduction and survival structures of the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeasts) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. For studying the relevance of constitutive DHN melanogenesis for tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses, adhesion to substrates and subsequent damage of colonized surfaces, the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola was chosen as gene functions in this fungus can be studied by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. The putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome of K. petricola, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Phenotypes of DHN-deficient mutants are studied. Here, we will discuss the role of the DHN melanin layer on the outer cell wall in tolerating UV irradiation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Annual conference 2023 of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Göttingen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">10.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>UV radiation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tolerance</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>52496</id>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Rock-EATING FUNGI - Genetic Dive into the Biology of the Microcolonial Black Fungus Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast‑like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man‑made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock‑inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. The state‑of‑the‑art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VAAM-Jahrestagung 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.03.2021</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungus</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Marble</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58424</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Genetic engineering of black fungi: lessons learned from Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The exponential rise in the number of fungal genomes sequenced by next-generation sequencing techniques makes it necessary to increase efforts to correctly annotate and assign gene functions. There are two possibilities to explore a genome and its gene functions. The hypothesis-based method proves the function of already existing gene/allele candidates by targeted mutagenesis - so called reverse genetics. The basis of forward genetics approaches is the random mutagenesis of the genome, followed by screening of obtained mutants for the phenotype of interest, and identification of the mutated genes in the respective mutants. This strategy is hypothesis-generating, means it is necessary to verify the relationship between the detected mutations and the observed phenotype by targeted mutagenesis of the identified gene. We developed a toolbox for editing the genome of the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola [Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales] that allows the study of the phenotypic characteristics of black fungi such as the regulation of pigment synthesis, general stress responses, oligotrophy, and the unusual modes of cell division by advanced reverse and forward genetics approaches. The toolbox includes the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, efficient strategies for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, as well as protocols for -omics approaches and for simulation of mineral weathering. A forward genetics approach using transposon mutagenesis is currently developed for identifying essential genes. The established protocols and knowledge gained from K. petricola form a starting point for making other fungi from extreme environments accessible to genetic manipulation.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IUBMB Focused Meeting on Extremophilic Fungi (FUN-EX)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ljubljana, Slovenia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extremotolerance</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genetics</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Model organism</value>
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    <title language="eng">Photoperception in plant- and rock-associated black fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Sunlight-associated stresses are however multiple: high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses. Ascomycota dominating light-flooded habitats accurately sense and respond to changes in light using it as a cue to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships. Two species from two light-flooded habitats – phyllosphere and sun-exposed solid surfaces – were analysed for their photoreceptor distribution.&#13;
In both habitats phototroph-associated and black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi are prevalent. This diversity was sampled with the plant-associated fungus Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes), while Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes) was included as a typical biofilm-former on sun-exposed solid surfaces e.g. rocks, building facades, roofs, and solar panels. The analysis has shown that genomes of black fungi contain more photoreceptors than animal pathogens and saprophytes such as Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa1,2. B. cinerea that causes the grey mould disease by infecting the above-ground parts of more than 200 dicots has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts1.&#13;
Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers of photoreceptors along with the same set of protective metabolites i.e. melanin, carotenoids and mycosporines2. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for sun-stressed fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola were established3 and are currently used for elucidating the functions of the different photoreceptors in the biology of rock-inhabiting fungi.&#13;
This work was supported by the grant SCHU 2833/4-1 from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and internal funds of the BAM.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">19th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Light</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Extreme environments</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Fungi in extreme habitats: Lessons from the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers of PRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Gordon Research Conference "Cellular and Molecular Fungal Biology"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Holderness, NH, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.06.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Light</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photoperception</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigments</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Light-dependent development in Botrytis cinerea</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Sunlight is an important environmental factor is almost all ecosystems by being a source of energy, information, and stress. All organisms must protect themselves from the harmful effects of light such as UV radiation, ROS accumulation, heat, and desiccation. Finally, light qualities and quantities can be used for decision making, timing and as guide for directed growth when they are sensed and transduced into intracellular signals. Botrytis cinerea and other plant pathogens infecting the sun-exposed parts of the plant must cope with the high light conditions the host plant seeks. Further they experience an altered light spectrum (‘green gap’) when they colonize shaded parts of the plant; it is depleted for blue and red light that is absorbed by the plant chlorophyll and enriched for green and far-red light that is reflected or transmitted by the plant tissue. As these ambient light conditions trigger the shade avoidance response in the plant, the pathogens may trigger their own ‘shading response’ such as the upregulation of virulence determinants and inoculum production. B. cinerea maintains a highly sophisticated light signaling machinery that senses different light qualities to trigger a variety of responses, that are protection, morphogenesis, positive and negative tropisms, and entrainment. These characteristics render B. cinerea a valuable model to enlighten the role of light in parasitic fungus-plant interactions and beyond. The vegetative mycelium – the core of all infection and developmental programs – is not visibly pigmented and thus considered to be sensitive to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the vegetative hyphae have a very limited half-life and are usually restricted to the invasive growth phase in which they are protected from light by the plant tissue. Fast colonization of host tissues and by this proper nutrient acquisition enables the rapid formation of long-lasting reproduction structures (melanized conidiophores with conidia, sclerotia) on the surfaces of rotted plant tissues. Depending on the light and temperature conditions, conidiation or sclerotial development is initiated. Taken together, B. cinerea uses light-regulated signaling networks to avoid light whenever possible; for example, by minimizing the half-life of sensitive cells that are hiding in plant tissues and by scheduling critical steps such as conidiogenesis, conidial germination and penetration of plant tissues for the night.