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    <id>56263</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Biocide Resistance - Road to Risk Assessment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation details the current status of biocide resistance risk assessment and provides a roadmap for future activities.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">OECD, 6th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk assessment</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>61542</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">How to regulate and assess resistance risks  of co-selecting agents  during application and in the environment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This talk deals with the question on How to regulate and assess resistance risks of co-selecting agents during application and in the environment. It shows that there the overview of worldwide activities to regulate co-selecting agents is missing. Regulations for product authorization usually consider resistance in target organisms, but there is a risk of emergence of resistance from non-target organisms as well. Moreover, pollution effects on resistance development in the environment are not explicitly covered during product authorization and few risk assessment schemes and methods available.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EDAR7 - Environmental Dimension of Antimicrobial Resistance Conference 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Montreal, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">31.05.2024</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61410</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Metabolic niches and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background and Aim: Wastewater treatment plants are considered as hotspots for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist in the environment for long periods of time, despite metabolic fitness costs that can arise with resistance. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms, which allow ARB to persist in the environment. More specifically, we want to identify metabolic niches that can select for resistant bacteria. &#13;
Procedure/Method: 62 E. coli strains isolated from different WWTPs in Norway were used. The isolates have different levels of resistance to 14 antibiotics. The susceptibility of the isolates to 3 disinfectants was determined. In addition, genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) were constructed and the growth of the strains was simulated in the presence of 198 different carbon sources. Furthermore, the growth rates of the isolates were measured in the presence of 3 carbon sources.&#13;
Findings/Results: Many of the isolates have high resistance to multiple antibiotics but only few of the isolates have higher minimum inhibitory concentrations to the disinfectants, compared to an E. coli laboratory strain. With the GEMs, we identified 40 carbon sources that can be utilized for growth only by a portion of all the isolates. The prediction accuracy of the GEMs was 93% in the case of D-Malate. A group of 10 isolates was identified of which 5 isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline and can grow on Sucrose but not on D-Malate and the other 5 isolates are susceptible to the same 3 antibiotics but can grow on D-Malate and not on Sucrose. &#13;
Implications/Applications: Our data suggest that changing the available carbon source could shift the selection advantage between resistant and susceptible bacterial strains. If this strategy is confirmed experimentally, it could be applied to reduce the number of ARB in environments like wastewater.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Conference on the Environmental dimentions of antimicrobial resistance 7</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Montreal, Canada</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <author>Orestis Kanaris</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wastewater</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56264</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides – An update</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation describes the development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) autumn meeting 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">12.10.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Risk assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53163</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">OECD, 5th Meeting of the Working Party on Biocides</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.05.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53164</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development of a laboratory method to assess resistance development of microorganisms to biocides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Bacteria are exposed to biocides through surface disinfection or by antimicrobial surfaces. These stressful environments provide a strong selective pressure for bacteria to adapt. Here, we describe the development of a laboratory method to assess adaption of bacteria by resistance development in response to surface disinfection and antimicrobial surfaces.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">The International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG) Spring Meeting 2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.06.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">02.07.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62705</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>3</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Heteroresistance in Enterobacter cloacae complex caused by variation in transient gene amplification events</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Heteroresistance (HR) in bacteria describes a subpopulational phenomenon of antibiotic resistant cells of a generally susceptible population. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and phenotypic characteristics underlying HR to ceftazidime (CAZ) in a clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex strain (ECC). We identified a plasmid-borne gene duplication-amplification (GDA) event of a region harbouring an ampC gene encoding a β-lactamase bla  DHA-1 as the key determinant of HR. Individual colonies exhibited variations in the copy number of the genes resulting in resistance level variation which correlated with growth onset (lag times) and growth rates in the presence of CAZ. GDA copy number heterogeneity occurred within single resistant colonies, demonstrating heterogeneity of GDA on the single-cell level. The interdependence between GDA, lag time and antibiotic treatment and the strong plasticity underlying HR underlines the high risk for misdetection of antimicrobial HR and subsequent treatment failure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">npj Antimicrobials and Resistance</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s44259-025-00082-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627057</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">15.12.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Johannes Kupke</author>
