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  <doc>
    <id>53688</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>114113</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>203</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improved mechanical properties of cast Mg alloy welds via texture weakening by differential rotation refill friction stir spot welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Cast magnesium alloys welds produced by refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW) show low lap shear strength (LSS) and constantly fail in stirred zone (SZ) shear mode. The cause is most probably related to the heavily textured microstructure. Here, to re-engineer the resulting microstructure, we pro- pose a novel process variant, the differential rotation refill FSSW (DR-refill FSSW). DR-refill FSSW stim- ulates discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and produces a bimodal microstructure with weakened texture. Therefore, the deformation incompatibility between SZ and thermal-mechanically affected zone is avoided. The welds have 50% higher LSS than that of standard refill FSSW welds, and fail in a different failure mode, i.e., SZ pull-out mode. DR-refill FSSW provides a new and effective strategy for improving the performance of spot welds based on microstructural engineering.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scripta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114113</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-6462</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536885</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>B. Fu</author>
    <author>J. Shen</author>
    <author>U. Suhuddin</author>
    <author>T. Chen</author>
    <author>J. dos Santos</author>
    <author>B. Klusemann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Refill friction stir spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnesium Alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Texture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EBSD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plastic deformation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53688/Banglong_Scripta_2021_Improved mechanical properties.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53832</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Wire arc additive manufacturing with novel Al-Mg-Si filler wire - Assessment of weld quality and mechanical properties</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Wire arc additive manufacturing enables the production of near-net shape large-volume metallic components leveraging an established industrial base of welding and cladding technology and adapting it for layer-wise material deposition. However, the complex relationship between the process parameters and resulting mechanical properties of the components still remains challenging. In case of high-strength Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloys, no commercial filler wires are yet available due the high susceptibility of solidification cracking as well as the necessary efforts to obtain acceptable mechanical properties. To address this need, we evaluated a novel filler wire based on AlMg0.7Si doped with a Ti5B1 master alloy to foster fine equiaxed grains within the deposited metal. The correlation between the process parameters and component quality was examined by analyzing the size and distribution of pores as well as the grain morphology. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of different post-weld heat treatment strategies to achieve mechanical properties corresponding to the reference wrought material. We demonstrated that fine equiaxed grains in the weld metal reduced the susceptibility of solidification cracking significantly. The novel AlMg0.7Si-TiB (S Al 6063-TiB) filler wire facilitated wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength aluminum components with mechanical properties that were almost as superior as the corresponding wrought base material.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met11081243</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2075-4701</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538327</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.11.2021</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>René Winterkorn</author>
    <author>Andreas Pittner</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wire arc additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Precipitation hardening aluminum alloys</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AlMg0.7SiTiB filler wire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain refinement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical properties</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53832/WireArcAdditiveManufacturingWithNovelAlMgSiFillerWire.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53914</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>012003</issue>
    <volume>1135</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The bulging effect and its relevance in high power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present work deals with the recently confirmed widening of the weld pool interface, known as a bulging effect, and its relevance in high power laser beam welding. A combined experimental and numerical approach is utilized to study the influence of the bulge on the hot cracking formation and the transport of alloying elements in the molten pool. A technique using a quartz glass, a direct-diode laser illumination, a high-speed camera, and an infrared camera is applied to visualize the weld pool geometry in the longitudinal section. The study examines the relevance of the bulging effect on both, partial and complete penetration, as well as for different sheet thicknesses ranging from 8 mm to 25 mm. The numerical analysis shows that the formation of a bulge region is highly dependent on the penetration depth and occurs more frequently during partial penetration above 6 mm and complete penetration above 8 mm penetration depth, respectively. The location of the bulge correlates strongly with the cracking location. The obtained experimental and numerical results reveal that the bulging effect increases the hot cracking susceptibility and limits the transfer of alloying elements from the top of the weld pool to the weld root.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/1135/1/012003</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539149</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Nordic Laser Materials Processing Conference (18th NOLAMP)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.04.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High-power laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bulge effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-physical modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal mixing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53914/Artinov_2021_IOP_Conf._Ser.__Mater._Sci._Eng._1135_012003.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53923</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>012017</issue>
    <volume>1135</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of an external applied AC magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics at high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The study deals with the determination of the influence of an externally applied oscillating magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics in high power laser beam and hybrid laser arc welding processes. An AC magnet was positioned under the workpiece which is generating an upward directed electromagnetic force to counteract the formation of the droplets. To visualise the melt flow characteristics, several experiments were carried out using a special technique with mild steel from S355J2 with a plate thickness of up to 20 mm and a quartz glass in butt configuration. The profile of the keyhole and the melt flow were recorded with a highspeed camera from the glass side. Additionally, the influence of the magnetic field orientation to the welding direction on the filler material dilution on laser hybrid welding was studied with variating oscillation frequency. The element distribution over the whole seam thickness was measured with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The oscillation frequency demonstrated a great influence on the melt pool dynamics and the mixing of the elements of the filler wire. The highspeed recordings showed, under the influence of the magnetic field, that the melt is affected under strong vortex at the weld root, which also avoids the formation of droplets.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/1135/1/012017</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539231</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Nordic Laser Materials Processing Conference (18th NOLAMP)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.04.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AC magnetic field</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melt pool dynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Filler wire mixing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53923/Ustundag_2021_IOP_Conf_Ser__Mater_Sci_Eng_1135_012017.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>53924</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>012007</issue>
    <volume>2077</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the gap bridgeability at high-power laser hybrid welding of plasma-cut thick mild steels with AC magnetic support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">One of the challenges of the high-power hybrid laser welding of thick steels is the sensitivity of the process of the process to manufacturing tolerances. This usually leads to a time-consuming preparation of the welding edges, such as milling. The study deals with the influence of the edge quality of milled and plasma-cut steel made of S355J2 with a wall thickness of 20 mm on the laser hybrid welded seam quality. Furthermore, the gap bridgeability and the tolerances towards edge misalignment was investigated. An AC magnet was used as backing support to prevent sagging and positioned under the workpiece, to generate an upwards directed electromagnetic pressure. The profiles of the edges and the gap on the top and root side were measured using a digital camera. Single-pass laser hybrid welds of plasma-cut edges could be welded using a laser beam power of just 13.7 kW. A gap bridgeability up to 2 mm and misalignment of edges up to 2 mm could be achieved successful. Additionally, the independence of the cutting side and the welding side was shown, so that samples were welded to the opposite side to their cutting. For evaluation of internal defects or irregularities, X-ray images were carried out. Charpy impact strength tests were performed to determine the toughness of the welds.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Journal of Physics: Conference Series</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1742-6596/2077/1/012007</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539248</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">X International Conference «Beam Technologies &amp; Laser Application»</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser hybrid welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetic bath support</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Plasma-cut samples</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thick plate welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53924/Ustundag_2021_J_Phys__Conf_Ser_2077_012007.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56461</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>23</issue>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Retaining Mechanical Properties of GMA-Welded Joints of 9%Ni Steel Using Experimentally Produced Matching Ferritic Filler Metal</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Motivated by the loss of tensile strength in 9%Ni steel arc-welded joints performed using commercially available Ni-based austenitic filler metals, the viability of retaining tensile strength using an experimentally produced matching ferritic filler metal was confirmed. Compared to the austenitic Ni-based filler metal (685 MPa), higher tensile strength in gas metal arc (GMA) welded joints was achieved using a ferritic filler metal (749 MPa) due to its microstructure being similar to the base metal (645 MPa). The microstructure of hard martensite resulted in an impact energy of 71 J (-196 °C), which was two times higher than the specified minimum value of _&gt;34 J. The&#13;
tensile and impact strength of the welded joint is affected not only by its microstructure, but also by the degree of its mechanical mismatch depending on the type of filler metal. Welds with a harder microstructure and less mechanical mismatch are important for achieving an adequate combination of tensile strength and notched impact strength. This is achievable with the cost-effective ferritic filler metal. A more desirable combination of mechanical properties is guaranteed by applying low preheating temperature (200 °C), which is a more practicable and economical solution compared to the high post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature (580 °C) suggested by other research.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma15238538</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564610</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1996-1944</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.12.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. El-Batahgy</author>
    <author>M. Elkousy</author>