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">BotrySclero2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Avignon, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">13.06.2022</enrichment>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Light</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melanin</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">DHN melanin synthesis in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases (MCOs). The involved genes are tightly clustered, partially clustered or widely distributed in the genomes of DHN melanin-producing fungi. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of the DHN melanogenic genes of Knufia petricola as a representative of the Chaetothyriales, the sister order of the Eurotiales. Orthologs for all melanogenic genes were identified in the genome of K. petricola A95, including one gene encoding the polyketide synthase (KpPKS1), two genes encoding ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases (KpYGH1,2), two genes encoding THN reductases (KpTHR1,2) and one gene encoding a scytalone dehydratase (KpSDH1). Ten genes encoding MCOs were identified, all MCOs are predicted to be secreted. The genes are not clustered in the genome but are highly expressed. Gene functions are studied by generation of single, double, and multiple deletion mutants in K. petricola and by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VAAM Fachgruppentagung "Molecular Biology of Fungi"</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kaiserslautern, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DHN melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Genetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodegradation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58430</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">DHN melanin – synthesis, regulation, and functions in Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by diverse Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g., in melanized reproduction and survival structures of the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, microcolonial black fungi exhibit constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. For studying the regulation and relevance of DHN melanogenesis for tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses, adhesion to substrates and subsequent damage of colonized surfaces, the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola was chosen as gene functions in this fungus can be studied by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. The putative melanogenic genes were identified in the genome of K. petricola, deleted to confirm their involvement in DHN melanogenesis and co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reconstruction of the synthesis pathway. Phenotypes of deletion mutants are studied for specifying the functions of DHN melanin in K. petricola.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">IUBMB Focused Meeting on Extremophilic Fungi  (FUN-EX)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ljubliana, Slovenia</enrichment>
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    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heterologous expression</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">DHN melanin synthesis in the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">DHN (1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene) melanin is produced by Ascomycetes via slightly differing synthetic routes. Polyketide synthases release YWA1, AT4HN or T4HN. YWA1 and AT4HN are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases, and T4HN is converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. The melanogenic genes are tightly, partially or not clustered in the genomes, and are often regulated in a spatial and/or temporal fashion. By contrast, microcolonial fungi/black yeasts – a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces – feature constitutive DHN melanogenesis. Here, we report on the DHN melanogenic genes of Knufia petricola  (Eurotiomycetes/Chaetothyriales).</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">16th European Conference on Fungal Genetics</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Innsbruck, Austria</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">05.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DHN melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biosynthesis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50786</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>407</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>417</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fungal Biology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.05.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Botrytis cinerea</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DHN melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Knufia petricola</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phyllosphere</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rock biofilm</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50592</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Genetic manipulation of the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Viterbo, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">14.02.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">14.02.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>black fungus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>genetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crispr/Cas9</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59543</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Looking through the eyes of fungi: from photoperception to photoresponses and beyond</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Sunlight is an almost unavoidable environmental cue and plays a fundamental role in the biology of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. To cope with sunlight-associated stresses e.g., high temperatures, UV radiation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, desiccation, and osmotic stress, it is important for organisms to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. The benefits of light are obvious for green organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae and plants which use light as an energy source (photosynthesis). Fungi that can share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. Examples are the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold fungus, and the rock inhabitant Knufia petricola, a microcolonial black fungus which forms multispecies biofilms with bacteria and algae.