    <author>Julian Brombach</author>
    <author>Yuwen Fang</author>
    <author>Silver A. Wolf</author>
    <author>Lakshmipriya Thrukonda</author>
    <author>Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi</author>
    <author>Benno Kuropka</author>
    <author>Dennis Hanke</author>
    <author>Torsten Semmler</author>
    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>Karsten Tedin</author>
    <author>Antina Lübke-Becker</author>
    <author>Ulrich K. Steiner</author>
    <author>Marcus Fulde</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial surfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62705/Heteroresistance in Enterobacter cloacae .pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61556</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>American Society for Microbiology</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Birmingham, Ala.</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Heterogeneous survival upon disinfection underlies evolution of increased tolerance</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Disinfection is important to limit the spread of infections, but failure of disinfection may foster the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Persisters are phenotypically tolerant subpopulations that survive toxic stress longer than susceptible cells, leading to failure in treatments with antimicrobials and facilitating resistance evolution. To date, little is known about persistence in the context of disinfectants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of persisters on disinfection and to determine the consequences of disinfectant persistence for the evolution of increased tolerance to disinfectants. Disinfection kinetics with high temporal resolution were recorded for  Escherichia coli  exposed to the following six disinfectants: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutaraldehyde (GTA), chlorhexidine (CHX), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (ISO). A mathematical model was used to infer the presence of persisters from the time–kill data. Time–kill kinetics for BAC, DDAC, and ISO were indicative of persisters, whereas no or weak evidence was found for H2O2, GTA, and CHX. When subjected to comparative experimental evolution under recurring disinfection, E. coli evolved increased tolerance to substances for which persisters were predicted (BAC and ISO), whereas adaptation failed for substances in which no persisters were predicted (GTA and CHX), causing extinction of exposed populations. Our findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, highlighting a potential link between persistence to disinfectants and the ability to evolve disinfectant survival mechanisms.&#13;
&#13;
IMPORTANCE: Disinfection is key to control the spread of infections. But the application of disinfectants bears the risk to promote the evolution of reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials if bacteria survive the treatment. The ability of individual bacteria to survive disinfection can display considerable heterogeneity within isogenic populations and may be facilitated by tolerant persister subpopulations. Using time–kill kinetics and interpreting the data within a mathematical framework, we quantify heterogeneity and persistence in Escherichia coli when exposed to six different disinfectants. We find that the level of persistence, and with this the risk for disinfection failure, depends on the disinfectant. Importantly, evolution experiments under recurrent disinfection provide evidence that links the presence of persisters to the ability to evolve reduced susceptibility to disinfectants. This study emphasizes the impact of heterogeneity within bacterial populations on disinfection outcomes and the potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistances.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Microbiology spectrum</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1128/spectrum.03276-22</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615566</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2165-0497</identifier>
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Persisters are phenotypically tolerant subpopulations that survive toxic stress longer than susceptible cells, leading to failure in treatments with antimicrobials and facilitating resistance evolution. To date, little is known about persistence in the context of disinfectants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of persisters on disinfection and to determine the consequences of disinfectant persistence for the evolution of increased tolerance to disinfectants. Disinfection kinetics with high temporal resolution were recorded for\n              &lt;jats:italic&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;\n              exposed to the following six disinfectants: hydrogen peroxide (H\n              &lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\n              O\n              &lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\n              ), glutaraldehyde (GTA), chlorhexidine (CHX), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (ISO). A mathematical model was used to infer the presence of persisters from the time\u2013kill data. Time\u2013kill kinetics for BAC, DDAC, and ISO were indicative of persisters, whereas no or weak evidence was found for H\n              &lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\n              O\n              &lt;jats:sub&gt;2&lt;\/jats:sub&gt;\n              , GTA, and CHX. When subjected to comparative experimental evolution under recurring disinfection,\n              &lt;jats:italic&gt;E. coli&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;\n              evolved increased tolerance to substances for which persisters were predicted (BAC and ISO), whereas adaptation failed for substances in which no persisters were predicted (GTA and CHX), causing extinction of exposed populations. Our findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, highlighting a potential link between persistence to disinfectants and the ability to evolve disinfectant survival mechanisms.\n            &lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;\n          &lt;jats:sec&gt;\n            &lt;jats:title&gt;IMPORTANCE&lt;\/jats:title&gt;\n            &lt;jats:p&gt;\n              Disinfection is key to control the spread of infections. But the application of disinfectants bears the risk to promote the evolution of reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials if bacteria survive the treatment. The ability of individual bacteria to survive disinfection can display considerable heterogeneity within isogenic populations and may be facilitated by tolerant persister subpopulations. Using time\u2013kill kinetics and interpreting the data within a mathematical framework, we quantify heterogeneity and persistence in\n              &lt;jats:italic&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;\/jats:italic&gt;\n              when exposed to six different disinfectants. We find that the level of persistence, and with this the risk for disinfection failure, depends on the disinfectant. Importantly, evolution experiments under recurrent disinfection provide evidence that links the presence of persisters to the ability to evolve reduced susceptibility to disinfectants. This study emphasizes the impact of heterogeneity within bacterial populations on disinfection outcomes and the potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistances.\n            &lt;\/jats:p&gt;\n          &lt;\/jats:sec&gt;","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03276-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T13:05:53Z","timestamp":1729602353000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterogeneous survival upon disinfection underlies evolution of increased tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-0801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Niclas","family":"Nordholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms (4.1), Department of Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3409-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia-Yasmin","family":"Sobisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms (4.1), Department of Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Annett","family":"G\u00f6dt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms (4.1), Department of Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Lewerenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms (4.1), Department of Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-6328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms (4.1), Department of Materials and the Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118566119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00708-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05988.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0344-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2191"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0196-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00085-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01964-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014364118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"European Chemicals Agency. 2023. 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    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <author>Lydia-Yasmin Sobisch</author>
    <author>Annett Gödt</author>
    <author>Dominique Lewerenz</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in These settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial Coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Hospital Infection</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0195-6701</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510926</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Franziska Pietsch</author>
    <author>A. J. O'Neill</author>
    <author>A. Ivask</author>
    <author>H. Jenssen</author>
    <author>J. Inkinen</author>
    <author>A. Kahru</author>
    <author>M. Ahonen</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial coating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Touch surfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Healthcare</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Infections</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>COST action CA15114 AMICI</value>
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    <title language="eng">Antimicrobial efflux and biofilms: an interplay leading to emergent resistance evolution</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The biofilm mode of growth and drug efflux are both important factors that impede the treatment of bacterial infections with antimicrobials. Decades of work have uncovered the mechanisms involved in both efflux and biofilm-mediated antimicrobial tolerance, but links between these phenomena have only recently been discovered. Novel findings show how efflux impacts global cellular physiology and antibiotic tolerance, underpinned by phenotypic heterogeneity. In addition efflux can mediate cell-to-cell interactions, relevant in biofilms, via mechanisms including efflux of signaling molecules and metabolites, signaling using pump components and the establishment of local antibiotic gradients via pumping. These recent findings suggest that biofilm antibiotic tolerance and efflux are closely coupled, with synergistic effects leading to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in the biofilm environment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Trends in Microbiology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0966-842X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tim.2025.04.012</identifier>
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    <author>Silvia Vareschi</author>
    <author>Valerie Jaut</author>
    <author>Srinivasan Vijay</author>
    <author>Rosalind J. Allen</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Evolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Efflux</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Antibiotics</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Biofilms</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
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    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phenotypic heterogeneity</value>
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    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Time-kill kinetics reveal heterogeneous tolerance to disinfectants</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Disinfection is an important strategy to limit the spread of infections. Failure of disinfection may facilitate evolution of resistance against disinfectants and antibiotics through the processes of cross-resistance and co-resistance. The best possible outcome of disinfection minimizes the number of surviving bacteria and the chance for resistance evolution. Resistance describes the ability to grow in previously inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial, whereas tolerance is associated with enhanced survival of lethal doses. Individual bacteria from the same population can display considerable heterogeneity in their ability to survive treatment (i.e. tolerance) with antimicrobials, which can result in unexpected treatment failure. Here, we investigated how phenotypic heterogeneity affects the ability of E. coli to survive treatment with six different substances commonly used as active substances in disinfectants, preservatives and antiseptics. A mathematical model which assumes that phenotypic heterogeneity underlies the observed disinfection kinetics was used to infer whether time-kill kinetics were caused by a tolerant subpopulation. The analysis identified bimodal kill kinetics for benzalkonium chloride (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and isopropanol (Iso). In contrast, kill kinetics by chlorhexidine (CHX), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were best explained by unimodal kill kinetics underpinned by a broad distribution of tolerance times for CHX as opposed to a narrow distribution of tolerance times for GTA and H2O2. These findings have implications for the risk of disinfection failure, with potential consequences for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">bioRxiv</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.22.497202</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2692-8205</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615572</identifier>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615566</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <author>Dominique Lewerenz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Preprints der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61557/2022.06.22.497202v1.full.