    <author>A. Al-Rahman</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>S. Gook</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>9%Ni steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ni-based austenitic filler metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical mismatching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microstructure</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Post-weld heat treatment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Preheating</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Matching ferritic filler metal</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56461/materials-15-08538.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56394</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>397</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>400</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>111</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of the weld pool geometry on solidification cracking in partial penetration high power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Solidification cracking is still a serious problem in laser beam welding, especially in the welding of thick-walled plates. The influence of weld pool geometry on solidification cracking in partial penetration welding of thick plates is investigated within scope of this study. Therefore, a specific experimental setup of steel and quartz glass in butt configuration and on the side with high-speed camera were used to record the weld pool shape. In addition, the influence of laser inclination angle on the weld pool geometry and on solidification crack formation was investigated. The results show a bulge in the weld pool root, which is separated from an upper region by a necking region. This leads to a case where there are three different longitudinal region lengths with different solidification zones. This temporal sequence of solidification strongly promotes the formation of solidification cracks in the weld root.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">12TH CIRP Conference on photonic technologies (LANE 2022)</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.174</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563940</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">12th CIRP Conference on photonic technologies (LANE 2022)</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Fürth, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Partial penetration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld pool shape</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56394/1-s2.0-S221282712201068X-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56373</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>462</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>465</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>111</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Improvement of Charpy impact toughness by using an AC magnet backing system for laser hybrid welding of thick S690QL steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The study deals with the influence of the heat input and the resulting cooling times on the microstructure and Charpy impact toughness of single-pass laser hybrid welded 20-mm thick high-strength steel S690QL. The main focus is on the change of the mechanical properties over the entire seam thickness. The cooling times were measured in-situ using a pyrometer and an optical fibre in three different depths of the seam where Charpy impact test specimens were also later taken. Thereby, three different heat inputs from 1.3 kJ/mm to 2 kJ/mm were investigated. Despite the observed decreased values of both t8/5-cooling time and the Charpy impact toughness in the root part of the seam, the required impact toughness of 38 J/cm2 could be reached in dependance on applied heat input, especially at the heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia CIRP</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.067</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563731</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">12th CIRP conference on photonic technologies [lane 2022]</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Fürth, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thick-plate welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser hybrid welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electromagnetic backing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charpy impact toughness</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal cycles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56373/1-s2.0-S2212827122009465-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58089</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>16</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Process Setup and Boundaries of Wire Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Aluminum Bronze</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In recent years, in addition to the commonly known wire-based processes of Directed Energy Deposition using lasers, a process variant using the electron beam has also developed to industrial market maturity. The process variant offers particular potential for processing highly conductive, reflective or oxidation-prone materials. However, for industrial usage, there is a lack of comprehensive data on performance, limitations and possible applications. The present study bridges the gap using the example of the high-strength aluminum bronze CuAl8Ni6. Multi-stage test welds are used to determine the limitations of the process and to draw conclusions about the suitability of the parameters for additive manufacturing. For this purpose, optimal ranges for energy input, possible welding speeds and the scalability of the process were investigated. Finally, additive test specimens in the form of cylinders and walls are produced, and the hardness profile, microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. It is found that the material CuAl8Ni6 can be well processed using wire electron beam additive manufacturing. The microstructure is similar to a cast structure, the hardness profile over the height of the specimens is constant, and the tensile strength&#13;
and elongation at fracture values achieved the specification of the raw material.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met13081416</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580890</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.09.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>J. Raute</author>
    <author>M. Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wire electron beam additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminum bronze</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wire-based additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EBAM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DED-EB</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58089/metals-13-01416.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58042</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>11</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the LME Susceptibility of Dual Phase Steel with Different Zinc Coatings</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The application of anti-corrosion coated, high-strength steels in the automotive industry has increased in recent years. In combination with various zinc-based surface coatings, liquid metal embrittlement cracking can be observed in some of these materials. A high-quality, crack-free spot-welded joint is essential to realize the lightweight potential of the materials. In this work, the LME susceptibility of different coatings, which will be determined by the crack length and the occurrence rate, will be investigated using a welding under external load setup. The uncoated specimens did not show any LME. EG, GI and GA showed significantly less LME than ZM coatings. The latter coatings showed much larger crack lengths than the EG, GI and GA coatings. Furthermore, two mechanisms regarding the LME occurrence rate were observed: the occurrence of LME in zinc–magnesium coatings was theorized to be driven by the material properties of the coatings, whereas the occurrence of LME at EG, GI and GA samples was forced mainly by the application of the external tensile load.&#13;
In the experimental setup of this work, the materials were exposed to unusually high mechanical loads (up to 80% of their yield strength) to evoke LME cracks.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met13050890</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580428</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.08.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>B. El-Sari</author>
    <author>M. Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Widerstandspunktschweißen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hochfester Stahl</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Metal Embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flüssigmetallinduzierte Rissbildung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zink</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AHSS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58042/metals-13-00890.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57678</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition>13</edition>
    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A General Analytical Solution for Two-Dimensional Columnar Crystal Growth during Laser Beam Welding of Thin Steel Sheets</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A technique for calculating the main solidification parameters for a two-dimensional columnar crystal growth during complete penetration laser beam welding of thin steel sheets was developed. Given that the weld pool interface is described by Lamé curves (superellipses) within the horizontal plane of growth, general analytical solutions were derived for the geometry of the crystal axis and the corresponding growth rate and cross-sectional area of the crystal. A dimensionless analysis was performed to provide insights on the dependence of the solidification parameters on the shape and dimensions of the rear part of the weld pool boundary. The derived solutions were applied for the case of complete penetration laser beam keyhole welding of 2 mm thick 316L austenitic chromium-nickel steel sheets. It was shown that the reconstruction of the weld pool boundary with Lamé curves provides higher accuracy and flexibility compared to results obtained with elliptical functions. The validity of the proposed technique and the derived analytical solutions was backed up by a comparison of the obtained solutions to known analytical solutions and experimentally determined shapes and sizes of the crystals on the top surface of the sheet. The dimensions of the calculated crystal axis correlated well with the experimentally obtained results.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app13106249</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576788</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>V. Karkhin</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>General analytical solutions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Two-dimensional solidification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Columnar crystal growth</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lamé curves</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57678/applsci-13-06249-v2 (1).pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59484</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Numerical and experimental assessment of liquid metal embrittlement in externally loaded spot welds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Zinc-based surface coatings are widely applied with high-strength steels in automotive industry. Some of these base materials show an increased brittle cracking risk during loading. It is necessary to examine electrogalvanized and uncoated samples of a high strength steel susceptible to liquid metal embrittlement during spot welding with applied external load. Therefore, a newly developed tensile test method with a simultaneously applied spot weld is conducted. A fully coupled 3D electrical, thermal, metallurgical and mechanical finite element model depicting the resistant spot welding process combined with the tensile test conducted is mandatory to correct geometric influences of the sample geometry and provides insights into the sample’s time dependent local loading. With increasing external loads, the morphology of the brittle cracks formed is affected more than the crack depth. The validated finite element model applies newly developed damage indicators to predict and explain the liquid metal embrittlement cracking onset and development as well as even ductile failure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01696-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594848</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Konstantin Manuel Prabitz</author>
    <author>Thomas Antretter</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>Bassel El-Sari</author>
    <author>Holger Schubert</author>
    <author>Benjamin Hilpert</author>
    <author>Martin Gruber</author>
    <author>Robert Sierlinger</author>
    <author>Werner Ecker</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Finite element simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Advanced high-strength steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Damage prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tensile resistance spot welding experiment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59484/s40194-024-01696-7.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Efficient bead-on-plate weld model for parameter estimation towards effective wire arc additive manufacturing simulation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Despite the advances in hardware and software techniques, standard numerical methods fail in providing real-time simulations, especially for complex processes such as additive manufacturing applications. A real-time simulation enables process control through the combination of process monitoring and automated feedback, which increases the flexibility and quality of a process. Typically, before producing a whole additive manufacturing structure, a simplified experiment in the form of a beadon-plate experiment is performed to get a first insight into the process and to set parameters suitably. In this work, a reduced order model for the transient thermal problem of the bead-on-plate weld simulation is developed, allowing an efficient model calibration and control of the process. The proposed approach applies the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) method, a popular model order reduction technique, to decrease the computational effort of each model evaluation required multiple times in parameter estimation, control, and optimization. The welding torch is modeled by a moving heat source, which leads to difficulties separating space and time, a key ingredient in PGD simulations. A novel approach for separating space and time is applied and extended to 3D problems allowing the derivation of an efficient separated representation of the temperature.&#13;
The results are verified against a standard finite element model showing excellent agreement. The reduced order model is also leveraged in a Bayesian model parameter estimation setup, speeding up calibrations and ultimately leading to an optimized real-time simulation approach for welding experiment using synthetic as well as real measurement data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-024-01700-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596502</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Dominic Strobl</author>
    <author>Jörg F. Unger</author>
    <author>C. Ghnatios</author>
    <author>Alexander Klawoon</author>
    <author>Andreas Pittner</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>Annika Robens-Radermacher</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Proper generalized decomposition</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Model order reduction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hardly separable problem</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Model calibration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wire arc additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59650/2024_Strobl_Efficient_bead-on-plate_weld_model_for_parameter_e.pdf</file>
