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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <title language="eng">Thermographic testing using 2D pseudo-random illumination and photothermal super resolution reconstruction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Due to the diffusive nature of heat propagation in solids, the detection and resolution of internal defects with active thermography based non-destructive testing is commonly limited to a defect-depth-to-defect-size ratio greater than or equal to one. In the more recent past, we have already demonstrated that this limitation can be overcome by using a spatially modulated illumination source and photothermal super resolution-based reconstruction. Furthermore, by relying on compressed sensing and computational imaging methods we were able to significantly reduce the experimental complexity to make the method viable for investigating larger regions of interest. In this work we share our progress on improving the defect/inhomogeneity characterization using fully 2D spatially structured illumination patterns instead of scanning with a single laser spot. The experimental approach is based on the repeated blind pseudo-random illumination using modern projector technology and a high-power laser. In the subsequent post-processing, several measurements are then combined by taking advantage of the joint sparsity of the defects within the sample applying 2D-photothermal super resolution reconstruction. Here, enhanced nonlinear convex optimization techniques are utilized for solving the underlying ill-determined inverse problem for typical simple defect geometries. As a result, a higher resolution defect/inhomogeneity map can be obtained at a fraction of the measurement time previously needed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIV</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>54678</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast>9</pageLast>
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    <volume>71</volume>
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    <publisherName>IEEE</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Photothermal-SR-Net: A customized deep unfolding neural network for photothermal super resolution imaging</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This article presents deep unfolding neural networks to handle inverse problems in photothermal radiometry enabling super-resolution (SR) imaging. The photothermal SR approach is a well-known technique to overcome the spatial resolution limitation in photothermal imaging by extracting high-frequency spatial components based on the deconvolution with the thermal point spread function (PSF). However, stable deconvolution can only be achieved by using the sparse structure of defect patterns, which often requires tedious, handcrafted tuning of hyperparameters and results in computationally intensive algorithms. On this account, this article proposes Photothermal-SR-Net, which performs deconvolution by deep unfolding considering the underlying physics. Since defects appear sparsely in materials, our approach includes trained block-sparsity thresholding in each convolutional layer. This enables to super-resolve 2-D thermal images for nondestructive testing (NDT) with a substantially improved convergence rate compared to classic approaches. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on various deep unfolding and thresholding approaches. Furthermore, we explored how to increase the reconstruction quality and the computational performance. Thereby, it was found that the computing time for creating high-resolution images could be significantly reduced without decreasing the reconstruction quality by using pixel binning as a preprocessing step.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1557-9662</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1109/tim.2022.3154803</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.04.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Samim Ahmadi</author>
    <author>L. Kästner</author>
    <author>Jan Christian Hauffen</author>
    <author>P. Jung</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Deep unfolding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Defect reconstruction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Elastic net</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inverse problems</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Iterative shrinkage thresholding</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Neural network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nondestructive testing (NDT)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photothermal imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution (SR)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>54943</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <volume>12109</volume>
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    <publisherName>Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines with industrial climbers has been considered ”state of the art”. However, ever-larger wind turbines and advancing digitization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. Passive thermography can serve as such a digital and atomized method while it is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. However, its application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also holds for unheated structures like rotor blades of wind turbines which show no intrinsic temperature gradient and can hardly be heated. Under certain weather conditions with sufficient solar loading and diurnal temperature variations, passive thermography is suitable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. However, for a reliable use of passive thermography on ”thermal passive” components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial. Additionally, the complex inner structure of wind turbine blades in comparison to other objects and buildings require a specific method referencing the individual rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades. We show thermal signatures of damage in rotor blades and contrast them with structural characteristics by comparing the three blades. In addition to measurements in industrial environments, laboratory measurements are shown and compared to simulations. The long-term goal is to simulate the influence of different weather parameters and thus gain a better understanding of measurements in the field. The results shown here can be seen as one step towards industrial application.