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62456</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley VHC-Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Transmission onto Environmental Surfaces Using Thermoresponsive Gelatin Hydrogels as a Finger Mimetic under In Situ-Mimicking Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Surface-mediated transmission of pathogens plays a key role in healthcare-associated infections. However, proper techniques for its quantitative analysis are lacking, making it challenging to develop novel antimicrobial and anti-fouling surfaces to reduce pathogen spread via environmental surfaces. This study demonstrates a gelatin hydrogel-based touch transfer test, the HydroTouch test, to evaluate pathogen transmission on high-touch surfaces under semi-dry conditions. The HydroTouch test employs gelatin as a finger mimetic, facilitating testing with pathogenic bacteria under controlled conditions. The thermoresponsive sol–gel transition of gelatin allows easy recovery and quantification of bacteria before and after testing. The HydroTouch test demonstrates that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has a high transmission efficiency of ≈16% onto stainless steel, compared to &lt;3% for Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polyurethane surfaces exhibit strong resistance to bacterial contamination with a transmission efficiency of ≈0.6%, while polytetrafluoroethylene shows a transmission efficiency approximately four times higher than polyurethane. Additionally, quaternary ammonium-based antimicrobial coatings reduce the transmission efficiency of live bacteria on stainless steel to ≈4% of the original level. The HydroTouch test provides a reliable method for assessing pathogen transmission on various surfaces under semi-dry settings, supporting the development of effective antimicrobial, anti-transmission coatings to reduce healthcare-associated infections.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Healthcare Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adhm.202403790</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2192-2659</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624566</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">29.01.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mihyun Lee</author>
    <author>Luzia Wiesli</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>Angela Ivask Ivask</author>
    <author>Qun Ren</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial surfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardization</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62456/Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Transmission onto Environmental Surfaces Using.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64642</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>23</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">TisB enables antibiotic tolerance in Salmonella by preventing prophage induction through ATP depletion</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Antibiotic persistence comprises drug-tolerant bacteria that can survive treatment with antibacterial agents, despite lacking classical genetic resistance mechanisms. Therefore, persisters are clinically relevant because they can lead to treatment failures and chronic infections. Additionally, antibiotic persistence facilitates the evolution of resistance through genetic mutations. Persisters are triggered by a lack of nutrients, bacterial toxins, low ATP levels, or other stress responses that shut down bacterial metabolism. However, the involvement of prophages, viruses that integrate into bacterial chromosomes, is less well understood. In this study, we tested a tisAB deletion in Salmonella Typhimurium and examined persister cell formation following treatment with the DNA-damaging drug ciprofloxacin. TisB is a bacterial toxin that increases the influx of protons across the inner bacterial membrane into the cytosol, causing ATP depletion. We demonstrate that the deletion of tisAB increases prophage induction and bacterial killing, leading to a reduced persister cell fraction. The tisAB mutant is unable to down regulate its ATP concentration after exposure to ciprofloxacin, which in turn allows for stronger binding of RecA to single-stranded DNA, the activator of both the SOS response and prophage induction.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">PLOS Pathogens</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1371/journal.ppat.1013498</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.11.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>S. Braetz</author>
    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <author>A. Nerlich</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>K. Tedin</author>
    <author>M. Fulde</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacterial survival mechanisms</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Escherichia coli</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Salmonella typhimurium</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61412</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Metabolic niches and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background and Aim: Wastewater treatment plants are considered as hotspots for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) can persist in the environment for long periods of time, despite metabolic fitness costs that can arise with resistance. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms, which allow ARB to persist in the environment. More specifically, we want to identify metabolic niches that can select for resistant bacteria.&#13;
Procedure/Method: 62 E. coli strains isolated from different WWTPs in Norway were used. The isolates have different levels of resistance to 14 antibiotics. The susceptibility of the isolates to 3 disinfectants was determined. In addition, genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) were constructed and the growth of the strains was simulated in the presence of 198 different carbon sources. Furthermore, the growth rates of the isolates were measured in the presence of 3 carbon sources.&#13;