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    <title language="eng">Using ultrasonic atomization to recycle aluminium bronze chips for additive laser directed energy deposition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Abstract&#13;
 In the post-processing of large maritime components, a considerable amount of waste in the form of milling and grinding chips is produced. At the same time, additive manufacturing technologies have shown great potential in producing high-volume parts for maritime applications, allowing novel design approaches and short lead times. In this context, this study presents a sustainable approach to recycle and use aluminium bronze waste material, generated during post-processing of large cast ship propellers, as feedstock for laser-powder directed energy deposition. The recycling technology used to produce powder batches is inductive re-melting in combination with ultrasonic atomization. The derived metal powders are characterized using digital image analysis, powder flowability tests, scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared to conventional metal powders produced by gas atomization, the recycled material shows excellent sphericity and a powder size distribution with a higher content of finer and coarser particles. Metallographic sections of deposited additively produced specimens show an increased hardness and reduced ductility, but also competitive densities and higher yield and ultimate tensile strength compared to cast material. The process chain shows high potential for the maritime sector to enable circular and sustainable manufacturing.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1757-899X/1296/1/012036</identifier>
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The derived metal powders are characterized using digital image analysis, powder flowability tests, scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Compared to conventional metal powders produced by gas atomization, the recycled material shows excellent sphericity and a powder size distribution with a higher content of finer and coarser particles. Metallographic sections of deposited additively produced specimens show an increased hardness and reduced ductility, but also competitive densities and higher yield and ultimate tensile strength compared to cast material. The process chain shows high potential for the maritime sector to enable circular and sustainable manufacturing.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899x\/1296\/1\/012036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T08:49:27Z","timestamp":1703580567000},"page":"012036","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using ultrasonic atomization to recycle aluminium bronze chips for additive laser directed energy deposition"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"1296","author":[{"given":"Vinzenz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janek Maria","family":"Fasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kl\u00f6tzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Kleba-Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Choma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Max","family":"Biegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rethmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"266","reference":[{"key":"MSE_1296_1_012036bib1","author":"Callcut","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aluminum Bronzes: Metallurgy of Copper &amp; 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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vinzenz Müller</author>
    <author>Janek Maria Fasselt</author>
    <author>Tobias Kruse</author>
    <author>Christian Klötzer</author>
    <author>Rafael Kleba-Ehrhardt</author>
    <author>Tomasz Choma</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59444/mueller 2023 NOLAMP19.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56242</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>042023-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>042023-8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>34</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Laser Institute of America</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Orlando, Fla.</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of the free surface reconstruction on the spatial laser energy distribution in high power laser beam welding modeling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">An accurate and efficient description of the spatial distribution of laser energy is a crucial factor for the modeling of laser material processing, e.g., laser welding, laser cutting, or laser-based additive manufacturing. In this study, a 3D heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with the volume-of-fluid algorithm for free surface tracking is developed for the simulation of molten pool dynamics in high-power laser beam welding. The underlying laser-material interactions, i.e., the multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption, are considered by a raytracing method. Two strategies of free surface reconstruction used in the ray-tracing method are investigated: a typical piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC)-based method and a novel localized level-set method. The PLIC-based method is discrete, resulting in noncontinuous free surface reconstruction. In the localized level-set method, a continuous free surface is reconstructed, and, thus, the exact reflection points can be determined. The calculated spatial laser energy distribution and the corresponding molten pool dynamics from the two methods are analyzed and compared. The obtained numerical results are evaluated with experimental measurements to assure the validity of the proposed model. It is found that distinct patterns of the beam multiple reflections are obtained with the different free surface reconstructions, which shows significant influence not only on the molten pool behaviors but also on the localized keyhole dynamics.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0000739</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-346X</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562429</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">14.11.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser energy distribution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld pool dynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ray teacing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56242/Meng-2022-Influence of the free surface recons.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60784</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>77</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>86</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>394</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>DVS Media GmbH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Düsseldorf</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental and numerical investigations of suppression mechanisms by an oscillating magnetic field on process porosity during laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) technology is recognized as a promising approach for improving the quality of deep penetration laser beam welding. This study employs experimental and numerical methods to investigate the effects of an auxiliary oscillating magnetic field on reducing porosity in the laser beam welding of 5754&#13;
aluminum alloy. The experimental results clearly demonstrate a significant reduction of 97% in the porosity ratio of the welded joints applied with an oscillating magnetic field compared to those without magnetic field, thereby validating the efficiency of applying MHD technology in mitigating porosity during the laser beam welding process. In addition, a transient 3D multi-physical model has been developed, integrating the MHD model and metal vapor plume, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the porosity suppression mechanism. The weld pool shape is significantly widened and enlarged because of the Lorentz force, which facilitates the escape of gas bubbles. Meanwhile, the introduction of an  oscillating magnetic field generates a time-averaged downward Lorentz force. This averaged downward Lorentz force, in turn, enhances and stables the downward fluid flow, which hinders the bubble backward movement. Meanwhile, this averaged downward Lorentz force induces an upward electromagnetic expulsive force on the bubble, which effectively increases the upward escape velocity of bubbles in the weld pool. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">44. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96144-267-6</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.dvs-media.eu/de/neuerscheinungen/4671/44.-assistentenseminar-fuegetechnik</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">44. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Päwesin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">20.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">22.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetohydrodynamic technology</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Porosity defect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56645</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>24</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Life Cycle Assessment of Fusion Welding Processes - A Case Study of Resistance Spot Welding Versus Laser Beam Welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The high amount of resource consumption of fusion welding processes offers the potential to reduce their environmental impact. While the driving forces are known froma qualitative perspective, the quantitative assessment of the crucial parameters is not a trivial task. Therefore, herein, a welding-specific methodology to utilize life cycle assessment as a tool for evaluating the environmental impact of fusion welding processes is presented. In this context, two welding processes, resistance spot welding and laser beam welding, are analyzed for two different use cases.&#13;
These comprise the welding of shear test specimens and a cap profile made of electrogalvanized sheets of DC 05þ ZE (1.0312) as representative of an automotive application. For both welding processes, the main influences on the resulting environmental impact categories are evaluated and compared. The requirements for ecological efficient welding processes are discussed and implemented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Advanced Engineering Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/adem.202101343</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1438-1656</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-566458</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.12.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Andreas Pittner</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbon dioxide footprint</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Environmental impact categories</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Life cycle assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56645/Pittner_AdvEngMater-2022-LifeCycleAssessmentofWelding.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57056</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Strain Prediction Using Deep Learning during Solidification Crack Initiation and Growth in Laser Beam Welding of Thin Metal Sheets</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The strain field can reflect the initiation time of solidification cracks during the welding process. The traditional strain measurement is to first obtain the displacement field through digital image correlation (DIC) or optical flow and then calculate the strain field. The main disadvantage is that the calculation takes a long time, limiting its suitability to real-time applications. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made impressive achievements in computer vision.&#13;
To build a good prediction model, the network structure and dataset are two key factors. In this paper, we first create the training and test sets containing welding cracks using the controlled tensile weldability (CTW) test and obtain the real strain fields through the Lucas–Kanade algorithm. Then, two new networks using ResNet and DenseNet as encoders are developed for strain prediction, called StrainNetR and StrainNetD. The results show that the average endpoint error (AEE) of the two networks on our test set is about 0.04, close to the real strain value. The computation time could be reduced to the millisecond level, which would greatly improve efficiency.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app13052930</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570565</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.04.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>W. Huo</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>K. Wolter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Convolutional neural network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Strain fields prediction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57056/applsci-13-02930-v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
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    <title language="eng">Detection of solidification crack formation in laser beam welding videos of sheet metal using neural networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractLaser beam welding has become widely applied in many industrial fields in recent years. Solidification cracks remain one of the most common welding faults that can prevent a safe welded joint. In civil engineering, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully used to detect cracks in roads and buildings by analysing images of the constructed objects. These cracks are found in static objects, whereas the generation of a welding crack is a dynamic process. Detecting the formation of cracks as early as possible is greatly important to ensure high welding quality. In this study, two end-to-end models based on long short-term memory and three-dimensional convolutional networks (3D-CNN) are proposed for automatic crack formation detection. To achieve maximum accuracy with minimal computational complexity, we progressively modify the model to find the optimal structure. The controlled tensile weldability test is conducted to generate long videos used for training and testing. The performance of the proposed models is compared with the classical neural network ResNet-18, which has been proven to be a good transfer learning model for crack detection. The results show that our models can detect the start time of crack formation earlier, while ResNet-18 only detects cracks during the propagation stage.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Challenges in dynamic heat source modeling in high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The amount of absorbed energy in the keyhole as well as its spatial and temporal distribution is essential to model the laser beam welding process. The recoil pressure, which develops because of the evaporation process induced by the absorbed laser energy at the keyhole wall, is a key determining factor for the macroscopic flow of the molten metal in the weld pool during high-power laser beam welding. Consequently, a realistic implementation of the effect of laser radiation on the weld metal is crucial to obtain reliable and accurate simulation results. In this paper, we discuss manyfold different improvements on the laser-material interaction, namely, the ray tracing method, in the numerical simulation of the laser beam welding process. The first improvement relates to locating the exact reflection points in the ray tracing method using a so-called cosine condition in the determination algorithm for the intersection of reflected rays and the keyhole surface. A second correction refers to the numerical treatment of the Gaussian distribution of the laser beam, whose beam width is defined by a decay of the laser intensity by a factor of 1/e2, thus ignoring around 14% of the total laser beam energy. In the third step, the changes in the laser radiation distribution in the vertical direction were adapted by using different approximations for the converging and the diverging regions of the laser beam, thus mimicking the beam caustic. Finally, a virtual mesh refinement was adopted in the ray tracing routine. The obtained numerical results were validated with experimental measurements.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