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings, Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIV</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2618740</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Orlando, Florida, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.04.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.09.2022</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM simulations</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54944</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines with industrial climbers has been considered ”state of the art”. However, ever-larger wind turbines and advancing digitization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. Passive thermography can serve as such a digital and atomized method while it is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. However, its application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also holds for unheated structures like rotor blades of wind turbines which show no intrinsic temperature gradient and can hardly be heated. Under certain weather conditions with sufficient solar loading and diurnal temperature variations, passive thermography is suitable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. However, for a reliable use of passive thermography on ”thermal passive” components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial. Additionally, the complex inner structure of wind turbine blades in comparison to other objects and buildings require a specific method referencing the individual rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades. We show thermal signatures of damage in rotor blades and contrast them with structural characteristics by comparing the three blades. In addition to measurements in industrial environments, laboratory measurements are shown and compared to simulations. The long-term goal is to simulate the influence of different weather parameters and thus gain a better understanding of measurements in the field. The results shown here can be seen as one step towards industrial application.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://spie.org/defense-commercial-sensing/presentation/Weather-dependent-passive-thermography-of-unheated-wind-turbine-blades/12109-19?SSO=1</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Defense + Commercial Sensing 2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM simulations</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55818</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="eng">Towards automated passive thermography of wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines by industrial climbers has been considered "state of the art". However, many aspects like ever-larger wind turbines, minimizing the risk for man and machine and the advancing digitalization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. A particular interest here is contactless and remote methods that can be used with drones instead of climbing robots. The work presented here contributes to the long-term goal of making autonomous and advanced inspections of wind turbine rotor blades using drones ready for industrial use.&#13;
Besides visual inspection, only a few inspection methods are capable of non-contact inspection on an industrial scale. Passive thermography can serve as such a contactless and digital inspection method and is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. It can even sense both near-surface and subsurface defects. The sensitivity to subsurface defects makes one advantage of thermography over visual inspections. As a digital inspection method, it is generally also more objective and offers more comparability. For example, defects and their extent can be easily monitored and compared over time. However, its industrial application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also applies to large unheated structures such as wind turbine rotor blades, which do not have an intrinsic temperature gradient and at the same time cannot be easily heated externally.&#13;
Under certain weather conditions, a change of the environmental temperature or the solar loading conditions can provide the necessary thermal gradients to make passive thermography viable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. For a reliable use of passive thermography on "thermal passive" components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial. &#13;
Compared to many other objects and buildings, wind turbine blades have varying and often unknown complex internal structures depending on the model. A special method is therefore required, that can be used independently of the internal structure of the blades and that relates the individual thermograms of the three rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades. &#13;
In this work we present thermal signatures of rotating in-service rotor blades taken under industrial relevant conditions. These thermograms show surface and subsurface damages and irregularities which we contrast with structural design features by referencing the three blades to each other. In addition, we examine the strong influence of different weather conditions on the inspection results. A direct comparison of measured results with inspection reports from industrial climbers serves as a benchmark.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EERA DeepWind conference</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Trondheim, Norway</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.01.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passve IR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Maintenance</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55819</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="eng">Towards the in-service blade inspection by  ground-based passive thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Until today, the optical inspection of rotor blades by industrial climbers is considered state of the art. However, both more and larger rotor blades and the increasing digitalization of maintenance work make modern inspection methods increasingly necessary. In this context, passive thermography can serve as a useful digital technique for in-service inspection of wind turbine blades. Unlike active thermography, this inspection method does not require an active heat source but takes advantage of heating by the sun and diurnal temperature fluctuations. This allows inspections from the ground during operation and does not require shutting down the wind turbine. However, an inspection with passive thermography is highly weather dependent. Thus, the already weak thermal signatures formed due to internal structures and possible internal damage are only strong enough under certain weather conditions.&#13;