Findings/Results: Many of the isolates have high resistance to multiple antibiotics but only few of the isolates have higher minimum inhibitory concentrations to the disinfectants, compared to an E. coli laboratory strain. With the GEMs, we identified 40 carbon sources that can be utilized for growth only by a portion of all the isolates. The prediction accuracy of the GEMs was 93% in the case of D-Malate. A group of 10 isolates was identified of which 5 isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline and can grow on Sucrose but not on D-Malate and the other 5 isolates are susceptible to the same 3 antibiotics but can grow on D-Malate and not on Sucrose.&#13;
Implications/Applications: Our data suggest that changing the available carbon source could shift the selection advantage between resistant and susceptible bacterial strains. If this strategy is confirmed experimentally, it could be applied to reduce the number of ARB in environments such as wastewater.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium 19</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">09.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Orestis Kanaris</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wastewater</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64866</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Mechanisms and evolution of resistance to antimicrobial biocides</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EMBO Symposium on Mechanisms of drug resistance and tolerance in bacteria, fungi, and cancer</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Heidelberg, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.03.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial surfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56381</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>13</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Frontiers Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A fluorescently labelled quaternary ammonium compound (NBD-DDA) to study resistance mechanisms in bacteria</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as active agents in disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives. Despite being in use since the 1940s, there remain multiple open questions regarding their detailed mode-of-action and the mechanisms, including phenotypic heterogeneity, that can make bacteria less susceptible to QACs. To facilitate studies on resistance mechanisms towards QACs, we synthesized a fluorescent quaternary ammonium compound, namely N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-[2-[(4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl)amino]ethyl]azanium-iodide (NBD-DDA). NBD-DDA is readily detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with standard GFP/FITC-settings, making it suitable for molecular and single-cell studies. As a proof-of-concept, NBD-DDA was then used to investigate resistance mechanisms which can be heterogeneous among individual bacterial cells. Our results reveal that the antimicrobial activity of NBD-DDA against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is comparable to that of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a widely used QAC, and benzyl-dimethyl-dodecylammonium chloride (BAC12), a mono-constituent BAC with alkyl-chain length of 12 and high structural similarity to NBD-DDA. Characteristic time-kill kinetics and increased tolerance of a BAC tolerant E. coli strain against NBD-DDA suggest that the mode of action of NBD-DDA is similar to that of BAC. As revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), NBD-DDA is preferentially localized to the cell envelope of E. coli, which is a primary target of BAC and other QACs. Leveraging these findings and NBD-DDA‘s fluorescent properties, we show that reduced cellular accumulation is responsible for the evolved BAC tolerance in the BAC tolerant E. coli strain and that NBD-DDA is subject to efflux mediated by TolC. Overall, NBD-DDA’s antimicrobial activity, its fluorescent properties, and its ease of detection render it a powerful tool to study resistance mechanisms of QACs in bacteria and highlight its potential to gain detailed insights into its mode-of-action.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Frontiers in microbiology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023326</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563811</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1664-302X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.12.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Niclas Nordholt</author>
    <author>Kate O'Hara</author>
    <author>Ute Resch-Genger</author>
    <author>M. Blaskovich</author>
    <author>Bastian Rühle</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Disinfection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.2 Biophotonik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Sensorik</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56381/2022-Nordholt-NBD-DDA to study resistance mechanisms in bacteria.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54111</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1176</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1186</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>16</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Role of the flagellar hook in the structural development and antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exhibit an intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and constitute a considerable clinical threat. In cystic fibrosis, a common feature of biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa in the airway is the occurrence of mutants deficient in flagellar motility. This study investigates the impact of flagellum deletion on the structure and antibiotic tolerance of P. aeruginosa biofilms, and highlights a role for the flagellum in adaptation and cell survival during biofilm development. Mutations in the flagellar hook protein FlgE influence greatly P. aeruginosa biofilm structuring and antibiotic tolerance. Phenotypic analysis of the flgE knockout mutant compared to the wild type (WT) reveal increased fitness under planktonic conditions, reduced initial adhesion but enhanced formation of microcolony aggregates in a microfluidic environment, and decreased expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide formation. Biofilm cells of the flgE knock-out mutant display enhanced tolerance towards multiple antibiotics, whereas its planktonic cells show similar resistance to the WT. Confocal microscopy of biofilms demonstrates that gentamicin does not affect the viability of cells located in the inner part of the flgE knock-out mutant biofilms due to reduced penetration. These findings suggest that deficiency in flagellar proteins like FlgE in biofilms and in cystic fibrosis infections represent phenotypic and evolutionary adaptations that alter the structure of P. aeruginosa biofilms conferring increased antibiotic tolerance.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ISME Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41396-021-01157-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1751-7370</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-541113</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.12.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>J. Valentin</author>