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The recoil pressure, which develops because of the evaporation process induced by the absorbed laser energy at the keyhole wall, is a key determining factor for the macroscopic flow of the molten metal in the weld pool during high-power laser beam welding. Consequently, a realistic implementation of the effect of laser radiation on the weld metal is crucial to obtain reliable and accurate simulation results. In this paper, we discuss manyfold different improvements on the laser-material interaction, namely, the ray tracing method, in the numerical simulation of the laser beam welding process. The first improvement relates to locating the exact reflection points in the ray tracing method using a so-called cosine condition in the determination algorithm for the intersection of reflected rays and the keyhole surface. A second correction refers to the numerical treatment of the Gaussian distribution of the laser beam, whose beam width is defined by a decay of the laser intensity by a factor of 1\/e2, thus ignoring around 14% of the total laser beam energy. In the third step, the changes in the laser radiation distribution in the vertical direction were adapted by using different approximations for the converging and the diverging regions of the laser beam, thus mimicking the beam caustic. Finally, a virtual mesh refinement was adopted in the ray tracing routine. The obtained numerical results were validated with experimental measurements.&lt;\/jats:p&gt;","DOI":"10.2351\/7.0001079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T13:05:54Z","timestamp":1694005554000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenges in dynamic heat source modeling in high-power laser beam welding"],"prefix":"10.2351","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 1 , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Artinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 1 , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangmeng","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 1 , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7114-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Nugraha","family":"Putra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 1 , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Rethmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -pr\u00fcfung (BAM) 1 , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management, Technical University Berlin 2 , Pascalstra\u00dfe 8-9, Berlin 10587, Germany"},{"name":"Joining and Coating Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology 3 , Pascalstra\u00dfe 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1208","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090613052697600_c1","first-page":"492","article-title":"Penetration welding with lasers","volume":"52","year":"1973","journal-title":"Weld. 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Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Laser Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/lia\/jla\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2351\/7.0001079\/18112869\/042003_1_7.0001079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/lia\/jla\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.2351\/7.0001079\/18112869\/042003_1_7.0001079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T13:06:01Z","timestamp":1694005561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/jla\/article\/35\/4\/042003\/2909802\/Challenges-in-dynamic-heat-source-modeling-in-high"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2351\/7.0001079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-346X","1938-1387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-346X","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-1387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Instrumentation","Biomedical Engineering","Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics","Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser energy distribution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ray tracing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
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    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
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    <issue>10</issue>
    <volume>13</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">The Identification of a New Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) Type in Resistance Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength Steels on Reduced Flange Widths</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking is a phenomenon observed during resistance spot welding (RSW) of zinc􀀀coated advanced high􀀀strength steels (AHSS) in automotive manufacturing. In this study, severe cracks are observed at the edge of the sheet under reduced flange widths. These cracks, traversing the AHSS sheet, culminate at the edge with a width of approximately 1.2 mm.&#13;
Through combined numerical and experimental investigations, and material testing, these cracks are identified and validated as a new type of LME crack. The mechanism behind this crack formation is attributed to unique geometric conditions that, when compared to center welding, amplify radial material flow by ninefold to 0.87 mm. The resultant tangential tensile stresses approximate 760 MPa, which exceed the yield strength of the examined advanced high􀀀strength steel (AHSS) under heightened temperature conditions, and when combined with liquid zinc, promote the formation of this new type of LME crack.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met13101754</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586940</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.03.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>K. Yang</author>
    <author>G. Meschut</author>
    <author>G. Seitz</author>
    <author>M. Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid metal embrittlement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Advanced high strength steels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resistance spot welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flange width</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58694/metals-13-01754.pdf</file>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>35</volume>
    <type>article</type>
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    <publisherPlace>Melville, NY</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Numerical analysis of the effect of an oscillating metal vapor plume on the keyhole and molten pool behavior during deep penetration laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The effect of the oscillating metal vapor plume on the keyhole and molten pool behavior during the laser beam welding of AlMg3 aluminum alloys is investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The real-time height of the metal vapor plume is measured by high-speed camera observation. The obtained experimental results are used to evaluate the additional heating source and laser beam attenuation caused by the scattering and absorption based on the Beer–Lambert theory. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the metal vapor plume is incorporated into a 3D transient heat transfer and fluid flow model, coupled with the ray tracing method, for the laser beam welding of the AlMg3 alloy. It is found that additional heating resulting from the scattered and absorbed laser beam energy by the metal vapor plume significantly expands the shape of the molten pool on the top region. Moreover, the oscillating metal vapor plume caused the fluctuation of the high-temperature region in the molten pool. The probability of keyhole collapse at the bottom increases 17% due to the oscillating laser power induced by the laser beam attenuation. The internal interplay between the metal vapor plume, molten pool shape, and keyhole collapse is obtained. The developed model has been validated by experiments, which shows a good agreement.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0001094</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587978</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1938-1387</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-346X</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep penetration laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Oscillating vapor plume</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole collapse</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>35</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Experimental and numerical study on grain refinement in electromagnetic assisted laser beam welding of 5754 Al alloy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Through experimental observation and auxiliary numerical simulation, this investigation studies the different types of grain refinement of 5754 aluminum alloy laser beam welding by applying a transverse oscillating magnetic field. Scanning electron microscope results have proved that the application of a magnetic field can reduce the average crystal branch width and increase its number. The interaction between the induced eddy current generated by the Seebeck effect and the applied external magnetic field produces a Lorentz force, which is important for the increase in the number of crystal branches. Based on the theory of dendrite fragmentation and the magnetic field-induced branches increment, the grain size reduction caused by the magnetic field is studied. Furthermore, the effects of the magnetic field are analyzed by combining a phase field method model and simulations of nucleation and grain growth. The grain distribution and average grain&#13;
size after welding verify the reliability of the model. In addition, the introduction of a magnetic field can increase the number of periodic three-dimensional solidification patterns. In the intersection of two periods of solidification patterns, the metal can be re-melted and then re-solidified, which prevents the grains, that have been solidified and formed previously, from further growth and generates some small cellular grains in the new fusion line. The magnetic field increases the building frequency of these solidification structures and thus promotes this kind of grain refinement.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0001085</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584905</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-346X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.10.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Chunliang Yang</author>
    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetic field</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crystal branch development</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grain refinement</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Periodic solidification pattern</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58490/042007_1_7.0001085.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58173</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of edge‑deposited layers on mechanical and corrosion  properties of laser beam welds of 15 mm thick AISI 2205 duplex  stainless steel</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel is used in a variety of industries, including the chemical and petrochemical industries. This is due to its high tensile strength combined with good ductility and corrosion resistance. However, in laser beam welding, these properties are negatively afected by the high cooling rates typical of the welding process. The resulting higher ferrrite content in the weld metal than in the base material leads to a reduction in the ductility and corrosion resistance of the welded joint. To overcome this problem, in this study, thick plates were coated by direct energy deposition (DED) prior to laser beam welding, whereas a duplex powder mixture containing a higher nickel concentration was used as a coating material. To improve the weld quality for the proposed two-step process, a method of additional material deposition instead of conventional tack weld was investigated. The resulting welded joints showed a well-balanced austenite to ferrite ratio and their properties and microstructure were verifed by metallographic analysis, electron backscatter difraction and Charpy impact testing. Using the standard ASTM G48 test method, it was found that the corrosion resistance of the welds was improved by a factor of four in average compared to the conventionally welded joints. The resulting properties, such as good ductility and corrosion resistance, of the welds with pre-coated edges showed good agreement with those of the base metal and confrmed the proposed two-step process as a promising alternative to the conventional approaches for welding thick duplex stainless steel plates.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://rdcu.be/dlb6E</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-023-01567-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-2288</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581731</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Duplex steels</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58173/s40194-023-01567-7.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60089</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>26</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A Physically Motivated Heat Source Model for Laser Beam Welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this contribution, we present a physically motivated heat source model for the numerical modeling of laser beam welding processes. Since the calibration of existing heat source models, such as the conic or Goldak model, is difficult, the representation of the heat source using so-called Lamé curves has been established, relying on prior Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.&#13;