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">20th Symposium of the Research Training Group on Bioactive Peptides – The colorful tree of life</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Black fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Stress tolerance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65752</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unlocking black fungi: from genomes to material conservation and biotechnological innovation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Black fungi are a polyphyletic group of melanized ascomycetes adapted to extreme environments such as deserts, rocks, and human-made surfaces. Their slow compact growth, and thick melanized cell walls confer exceptional stress tolerance but have long hindered molecular studies and genetic engineering. Consequently, the biology and biotechnological potential of these organisms remained largely unexplored. To overcome these limitations, we selected the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola as a model. Its genome sequence (12 contigs, ~10,000 genes) enabled the development of a versatile genetic toolbox based on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing, achieving up to 100% homologous recombination and supporting multiplex editing of at least six genomic regions. Color-based selection systems targeting pigment genes enable rapid identification of strains with correctly integrated expression cassettes, including simultaneous insertion of optimized genes coding for blue, green, and red fluorescent proteins for co-localization and protein interaction studies. These tools enable functional analyses of traits central to extremotolerance, such as the role of melanin in stress protection, biofilm formation, and material interactions. Furthermore, K. petricola has been established as a eukaryotic expression platform: heterologous genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants can be expressed under constitutive or inducible promoters, including the Tet-on system for tunable gene regulation. Pigment-free strains provide access to metabolic precursors, enabling high-level synthesis of alternative secondary metabolites. Importantly, the optimized transformation protocols were successfully transferred to the Antarctic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, a cryptoendolithic extremophile and astrobiology model, demonstrating that even the most stress-tolerant fungi can be genetically engineered. Together, the genome sequence and advanced genetic engineering strategies have transformed K. petricola from a challenging extremotolerant organism into a tractable model for studying stress adaptation, material interactions and a promising host for biotechnology and synthetic biology approaches. These achievements, combined with emerging black fungal genomes, inform sustainable material protection strategies to mitigate colonization and biodeterioration of exposed surfaces, linking fundamental research with applied solutions for material conservation and industrial biotechnology.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functional genetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material colonizer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pigments</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65750</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Biodiversity on Materials: Black Fungi Colonizing Solar Panels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Sun-exposed surfaces are extreme environments characterized by intense UV radiation, temperature fluctuations, desiccation, and nutrient scarcity. These habitats are colonized by extremotolerant microorganisms that often form multispecies biofilms. Among them, black fungi (Ascomycota) stand out for their unique morphophysiological traits: slow growth, small compact colonies, reproduction by budding or meristematic growth, and continuous deposition of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin on thickened cell walls. This melanin is thought to provide protection against abiotic stress, for both the fungi and their microbial partners. Originally associated with natural substrates such as rocks in hot, cold, or saline deserts, black fungi have recently been detected on human-made surfaces, including solar panels, where they may reduce system efficiency. Despite their simple morphology, black fungi represent a vast and underestimated genetic diversity with representatives in Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Arthoniomycetes. They exhibit diverse lifestyles, including lichen symbioses, opportunistic pathogenicity, and saprobic growth. However, only a few genomes of black fungi have been sequenced to date. Initial analyses indicate haploid or diploid states, occasional genome duplications, and gene loss, reflecting adaptation to extreme conditions. For even fewer species, genetic engineering tools are available. To address this gap, we develop genetic tools for functional studies and compare genome sequences. The STRES Community Science Program, funded by the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), aims to sequence up to 600 black fungal genomes from diverse extreme environments (https://stresblackfungi.org/). Our contribution includes black fungi isolated from solar panels in Germany and the United States – among some several new species. Annotated genomes are now becoming available, enabling comparative analyses to discover novel genes for enzymes and secondary metabolites. These efforts also support strategies to mitigate undesired biofilm formation on man-made surfaces such as facades and solar panels.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biodiversity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungi</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melanin</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>65751</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Iron Acquisition in Black Fungi: Genomic Insights &amp; Mitigation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Iron is an essential micronutrient for all organisms, driving intense competition for its acquisition. This competition is particularly evident in parasitic interactions, where hosts actively restrict iron availability to inhibit the growth of fungal invaders (nutritional immunity). Saprobic fungi, on the other hand, acquire iron by digesting dead organic material and may protect their nutrient sources from competitors through efficient iron uptake, rapid growth, and the production of toxic secondary metabolites. Rock-inhabiting black fungi colonize – alone or within microbial communities (subaerial biofilms) – oligotrophic, exposed surfaces such as rocks, stone monuments, and photovoltaic panels, where competition from fast-growing saprobes is minimal. To understand how these fungi acquire iron, we combined comparative genomics with targeted gene deletions in the model species Knufia petricola. Genome analysis revealed a reduced repertoire of iron acquisition-related genes compared to those of pathogenic relatives: a single reductive iron assimilation (RIA) complex, one non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) for siderophore biosynthesis, and absence of vacuolar iron transporters. Functional assays demonstrated that K. petricola primarily relies on RIA, mediated by FTR1–FET1, and secondarily on siderophore-mediated iron acquisition (SIA) via NPS1. Mutants lacking both systems were nearly non-viable under iron limitation, confirming that RIA and SIA are the only relevant uptake routes under laboratory conditions, that simulate the free-living lifestyle. Cross-feeding and chemotropism assays indicated secretion of an extracellular siderophore enabling growth toward the iron-containing mineral olivine. This siderophore, however, failed to mobilize iron from strong chelators such as BPS and EDTA, and its chemical nature remains unknown. Although melanin adsorbs and reduces iron, results on deletion mutants showed that melanin does not contribute to iron uptake or chelator resistance, functioning instead as a passive iron sink. Sensitivity assays revealed unusually low minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for these chelators in K. petricola and other rock-inhabiting fungi, suggesting limited iron acquisition and storage capacity. These findings highlight the vulnerability of rock-inhabiting fungi to iron depletion and suggest that strong iron chelators could serve as an effective strategy to inhibit fungal colonization of human-made surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Annual Conference of the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) 2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">22.03.2026</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.03.2026</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Julia Schumacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material colonization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Knufia petricola</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Iron chelation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
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  </doc>
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