To obtain meaningful inspection results despite the relatively small thermal differences between intact and defective components, three aspects are crucial:&#13;
1. Measurements should be taken at the time of optimum weather conditions. It must be kept in mind that different internal damage will be revealed by thermal signatures under different weather conditions. &#13;
2. The thermal signature of the rotor blades, including possible damages, must be simulated with FEM simulations. In this way, the influence of different weather conditions can be predicted but also understood in the aftermath. &#13;
3. The temperature differences between identically designed and assembled rotor blades must be considered to analyze variations between blades. &#13;
This work will address all these aspects and show, based on field measurements under industrial conditions (exemplarily shown in figure 1), laboratory measurements and FEM simulations, which steps must be taken to establish passive thermography as an industrial inspection method.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EERA SP7 Rotor Blade workshop</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Roskilde, Denmark</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.06.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Maintenance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Passive IRT</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55823</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="deu">In situ Charakterisierung von Reparaturen in GFK Schalenstrukturen mittels Lockin Thermografie und Felddehnungsmessungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die tiefgreifende Reparatur von Faserverbundwerkstoffen stellt durch deren inneren Aufbau eine besondere Herausforderung dar, die unter anderem bei der Instandhaltung von Rotorblättern von Windkraftanlagen zum Tragen kommt. Um die Reparaturen von Rotorblattschalen zu untersuchen und zu optimieren, wurden an der BAM Sandwich-Schalenprüfkörper aus Glasfaserkunststoff (GFK) entwickelt. Nachdem in diese Schalenprüfkörper Modell-Reparaturen eingebracht wurden, werden zyklische mechanische Ermüdungsversuche bis zum Bruch durchgeführt. Vorrangiges Ziel ist es, den Einfluss verschiedener Reparaturvariablen auf die Ermüdungslebensdauer der Struktur zu verstehen, sowie die stabilste Reparaturmethode zu bestimmen.&#13;
Während der zyklischen Lastversuche wurden regelmäßig in-situ Messungen mit einer Thermografie Kamera und einem optischen Felddehnungsmesssystem durchgeführt. Durch beide Messmethoden lassen sich Eigenschaften der Probekörper zeitlich und räumlich aufgelöst darstellen. &#13;
Während die Felddehnungsmessungen Aufschluss über die Verformung an der Oberfläche geben, erfasst die thermische Inspektion Temperaturänderungen an der Oberfläche. Besonders die thermografischen Messwerte bilden hier das oberflächennahe Volumen ab, in dem sich Temperaturänderungen an der Oberfläche abzeichnen. &#13;
Die Messergebnisse beider Systeme stellen also verschiede aber korrelierte Parameter dar. Denn die zyklische Belastung (Bewegung) ruft eine periodische Temperaturänderung im Bauteil hervor. Dieser so genannte Thermoeleastische Effekt kann durch eine Lockin-Analyse der Temperaturtransienten (Temperaturverläufe) nachgewiesen werden. Die räumliche Darstellung der thermischen Effekte lässt Rückschlüsse auf die tatsächliche Lastverteilung im Probekörpervolumen zu.&#13;
Darüber hinaus führen nichtelastische Verformungen zu einer zusätzlichen Wärmefreisetzung, die durch geeignete Auswerteverfahren ebenfalls nachgewiesen werden können. Entsprechende Hot-Spots in der räumlichen Verteilung erlauben eine frühzeitige Erkennung besonders belasteter Bereiche lange vor dem eigentlichen Bauteil-Versagen. Das gestattet die Lokalisierung des Initial-Schadens, was mit der numerischen Spannungsanalyse korreliert werden kann und  die Entwicklung und Bewertung verschiedener Reparaturstrategien.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP Jahrestagung 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kassel, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lockin Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>GFK</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ZfP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55459</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>15</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>15</issue>
    <volume>22</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Learned block iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm for photothermal super resolution imaging</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Block-sparse regularization is already well known in active thermal imaging and is used for multiple-measurement-based inverse problems. The main bottleneck of this method is the choice of regularization parameters which differs for each experiment. We show the benefits of using a learned block iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (LBISTA) that is able to learn the choice of regularization parameters, without the need to manually select them. In addition, LBISTA enables the determination of a suitable weight matrix to solve the underlying inverse problem. Therefore, in this paper we present LBISTA and compare it with state-of-the-art block iterative shrinkage thresholding using synthetically generated and experimental test data from active thermography for defect reconstruction. Our results show that the use of the learned block-sparse optimization approach provides smaller normalized mean square errors for a small fixed number of iterations. Thus, this allows us to improve the convergence speed and only needs a few iterations to generate accurate defect reconstruction in photothermal super-resolution imaging.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sensors</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/s22155533</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554598</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1424-8220</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525364</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>J. C. Hauffen</author>