Lamé curves, which describe the melting isotherm, are used in a subsequent finite-element (FE) simulation to define a moving Dirichlet boundary condition, which prescribes a constant temperature in the melt pool. As an alternative to this approach, we developed a physically motivated heat source model, which prescribes the heat input as a body load directly. The new model also relies on prior CFD simulations to identify the melting isotherm. We demonstrate numerical results of the new heat source model on boundary-value problems from the field of laser beam welding and compare it with the prior CFD simulation and the results of the Lamé curve model and experimental data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met14040430</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600899</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.05.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Philipp Hartwig</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Lisa Scheunemann</author>
    <author>Jörg Schröder</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Welding simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat source models</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60089/paper_3.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64170</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer International Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Cham</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Electron Beam Bonding: A novel method for joining additively manufactured carbon fiber thermoplastic composites with aluminum to produce multi-material joints for lightweight applications</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In recent years, new solutions have been explored to reduce the weight of components for the automotive, railway, and aerospace industries. For this reason, Carbon Fiber Composites (CFCs) have increasingly replaced metals in products that need to be lightweight. However, due to their poor thermal conductivity, CFCs have limited use in applications requiring efficient heat dissipation. In such applications, conventionally manufactured metal alloys are typically utilized. To address these limitations, a novel approach using a combination of additively manufactured aluminum and CFCs is proposed to exploit the distinct advantages of both materials. These innovative hybrid structures aim to combine good structural and thermal management properties with reduced weight compared to conventionally produced metal products. In this study, additively manufactured aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) and short carbon fiber Polyamide 6 composite (sCF-PA6) are utilized to produce metal–polymer pairs using electron beam energy to bond the two materials. Direct irradiation of short CFCs with electron beam leads to polymer degradation. Thus, a novel method “Electron Beam Bonding” for joining CFCs with aluminum alloy in various joint configurations using electron beam technology is demonstrated. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for creating metal–polymer multi-materials for lightweight applications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Progress in Additive Manufacturing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2363-9512</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40964-025-01206-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641705</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus_doi_flag">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefDocumentType">journal-article</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_crossrefLicence">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="local_import_origin">crossref</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">doi-import</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.09.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Aybike Yalçınyüz</author>
    <author>Julius Raute</author>
    <author>Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez</author>
    <author>Eujin Pei</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electron beam bonding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lightweight</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufactured materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Short carbon fiber composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AlSi10Mg</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Joining</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/64170/s40964-025-01206-1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51278</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>5</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>94</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">On the relationship between the bulge effect and the hot cracking formation during deep penetration laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Recent studies have confirmed the widening of the weld pool interface, known as a bulge effect, during deep penetration high power laser beam welding. The link between such geometric particularities of the weld pool shape and the hot cracking phenomena is significant. The present work seeks to extend the level of understanding by investigating their relationship. A coupled multiphysics, multiscale numerical framework is developed, comprising a series of subsequent analyses. The study examines the influences of the bulge on the three most dominant effects causing hot cracking, namely the thermal cycles, the mechanical loading, and the local microstructure. The bulge in the weld pool shape forms approximately in the middle of the plate, thus correlating with the location of hot cracking. It increases the hot cracking susceptibility by enhancing the three dominant effects. The numerical results are backed up by experimental data.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia CIRP</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.002</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2212-8271</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512783</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020]</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>V. Karkhin</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hot cracking</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bulge effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep penetration</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51278/Keynote_Artinov_LANE_2020.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50768</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>022042-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>022042-8</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>32</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Laser Institute of America (LIA)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Lamé curve approximation for the assessment of the 3D temperature distribution in keyhole mode welding processes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A novel approach for the reconstruction of an equivalent volumetric heat source from a known weld pool shape is proposed. It is based on previously obtained weld pool geometries from a steady-state thermo-fluid dynamics simulation. Hereby, the weld pool dimensions are obtained under consideration of the most crucial physical phenomena, such as phase transformations, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection, and temperature-dependent material properties. The algorithm provides a time and calibration efficient way for the reproduction of the weld pool shape by local Lamé curves. By adjusting their parameters, the identification of the finite elements located within the weld pool is enabled. The heat input due to the equivalent heat source is assured by replacing the detected nodes’ temperature by the melting temperature. The model offers variable parameters making it flexible and adaptable for a wide range of workpiece thicknesses and materials and allows for the investigation of transient thermal effects, e.g., the cooling stage of the workpiece. The calculation times remain acceptably short especially when compared to a fully coupled process simulation. The computational results are in good agreement with performed complete-penetration laser beam welding experiments.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">AIP Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0000076</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">03.06.2020</enrichment>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>V. Karkhin</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lamé curves approximation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Equivalent heat source</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal cycles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole mode welding</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59639</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>rus</language>
    <pageFirst>31</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>36</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>5</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Simulation of solidification during keyhole laser welding of thick plates</title>
    <title language="rus">Моделирование процесса кристаллизациипри лазерной сварке со сквозным &#13;
проплавлением пластин большой толщины</title>
    <abstract language="rus">A method of solving the thermo-fluid dynamics problem is presented, enabling the prediction of the shape and dimensions of the weld pool during keyhole laser welding of thick plates. It is shown that the rear weld pool boundary can be satisfactorily approximated by a set of superellipses (Lamé curves). The presence of a convex rear weld pool boundary in the mid-plane has been observed experimentally and reproduced numerically. It was shown that in this zone the concentration of liquating impurities increases and the local solidification temperature decreases, contributing to the susceptibility to hot cracking.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="rus">СВАРОЧНОЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВО</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.34641/SP.2023.1062.5.041</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
    <author>Victor Karkhin</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>rus</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>rus</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Three-dimensional crystallization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>rus</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mathematical modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>rus</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Superellipse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>rus</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thick steel plates</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59901</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>152</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>doctoralthesis</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">On the mathematical analysis of the relationship between the bulging region and the centerline solidification cracking in laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The present Ph.D. thesis provides a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the bulging-cracking relationship in laser beam welding of thick unalloyed steel sheets. It focuses on experimentally proving the existence of the bulging region and on developing a coupled multiphysics mathematical framework to analyze its influence on the three critical factors controlling the susceptibility to solidification cracking, namely the thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical factors.&#13;
The research employs a novel experimental setup, utilizing a combination of transparent quartz glass and thick unalloyed steel sheet, enabling real-time visualization of the weld pool geometry and confirming the existence of a distinctive bulging region. To deepen the understanding of these experimental insights, an extensive multiphysics mathematical framework was developed and rigorously verified and validated. This framework introduces an innovative approach using Lamé curves for accurately describing complex three-dimensional weld pool geometries, including the bulging region's characteristics. Through analytical solutions and numerical procedures, it facilitates the computation of solidification parameters, which are crucial for understanding the metallurgical aspects of crack formation. The framework also incorporates a mechanical model to assess and evaluate the local stress distribution within the bulging region.&#13;
The findings indicate that an elongated, sharply shaped bulging region significantly increases the susceptibility to solidification cracking. This is attributed to its adverse impact on the distribution and local dwell time of liquid metal residing at grain boundaries during solidification, combined with the localized tensile stresses identified in the bulging region.&#13;
In essence, this research contributes to the broader understanding of solidification cracking in laser beam welding of thick unalloyed steel sheets, with a particular focus on the bulging region. The insights and methodologies developed in this thesis are valuable for future research and advancements in the application of the laser beam welding technology for joining high-thickness unalloyed steel components.</abstract>
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    <author>Antoni Artinov</author>
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      <value>Bulging effect</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Centerline solidification cracking</value>
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      <value>Mathematical modeling</value>
    </subject>
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      <value>Structural steel</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High power laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Laser Metal Deposition of Rene 80—Microstructure and Solidification Behavior Modelling</title>
    <abstract language="eng">New developments in nickel-based superalloys and production methods, such as the use of additive manufacturing (AM), can result in innovative designs for turbines. It is crucial to understand how the material behaves during the AM process to advance the industrial use of these techniques. An analytical model based on reaction–diffusion formalism is developed to better explain the solidification behavior of the material during laser metal deposition (LMD). The well-known Scheil–Gulliver theory has some drawbacks, such as the assumption of equilibrium at the solid–liquid interface, which is addressed by this method. The solidified fractions under the Scheil model and the pure equilibrium model are calculated using CALPHAD simulations. A differential scanning calorimeter is used to measure the heat flow during the solid–liquid phase transformation, the result of which is further converted to solidified fractions. The analytical model is compared with all the other models for validation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Micromachines</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/mi15101234</identifier>