    <author>H. Straub</author>
    <author>Franziska Pietsch</author>
    <author>M. Lemare</author>
    <author>C. Ahrens</author>
    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <author>J. Webb</author>
    <author>H. van der Mei</author>
    <author>Q. Ren</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bacteria</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biofilms</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54111/2021-Valentin-Role of the flagellar hook.pdf</file>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Resistance evolution towards biocides and antimicrobial surfaces</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Biocides, including disinfectants and antimicrobial surfaces (AMCs), are important to prevent the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria via surfaces. However, concerns have been raised about the evolution and selection of resistance against disinfectants and AMCs. In turn, resistance against disinfectants and AMCs can be associated to antibiotic resistance due to cross-resistance and co-resistance. We need to understand the mechanisms and risks of disinfectants and AMCs for resistance and cross-resistance evolution to optimize their application and safeguard their long-term efficacy. We used adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments based on repeated exposure of bacteria to disinfectants. Our results show that repeated disinfection of E. coli with benzalkonium chloride in suspension results in a 2000-fold increase in survival within 5 exposure cycles. Adaption is linked to the initial presence of persister cells highly tolerant to benzalkonium chloride. We used the same approach to develop standardizable ALE experiments to determine resistance evolution to AMCs. The results highlight rapid adaptation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa towards copper surfaces. Moreover, there are multiple situations in the clinic or in the environment in which biocides and antibiotics co-occur and in which combination effects can shape their antimicrobial activity or their selective effects. Our work with P. aeruginosa shows prevalent combination effects of biocides and antibiotics, ranging from synergy to antagonism and resulting in the selection for or against antibiotic resistant strains. The combination effects are dependent on the biofilm mode-of-growth, manifesting in apparent differences in the structural arrangement of antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains in biofilms exposed to combinations. Furthermore, biocides affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer, thereby having a potential facilitating effect on resistance evolution. Taken together, our work shows that the role of biocides as potential drivers of resistance evolution and selection deserves further study and regulative action.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Eurobiofilms 2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">31.08.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Bacteria</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biofilms</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Antimicrobial surfaces</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Biocides as drivers for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This presentation provides an overview about how biocides drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance during application and as pollutants in the environment. The presentation shows that biocides can lead to heterogeneous killing, facilitating tolerance evolution. This evolution is related to decreased susceptibility to antibiotics and has potential for co-selection. In contrast, evolved tolerance can limit antibiotic evolvability via epistatic interactions. Moreover, biocides can co-select for antibiotic resistance in wastewater and affect rates of mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Biocides and antibiotics show strong combination effects with consequences for selection of antibiotic resistance.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Novel strategies and considerations in fighting pathogens</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Tartu, Estonia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.06.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial surfaces</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Biocides</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Antimicrobial resistance</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Standardization</value>
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    <title language="eng">Biocides as drivers for the Selection and evolution of antimicrobial resistance</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem with the environment being an important compartment for the evolution, selection and transmission of AMR. These processes are impacted by pollution with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial biocides used as disinfectants and material preservatives are major pollutants exceeding the antibiotic market in terms of chemical diversity and mass. The aim of our work is to understand the mechanisms and risks of biocides for resistance and antibiotic cross-resistance evolution in bacteria to optimize their application and safeguard their efficacy. We use adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, phenotypic characterization, single-cell analysis, whole genome sequencing, and competition experiments to investigate AMR evolution and selection of the model organism E. coli in the presence of biocides. Our work shows that biocides have the potential to affect evolutionary processes towards AMR by increasing the rates of de-novo mutation and conjugation. Importantly, widely used compounds such as chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) affect rates of mutation and conjugation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, we show that single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity regarding tolerance (persistence) determines survival against specific biocides including QACs and isopropanol. Mechanistic investigations reveal that known antibiotic persister mechanisms contribute to persister formation to biocides. The evolution of high-level tolerance to different biocides is linked to the initial persister level and the evolution of specific genetically encoded mechanisms related to properties of the cell envelope. Biocide-tolerant strains have a selective advantage in the presence of environmentally-relevant concentrations of antibiotics, which could lead to the stabilization of biocide tolerance in environments where biocides and antibiotics co-occur (e.g. wastewater, animal stables). Taken together, our work shows the importance of assessing the contribution of biocides on evolution and selection of AMR in the environment.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.06.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Frank Schreiber</author>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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