    <author>L. Kästner</author>
    <author>Samim Ahmadi</author>
    <author>P. Jung</author>
    <author>G. Caire</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Machine learning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optimization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Neural network</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Defect reconstruction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Block-sparsity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Active thermal imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Regularization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55459/sensors-22-05533.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55475</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>104</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>119</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>61</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Hendrik Bäßler</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Thermische Kontraste - Der Blick hinter die Fassade</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Thermografie beruht auf der bildlichen Darstellung von Temperaturunterschieden oder auch thermischen Kontrasten an der Oberfläche eines Untersuchungsobjektes. Diese bilden sich nur her-aus, wenn sich das Untersuchungsobjekt gerade erwärmt oder abkühlt. Der Beitrag erklärt mittels eines stark vereinfachten Modells die Entstehung solcher Kontraste als dynamischen Effekt verschiedener Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten. Neben Laborergebnissen werden beispielhaft einige Ergeb-nisse von einem mittelalterlichen Baudenkmal präsentiert, um das Verständnis für die thermografische Inspektion von Fassaden zu vertiefen.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Bildgebende Verfahren - Trends und Fallbeispiele zur zerstörungsfreien Untersuchung und Erhaltung von Kulturerbe - "Ich sehe was, was Du nicht siehst"</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-945880-90-6</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">14. Konservierungswissenschaftliches Kolloquium Berlin Brandenburg</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">12.11.2021</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Pb 572</enrichment>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <author>Christiane Maierhofer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ablösungen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aktive Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bauthermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metallanker</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55122</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermographic super resolution reconstruction using 2D pseudo-random pattern illumination</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermographic non-destructive testing is based on the interaction of thermal waves with inhomogeneities. The propagation of thermal waves from the heat source to the inhomogeneity and to the detection surface according to the thermal diffusion equation leads to the fact that two closely spaced defects can be incorrectly detected as one defect in the measured thermogram. In order to break this spatial resolution limit (super resolution), the combination of spatially structured heating and numerical methods of compressed sensing can be used. The improvement of the spatial resolution for defect detection then depends in the classical sense directly on the number of measurements. Current practical implementations of this super resolution detection still suffer from long measurement times, since not only the achievable resolution depends on performing multiple measurements, but due to the use of single spot laser sources or laser arrays with low pixel count, also the scanning process itself is quite slow. With the application of most recent high-power digital micromirror device (DMD) based laser projector technology this issue can now be overcome.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://indico.ung.si/event/5/contributions/237/</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551224</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">ICPPP21: International Conference on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bled, Slovenia</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">19.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">24.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inspection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/55122/ICPPP_Poster_Lecompagnon.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>54835</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>18</issue>
    <volume>131</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AIP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Thermographic detection of internal defects using 2D photothermal super resolution reconstruction with sequential laser heating</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermographic photothermal super resolution reconstruction enables the resolution of internal defects/inhomogeneities below the classical limit, which is governed by the diffusion properties of thermal wave propagation. Based on a combination of the application of special sampling strategies and a subsequent numerical optimization step in post-processing, thermographic super resolution has already proven to be superior to standard thermographic methods in the detection of one-dimensional defect/inhomogeneity structures. In our work, we report an extension of the capabilities of the method for efficient detection and resolution of defect cross sections with fully two-dimensional structured laser-based heating. The reconstruction is carried out using one of two different algorithms that are proposed within this work. Both algorithms utilize the combination of several coherent measurements using convex optimization and exploit the sparse nature of defects/inhomogeneities as is typical for most nondestructive testing scenarios. Finally, the performance of each algorithm is rated on reconstruction quality and algorithmic complexity. The presented experimental approach is based on repeated spatially structured heating by a high power laser. As a result, a two-dimensional sparse defect/inhomogeneity map can be obtained. In addition, the obtained results are compared with those of conventional thermographic inspection methods that make use of homogeneous illumination. Due to the sparse nature of the reconstructed defect/inhomogeneity map, this comparison is performed qualitatively.