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    <author>Krishnanand Srinivasan</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
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    </subject>
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    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nickel‐based superalloy</value>
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    <title language="eng">Determination of critical local straining conditions for solidification cracking at laser beam welding by experimental and numerical methods</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AbstractThe phenomenon of solidification cracking has been the subject of numerous research projects over the years. Great efforts have been made to understand the fundamentals of hot cracking. It is generally agreed that solidification cracks form in the solidification range between the liquidus and solidus temperatures under the combination of thermal, metallurgical and mechanical factors. There is still a need to determine the time‐resolved strain distribution in the crack‐sensitive region in order to analyse the local critical conditions for solidification cracking phenomena. This was a strong motivation for the development of a measurement system used in this study to estimate the local strains and strain rates in the zone where the solidification crack is expected to occur. The laser beam welding experiments were conducted using the Controlled‐Tensile‐Weldability test (CTW test) to apply an external strain condition during welding to generate solidification cracks. The CTW test is a test method for investigating the susceptibility of laser‐welded joints to solidification cracking, in which the sample can be subjected to a defined strain at a defined strain rate during welding.In combination with experimental investigations, numerical simulations provide spatially detailed and time‐dependent information about the strain development during the welding process, especially regarding the critical conditions for solidification cracking. Therefore, this tool was also used in the present study to evaluate the accuracy of measurement methods and to estimate experimentally derived values and their concrete influence on the formation of solidification cracks. By integrating experimental methods and numerical simulations, this study investigates the spatially resolved and temporally changing development of strain during welding, with a particular focus on the critical conditions that lead to the formation of solidification cracks. The use of numerical simulations serves a dual purpose by validating the accuracy of measurement methods and examining experimentally determined values for their actual influence on the formation of solidification cracks. A three‐dimensional finite element (FE) model implemented with ANSYS is used to simulate strains and stresses during welding. The credibility of the model was first established by validation using experimental temperature measurements. Subsequently, structural simulations were carried out under external load. The results of the simulations showed commendable agreement with the strain measurements performed using the developed technique.</abstract>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
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    <title language="eng">Single pass laser vacuum welding of thick steel plates using electromagnetic support</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The increasing demand for renewable energy produced by offshore wind turbines goes along with an increased demand in the production of offshore wind turbine foundations, so called “monopiles”, which are made by joining thick metal sheets. The industrial standard of multi-layer submerged arc welding (SAW) for joining of thick metal sheets is the current bottleneck in the production of monopiles. A possible increase in productivity by the implementation of high-power laser welding in a newly developed mobile vacuum chamber (MoVac) and an electromagnetic root support is the subject of this study. Single run butt welds are performed in flat position on S355 mild steel of thicknesses up to 80 mm using a disc laser system with 1030 nm wavelength and a maximum output of 60 kW. The laser optic is fixed on the MoVac-System which is held and manipulated by an articulated robot.</abstract>
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Electromagnet Assisted Laser-GMA Welding of Thick Walled Structural Steels and its Influence on the Weld Seam Properties. 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    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Ömer Üstündağ</author>
    <author>Till Pelz</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Benjamin Gerhards</author>
    <author>Markus Schleser</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser welding with mobile vacuum</value>
    </subject>
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    <title language="eng">Two-colour thermography for measurement of temperature distribution in laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Solidification cracking is a frequently observed phenomenon in laser beam welding of austenitic stainless steels and other metallic alloys. Characterisation of cracking susceptibility requires knowledge of the precise and spatially resolved temperature distribution near the solidification front in the welding process. Thermography is a standard tool that provides a qualitative estimate of the 2D temperature field. The general disadvantage of this method is its dependence on the emission characteristics of the measured object. For welding applications, these can vary significantly in the temperature range above and below the melting temperature. For this purpose, we have developed a thermography-based measurement technique using a SWIR camera system in combination with two narrow bandpass filters that use the principle of two-wavelength pyrometry to estimate absolute temperature values. This technique was used to determine the temperature distributions and gradients near the solidification front of laser-welded austenitic steel. The results were validated by other measurements.</abstract>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2024.08.155</identifier>
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    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Two-colour thermography</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Solidification cracking</value>
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    <title language="eng">Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The widespread adoption of ultra-high strength steels, due to their high bulk resistivity, intensifies expulsion issues in resistance spot welding (RSW), deteriorating both the spot weld and surface quality. This study presents a novel approach to prevent expulsion by employing a preheating current. Through characteristic analysis of joint formation under critical welding current, the importance of plastic material encapsulation around the weld nugget (plastic shell) at high temperatures in preventing expulsion is highlighted. To evaluate the effect of preheating on the plastic shell and understand its mechanism in expulsion prevention, a two-dimensional welding simulation model for dissimilar ultra-high strength steel joints was established. The results showed that optimal preheating enhances the thickness of the plastic shell, improving its ability to encapsulate the weld nugget during the primary welding phase, thereby diminishing expulsion risks. Experimental validation confirmed that by employing the optimal preheating current, the maximum nugget diameter was enhanced to 9.42 mm, marking an increase of 13.4 % and extending the weldable current range by 27.5 %. Under quasi-static cross-tensile loading, joints with preheating demonstrated a 7.9 % enhancement in maximum load-bearing capacity compared to joints without preheating, showing a reproducible and complete pull-out failure mode within the heat-affected zone. This study offers a prevention method based on underlying mechanisms, providing a new perspective for future research on welding parameter optimization with the aim of expulsion prevention.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">A Comparative Evaluation of Powder Characteristics of Recycled Material from Bronze Grinding Chips for Additive Manufacturing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In the manufacturing process of ship propellers, large quantities of grinding chips are generated. These grinding chips result from the finishing of the blade surfaces after the primary casting process of the propeller. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare different preparation processes used to produce chip powders with sufficient powder quality for the additive manufacturing process of directed energy deposition. The preparation of the samples was performed through different sieving, milling and re-melting processes. For the characterization of the prepared samples, powder analysis according to relevant industry standards was carried out. It was found that the re-melting processes result in superior powder quality for additive manufacturing in terms of particle size, morphology, and flowability. For some characteristics, the powder exhibits even better properties than those of commercial powders. Furthermore, the powder properties of the milled samples demonstrate a promising potential for u</abstract>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Eckart Uhlmann</author>
    <author>Julian Polte</author>
    <author>Janek Maria Fasselt</author>
    <author>Vinzenz Müller</author>
    <author>Christian Klötzer-Freese</author>
    <author>Rafael Kleba-Ehrhardt</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Grinding chips</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Comminution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminium bronze</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainability</value>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Life cycle assessment in additive manufacturing of copper alloys—comparison between laser and electron beam</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly important for industrial production. In this context, directed energy deposition processes are in demand to achieve high deposition rates. In addition to the well-known laser-based processes, the electron beam has also reached industrial market maturity. The wire electron beam additive manufacturing offers advantages in the processing of copper materials, for example. In the literature, the higher energy efficiency and the resulting improvement in the carbon footprint of the electron beam are highlighted. However, there is a lack of practical studies with measurement data to quantify the potential of the technology. In this work, a comparative life cycle assessment between wire electron beam additive manufacturing (DED-EB) and laser powder additive manufacturing (DED-LB) is carried out. This involves determining the resources for manufacturing, producing a test component using both processes, and measuring the entire energy consumption. The environmental impact is then estimated using the factors global warming potential (GWP100), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). It can be seen that wire electron beam additive manufacturing is characterized by a significantly lower energy requirement. In addition, the use of wire ensures greater resource efficiency, which leads to overall better life cycle assessment results.</abstract>
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    <author>Julius Raute</author>
    <author>Alexander Beret</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Life cycle assessment (LCA)</value>
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      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
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      <value>Directed energy deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wire electron beam additive manufacturing</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Copper alloys</value>
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    <title language="eng">Functionally graded material for improved wear resistance manufactured by directed energy deposition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Protecting components against wear and corrosion is a common way to improve their lifetime. This can be achieved by coating them with a hardfacing material. Common coatings consist of materials such as tungsten carbide or cobalt-chromium alloys, also known as Stellite. Hardfacing materials can be deposited by welding methods like plasma welding or laser cladding. The discrete change of the base material to the hardfacing layer can lead to cracks and chipping. Studies showed a reduced risk of cracking when a functionally graded material is used to create a smooth transition between the base and the hardfacing. Gradings from austenitic steel to cobalt-chromium alloys are already known in the literature. However, there is no knowledge about austenitic- ferritic duplex steels as base material. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a functionally graded material from duplex steel to cobalt-chromium alloy with a new approach. By using powder-based directed energy deposition, a graded material with smooth material transition is manufactured additively. Cracking and porosity are examined through metallography. Microhardness measurements as well as the analysis of the chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence are used to validate the build-up strategy.</abstract>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>R. Marquardt</author>
    <author>M. Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functionally graded material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Functionally graded additive manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Directed energy deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
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    <title language="eng">Assessment of keyhole stability in laser beam welding with external magnetic field using numerical simulation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The challenge of understanding the physical mechanisms behind porosity reduction by a magnetic field during laser beam welding (LBW) is partly due to the difficulty in quantitatively evaluating keyhole stability. The commonly used index, such as keyhole depth, is typically one-dimensional, which is insufficient to capture the dynamic and three-dimensional fluctuations of the keyhole. In this paper, by utilizing a 3D multiphysical model of LBW with magnetic field, a novel keyhole geometry reconstruction algorithm has been developed to describe the keyhole profile and its fluctuation in a statistical manner to evaluate keyhole stability quantitatively. An equivalent diameter is proposed in this algorithm to reduce the irregularity of the keyhole geometry. The calculation results indicate that the time-averaged keyhole shape over 300 ms in the LBWof steel is conical, regardless of the application of an external magnetic field, which provides a more representative shape. Meanwhile, it is observed from the statistical aspect that the keyhole diameter becomes smaller, except the top part, under the influence of the magnetic field. The standard deviation of the equivalent diameter can be used as a physical variable to assess the keyhole stability quantitatively. The application of an external magnetic field can produce a noticeable reduction of the standard deviation of the equivalent diameter, namely, stabilizing the keyhole during LBW of steel. However, the different contribution from the keyhole stability affected by a magnetic field in suppressing porosity is different with materials.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0001528</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614984</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Congress of Applications of Lasers &amp; Electro-Optics 2024</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep penetration laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole shape</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole stability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetic field</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61498/2024_Fan_ICALEO_Paper.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>61607</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>36</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Parametric study of the laser energy absorption in high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser energy absorption on the keyhole wall is decisive for the thermodynamic behavior and the resultant weld properties in the high-power laser beam welding process. However, its highly transient nature on a microsecond scale makes the quantitative analysis challenging. In this paper, the influence of the relevant welding parameters on laser energy absorption is studied statistically by utilizing multiphysical modeling, in which the three-dimensional transient keyhole dynamics and thermo-fluid flow are calculated. A dynamic mesh adaption technique and a localized level-set-based ray-tracing method are employed to improve the model accuracy further. The results show that the focus position has a remarkable effect on the time-averaged laser absorption, and in contrast, the laser energy distribution regime is only slightly influenced by the welding speed in the studied parameter range (1.5–3.0 m/min). The absorption ratio of the laser energy on the keyhole front wall decreases with increasing welding speed and increases with upward-moving focus positions. The comparison between the calculated results and the experimental measurements ensures the validity of the proposed model.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Laser Applications</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2351/7.0001537</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-346X</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616070</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Congress of Applications of Lasers &amp; Electro-Optics 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Los Angeles, CA, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.11.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.11.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser energy absorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld pool</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Parametric study</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multiphysics modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61607/Meng-2024-Parametric study of the laser energy.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61614</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>585</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>589</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Numerical study on the temperature characteristic of material absorptivity and its significance in high-power laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The absorptivity of metallic materials plays an important role in high-power laser beam welding. It affects the amount of absorbed laser power leading to the heating and melting of the surfaces to be joined and is highly dependent on the temperature. Nonetheless, this key characteristic is often ignored in numerical simulations and an empirical parameter determined by trial-and-error approaches is rather implemented to calibrate the results. In the present work, the temperature dependence of laser absorption is included in a three-dimensional multiphase numerical model considering the coupled fluid flow and heat transfer. The calculated laser absorption is determined by the temperature-dependent material properties, laser characteristics, and incident angle of the laser beam. It is found that the temperature dependence of the laser absorption is crucial for accurately determining the keyhole and weld pool geometries, which is validated by experimental measurements using 304 austenitic steel.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia CIRP</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2024.08.179</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616146</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2024]</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Fürth, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">19.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature dependent absorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weld pool</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Keyhole dynamics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Numerical modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
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    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61614/Putra et al. - 2024 - Numerical study on the temperature characteristic .pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61605</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>565</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>569</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>124</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Numerical studies of magnetohydrodynamic technology in suppressing process porosity during laser beam welding</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) technology is employed to mitigate the porosity problem during partial penetration laser beam welding (LBW) of 10 mm thick aluminum alloy. The effectiveness and universal applicability of the MHD technology in reducing porosity during the LBW process are confirmed by a reduction in the porosity ratio of more than 89%. A transient 3D multi-physical model coupled with the MHD effect has been developed to investigate the suppression mechanism of process porosity. Due to the influence of Lorentz force, there is an obvious change in the weld pool length. This change widens the escaping channel of bubbles escaping from the weld pool. The application of an oscillating magnetic field changes the fluid flow pattern noticeably, whose influence on the formation of porosity defects is highly complicated and nonlinear.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Procedia 13th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2024]</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.procir.2024.08.175</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616053</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">19.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Fürth, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2024]</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Fan Yang</author>
    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
    <author>Stephen Nugraha Putra</author>
    <author>Marcel Bachmann</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser beam welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aluminum alloy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process Porosity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Porosity suppression</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnetohydrodynamic technology</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61605/Paper_LANE_2024.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62470</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>286</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Toward prediction and insight of porosity formation in laser welding: A physics-informed deep learning framework</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The laser welding process is an important manufacturing technology for metallic materials. However, its application is often hindered by the occurrence of porosity defects. By far, an accurate prediction of the porosity defects and an insight into its formation mechanism are still challenging due to the highly nonlinear physics involved. In this paper, we propose a physics-informed deep learning (PIDL) framework by utilizing mechanistic modeling and experimental data to predict the porosity level during laser beam welding of aluminum alloys. With a proper selection of the physical variables (features) concerning the solidification, liquid metal flow, keyhole stability, and weld pool geometry, the PIDL model shows great superiority in predicting the porosity ratio, with a reduction of mean square error by 41 %, in comparison with the conventional DL model trained with welding parameters. Furthermore, the selected variables are fused into dimensionless features with explicit physical meanings to improve the interpretability and extendibility of the PIDL model. Based on a well-trained PIDL model, the hierarchical importance of the physical variables/procedures on the porosity formation is for the first time revealed with the help of the Shapley Additive Explanations analysis. The keyhole ratio is identified as the most influential factor in the porosity formation, followed by the downward flow-driven drag force, which offers a valuable guideline for process optimization and porosity minimization.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Acta Materialia</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120740</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624708</identifier>
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    <author>Xiangmeng Meng</author>
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    <title language="eng">An Inherent Strain Method Using Progressive Element Activation for Fast Distortion Calculation in Directed Energy Deposition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of directed energy deposition (DED) processes offers many potential cost savings during the build job optimization process, through, e.g., distortion predictions. However, the biggest challenge is the long calculation time, frequently exceeding the actual build time. One way of simplifying the simulation with the aim of reducing the calculation times is the inherent strain method. While this method is already used commercially in the simulation of powder bed-based processes and conventional welding technologies, its use in DED is still the subject of research. In this work, an inverse determination of an inherent strain is carried out on a 20-layer-high, single-track-wide wall, common theories are reviewed, and an approach based on thermal strain is introduced. As a result, the calculation time could be reduced by 83% and the accuracy remained at 92%.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Metals</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/met14121338</identifier>
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    <identifier type="issn">2075-4701</identifier>
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    <author>Georg Seitz</author>
    <author>Patrick Bantle</author>
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    <title language="eng">On welding of high-strength steels using laser beam welding and resistance spot weld bonding with emphasis on seam leak tightness</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The design of most electric vehicles provides for the positioning of the heavy energy storage units in the underbody of the cars. In addition to crash safety, the battery housing has to meet high requirements for gas tightness. In order to test the use of high-strength steels for this sub-assembly, this paper examines welded joints utilizing resistance spot weld bonding and laser remote welding, with special regard to the gas tightness of the welds. For this purpose, the pressure difference test and helium sniffer leak detection are presented and applied. The combination of both leak test methods has proven ideal in experimental investigations. For laser remote welding, gas-tight seams can be achieved with an inter-sheet gap of 0.1 mm, even if occasionally leaking samples cannot be prevented. Resistance spot welding suits gas-tight joining with both one- and two-component adhesives. Against the background of leak tightness, process fluctuations that lead to weld spatter and defects in the adhesive layer must be prevented with high priority.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of manufacturing and materials processing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2504-4494</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/jmmp7030116</identifier>