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Applied Physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1089-7550</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1063/5.0088102</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548351</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.06.2022</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Samim Ahmadi</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>C. Rupprecht</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inspection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54835/published_version.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55851</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">In-situ Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung von Metallen (PBF-LB /M) mittels TT und ET</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Durch die additive Fertigung ergeben sich durch die nun mögliche wirtschaftliche Fertigung hochgradig individueller und komplexer metallischer Bauteile in kleinen Stückzahlen bis hinunter zum Einzelstück für viele Industriebereiche ganz neue Möglichkeiten.  &#13;
Gleichzeitig entstehen jedoch neue Herausforderungen im Bereich der Qualitätssicherung, da sich auf statistischen Methoden beruhende Ansätze nicht anwenden lassen, ohne wiederum die Vorteile der Fertigung massiv einzuschränken.&#13;
Eine mögliche Lösung für dieses Problem liegt in der Anwendung verschiedener In-situ-Überwachungstechniken während des Bauprozesses. Jedoch sind nur wenige dieser Techniken kommerziell verfügbar und noch nicht so weit erforscht, dass die Einhaltung strenger Qualitäts- und Sicherheitsstandards gewährleistet werden kann. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer Studie über mittels L-PBF gefertigte Probekörper aus der Nickelbasis-Superlegierung Haynes 282 vor, bei denen die Bildung von Defekten durch lokale Variationen der Prozessparameter wie der Laserleistung provoziert wurde. Die Proben wurden in-situ mittels Thermographie, optischer Tomographie, Schmelzbadüberwachung und Wirbelstromprüfung sowie ex-situ mittels Computertomographie (CT) überwacht, mit dem Ziel, die Machbarkeit und die Aussichten der einzelnen Methoden für die zuverlässige Erkennung der Bildung relevanter Defekte zu bewerten.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP Jahrestagung 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kassel, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.6 Additive Fertigung metallischer Komponenten</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55854</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ Monitoring of PBF-LB/M by thermography, optical tomography, melt-pool-monitoring and eddy current</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The formation of defects such as keyhole pores is a major challenge for the production of metal parts by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). The LPBF process is characterized by a large number of influencing factors which can be hard to quantify. Machine Learning (ML) is a prominent tool to predict the outcome of complex processes on the basis of different sensor data. In this study, a ML model for defect prediction is created using thermographic image features as input data. As a reference, the porosity information calculated from an x-ray Micro Computed Tomography (µCT) scan of the produced specimen is used. Physical knowledge about the keyhole pore formation is incorporated into the model to increase the prediction accuracy. From the prediction result, the quality of the input data is evaluated and future demands on in-situ monitoring of LPBF processes are formulated.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">AM Bench 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bethesda, Washingthon DC, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">15.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">18.08.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Fertigung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57594</id>
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    <title language="eng">Robot-assisted laser thermography for surface breaking crack detection on complex shaped components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser thermography using a focused (spot or line) beam has proved to be effective for detection of surface breaking cracks on planar samples. In this work, we use the same principle, but applied to complex shaped components, like a rail cross-section, a gear, and a gas turbine blade. We use a six-axis robot to move the sample in-front of our thermographic setup. Several scanning-path and thermographic parameters are explored: scanning speed, density of points in each scanning slice, laser power, camera framerate. Additionally, we explore semi-automatic evaluation algorithms for crack detection, as well as 2D-to-3D registration of the found indications.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/12327/1232715/Robot-assisted-infrared-thermography-for-surface-breaking-crack-detection-on/10.1117/12.2666757.short</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SPIE Future Sensing Technologies 2023</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.04.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nelson Wilbur Pech May</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flying line thermography</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack-detection algorithms</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <title language="eng">In-situ monitoring of the laser powder bed fusion process by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring for defect detection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the wide acceptance of the use of additive manufacturing (AM), it is required to provide reliable testing methods to ensure the safety of the additively manufactured parts. A possible solution could be the deployment of in-situ monitoring during the build process. However, for laser powder bed fusion using metal powders (PBF-LB/M ) only a few in-situ monitoring techniques are commercially available (optical tomography, melt pool monitoring) but not researched to an extent that allows to guarantee the adherence to strict quality and safety standards.&#13;