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Zeitverhalten und Einflussgr\u00f6\u00dfen von applizierten Klebstoffschichten zwischen mehrschnittigen F\u00fcgepartnern beim Widerstandspunktschwei\u00dfen, Nieders\u00e4chsisches Symp. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Berns, H., and Theisen, W. (2008). Eisenwerkstoffe. Stahl und Gusseisen. 4. Aufl, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.849.357","article-title":"Welding of Ultra High Strength Steels","volume":"849","author":"Kah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1179\/1362171813Y.0000000140","article-title":"Effect of welding speed on microstructure, hardness and tensile properties in laser welding of advanced high strength steel","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Weld. Join."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.008","article-title":"Laser beam welding of dual-phase DP1000 steel","volume":"252","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40194-020-00867-6","article-title":"Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of DP800 and DP1200 high-strength steel butt-welded joints using diode laser beam welding","volume":"4","author":"Sisodia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weld. World"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2017.09.001","article-title":"Microstructure and properties in dissimilar\/similar weld joints between DP780 and DP980 steels processed by fiber laser welding","volume":"12","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. 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Vacuum in Accelerators, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2013). Road Vehicles\u2014Degrees of Protection (IP Code)\u2014Protection of Electrical Equipment against Foreign Objects, Water and Access, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2001). Zerst\u00f6rungsfreie Pr\u00fcfung\u2014Dichtheitspr\u00fcfung\u2014Druck\u00e4nderungsverfahren (Standard No. DIN EN 13184)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018). Leak Rate Nomogram, CETA Testsysteme GmbH."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Marposs Group (2021). Leak Tests in the Production of Battery Systems, Marposs Group."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinogradov, M.L., Kostrin, D.K., Karganov, M.V., and Tiskovich, V.Y. (2016, January 2\u20133). How to choose a leak detection method. Proceedings of the IEEE NW Russia Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Conference (EIConRusNW), Saint Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIConRusNW.2016.7448130"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Rasmussen, H., and Jeppesen, L. (1998, January 3\u20137). Industrial applications of Helium Leak Test. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Non-destructive Testing, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5757\/ASCT.2015.24.4.77","article-title":"Introduction to Helium Leak Detection Techniques for Cryogenic Systems","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Converg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Rottl\u00e4nder, H., Umrath, W., and Voss, G. (2016). Fundamentals of Leak Detection, Leybold GMBH."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Stahlinstitut VDEh (2011). Testing and Documentation Guideline for the Joinability of Thin Sheet of Steel\u2014Part 2: Resistance Spot Welding, Verlag Stahleisen GmbH."}],"container-title":["Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/7\/3\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1687251003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-4494\/7\/3\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jmmp7030116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp7030116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-4494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-4494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]}}}</enrichment>
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    <author>Tobias Schmolke</author>
    <author>Christian Brunner-Schwer</author>
    <author>Max Biegler</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <author>Gerson Meschut</author>
    <subject>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of liquid metal embrittlement on the failure behavior of dissimilar spot welds with advanced high-strength steel: A component study</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study investigates the effects of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks on the mechanical performance of resistance spot-welded joints in zinc-coated advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) at the component level. To this end, a novel component-level test specimen featuring a hat and L-shaped profile was developed to identify&#13;
critical failure points under three-point bending loads. Load-bearing capacity tests were subsequently conducted under both quasi-static and impact loading conditions, specifically targeting LME cracks with an average depth reaching 63.6% of the sheet thickness. By monitoring the surface strain of spot welds affected by LME cracks, the study visualizes stress concentration effects at the crack tips and traces the propagation of these cracks into the base material, which ultimately leads to material tearing and joint failure. The findings reveal that the effect of LME cracks in reducing load-bearing capacity is more pronounced under impact loading than under quasi-static&#13;
loading, highlighting a previously underexplored aspect of LME behavior under impact loading. Specifically, the peak load decreased by 3.9% and 10.8%, while energy absorption declined by 52.2% and 78.3% under quasistatic and impact loading, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Materials Research and Technology</parentTitle>
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    <title language="eng">Process strategies for optimizing the cooling behaviour of laser-welded Tailor Welded Blanks made of advanced high strength steels (AHSS)</title>
    <abstract language="eng">AHSS with 1000 MPa tensile strength show promising properties for the use in Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs) to locally strengthen car body parts. Challenges in laser beam welding of the sheets are hardness-drops and -peaks in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld, which cause risks during cold-forming. This happens due to rapid cooling caused by laser welding. A numerical approach aiming for slower cooling rates in the weld region is presented in this article. Laser welded sheets served as reference for setting up a process simulation. Models for pre-heating and a coaxial setup with power split were set up. A correlation between cooling-rate and hardness in the joining zone was established and applied to the modelled strategy. Splitting the power led to a slightly narrower weld seam and experimental pre-heating of the sheets to 600 °C could lower total seam hardening. It achieved a homogenization of the fusion zone.</abstract>
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    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AHSS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tailor Welded Blanks</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hardness</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAZ</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62232/1-s2.0-S2212827124005304-main.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62528</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>United Kingdom</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Influence of heat input on cooling rates and mechanical properties of laser hybrid welded thick structural steels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser hybrid welding presents several challenges when used to weld thick steels. A typical weld is divided into the arcdominated and laser-dominated zone. These zones lead to variations in the mechanical properties of the weld. The laserdominated zone is of particular importance regarding mechanical properties, notably Charpy impact toughness, due to the high cooling rates and the absence of filler wire. The low heat input of the laser can lead to martensitic microstructure causing hardening and deterioration of impact toughness. The high heat input of the arc can lead to grain coarsening and even loss of impact toughness. This study examines the influence of heat input on the cooling rates, microstructure and mechanical properties of single-pass laser hybrid welded steels of S355J2 and EH36 with thicknesses up to 30 mm. The experiments were performed with a 20-kW fibre laser and a contactless electromagnetic weld backing in the butt-joint configuration in 1G welding position. The cooling time was measured in three different locations near the fusion lines corresponding to different heights of the seam using a special configuration with pyrometers, collimators and optical fibres. The test specimens for the Charpy impact testing and tensile testing were extracted in three different depths. The experiments indicated that a heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm–2 kJ/mm, 2 kJ/mm–2.4 kJ/mm and 3.7 kJ/mm were recommended when single-pass laser hybrid welding of 20-, 25-, and 30-mm-thick structural steels regarding the minimum requirements of the mechanical properties, respectively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Welding in the World</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s40194-025-01924-8</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-6669</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625282</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Fatma Akyel</author>
    <author>Ömer Üstündag</author>
    <author>Nasim Bakir</author>
    <author>Christian Brunner-Schwer</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Michael Rethmeier</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser hybrid welding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat input</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Charpy impact toughness</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cooling rate</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Degradationsmechanismen</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62528/2025 - Akyel_Influence of heat input on cooling rates and mechanical properties of.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>51631</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>97</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>114</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>19</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Taylor &amp; Francis Group</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London, UK</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ monitoring of a laser metal deposition (LMD) process: comparison of MWIR, SWIR and high-speed NIR thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing offers a range of novel applications. However, the manufacturing process is complex and the production of almost defect-free parts with high reliability and durability is still a challenge. Thermography is a valuable tool for process surveillance, especially in metal additive manufacturing processes. The high process temperatures allow one to use cameras usually operating in the visible spectral range. Here, we compare the results of measurements during the manufacturing process of a commercial laser metal deposition setup using a mid wavelength infrared camera with those from a short wavelength infrared camera and those from a visual spectrum high-speed camera with band pass filter in the near infrared range.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1080/17686733.2020.1829889</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516318</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.11.2020</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>MWIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SWIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NIR</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/51631/QIRT_In-situ-thermography_LMD.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52516</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>77</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>83</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2021</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>SPIE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>International Society for Optics and Photonics</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards the determination of real process temperatures in the LMD process by multispectral thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the rapid thermal cycles involved in additive manufacturing of metals, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine their formation, in-process measurements of the temperature are needed. Since the part emissivity is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing in the process, the applicability of thermography for the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. Measuring the thermal radiation in different wavelengths simultaneously, temperature and emissivity can be separated. Here, we present results of a preliminary study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in directed energy deposition (DED) processes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2587881</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.09.2021</enrichment>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <author>Anne Straße</author>
    <author>Andrey Gumenyuk</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52514</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unraveling thermal radiation by multispectral thermography: Real temperatures in LMD</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Additive manufacturing of metals offers the opportunity to build parts with a high degree of complexity without additional costs, opening a new space for design optimization. However, the processes are highly complex and due to the rapid thermal cycles involved, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine the formation of internal stresses and the microstructure, in-process spatially resolved measurements of the part temperature are needed. If the emissivity of the inspected part is known, its thermodynamic temperature can be reconstructed by a suited radiometric model. However, in additive manufacturing of metals, the emissivity of the part surface is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing due to variations of, e.g., the degree of oxidation, the material state and temperature. Thus, here, the applicability of thermography in the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. However, measuring the process thermal radiation at different wavelengths simultaneously enables one to separate temperature and emissivity spatially resolved to obtain further insight into the process. Here, we present results of an initial study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in the powderfree LMD process.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">2nd Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufactured Alloys</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>52515</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Towards the determination of real process temperatures in the LMD process my multispectral thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the rapid thermal cycles involved in additive manufacturing of metals, high internal stresses and peculiar microstructures occur, which influence the parts mechanical properties. To systematically examine their formation, in-process measurements of the temperature are needed. Since the part emissivity is strongly inhomogeneous and rapidly changing in the process, the applicability of thermography for the determination of thermodynamic temperatures is limited. Measuring the thermal radiation in different wavelengths simultaneously, temperature and emissivity can be separated. Here, we present results of a preliminary study using multispectral thermography to obtain real temperatures and emissivities in directed energy deposition (DED) processes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2587881</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.04.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">16.04.2021</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Simon Altenburg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Process monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multispectral thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser metal deposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature emissivity separation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
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