&#13;
In this contribution, we present results of a study of PBF-LB/M printed parts made of the nickel-based superalloy Haynes 282. The formation of defects was provoked by local variations of the process parameters and monitored by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring. Afterwards, the defects were characterized by computed tomography (CT) to identify the detection limits of the used in-situ techniques.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LiM Conference 2023 - Lasers in Manufacturing</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.06.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>High temperature alloys</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PBF-LB/M</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Thermographic Detection of Internal Defects using Photothermal Super Resolution Reconstruction and 2D structured Illumination Patterns</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For a long time, the rule of thumb for active thermography as a non-destructive testing method was that the resolution of internal defects/inhomogeneities is limited to a ratio of defect depth/defect size ≤ 1. This is due to the diffusive nature of thermal conduction in solids. So-called super resolution approaches have recently allowed this physical limit to be overcome many times over. This offers the attractive possibility of developing thermography from a purely near surface-sensitive testing method to one with improved depth range. How far this development can be pushed is the subject of current research.&#13;
We have already been able to show that this classical limitation for one- and two-dimensional defect geometries can be overcome by illuminating the test object sequentially in a structured manner with individual laser spots and thus subsequently calculating a defect map from the resulting measurement data by applying photothermal super resolution reconstruction, which allows significantly improved separation of individual closely spaced defects. As a result, this method benefits strongly from the combination of sequential spatially structured illumination and modern numerical optimization methods, which come at the expense of higher experimental complexity. This leads to long measurement times, large data sets, and tedious numerical analysis, in contrast to the application of established standard thermographic methods with homogeneous illumination.&#13;
In this work, we report on the application of full-area spatially structured two-dimensional illumination patterns, which, by applying state-of-the-art laser projector technology in conjunction with a high-power laser, makes it possible to achieve an efficient implementation of photothermal super-resolution reconstruction even for larger test areas in the first place.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">13th European Conference on Non-destructive Testing</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lisbon, Portugal</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.07.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
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      <value>Thermography</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital light processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Detection of internal defects applying photothermal super resolution reconstruction utilizing two-dimensional high-power random pixel patterns</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, we report on our progress for investigating a new experimental approach for thermographic detection of internal defects by performing 2D photothermal super resolution reconstruction. We use modern high-power laser projector technology to repeatedly excite the sample surface photothermally with varying spatially structured 2D pixel patterns. In the subsequent (blind) numerical reconstruction, multiple measurements are combined by exploiting the joint-sparse nature of the defects within the specimen using nonlinear convex optimization methods. As a result, a 2D-sparse defect/inhomogeneity map can be obtained. Using such spatially structured heating combined with compressed sensing and computational imaging methods allows to significantly reduce the experimental complexity and to study larger test surfaces as compared to the one-dimensional approach reported earlier.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Quantitative Infrared Thermography 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.07.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inspection</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>54894</id>
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    <edition/>
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    <volume>177</volume>
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    <publisherName>Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</publisherName>
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    <title language="deu">Hochaufgelöste thermografische Detektion eingeschlossener Defekte mit Hilfe von 2Dstrukturierten Beleuchtungsmustern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für die aktive Thermografie als zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode galt lange Zeit die Faustformel, dass die Auflösung interner Defekte/Inhomogenitäten auf ein Verhältnis von Defekttiefe/Defektgröße ≤ 1 beschränkt ist. Die Ursache hierfür liegt in der diffusiven Natur der Wärmeleitung in Festkörpern. Sogenannte Super-Resolution-Ansätze erlauben seit Kurzem die Überwindung dieser physikalischen Grenze um ein Vielfaches. Damit ergibt sich die attraktive Möglichkeit die Thermografie von einem rein oberflächensensitiven Prüfverfahren hin zu einem Verfahren mit verbesserter Tiefenreichweite zu entwickeln. Wie weit diese Entwicklung getrieben werden kann, ist Gegenstand aktueller Forschung.&#13;
Wir konnten bereits zeigen, dass diese klassische Grenze für 1D- und 2D Defektgeometrien mit Hilfe des Abscannens des Prüfkörpers mittels einzelner Laserspots und der anschließenden Anwendung von photothermischer Super-Resolution-Rekonstruktion überwunden werden kann. Bei dieser Methode wird eine Kombination aus sequenzieller räumlich strukturierter Beleuchtung und numerischen Optimierungsmethoden eingesetzt. Dies geschieht allerdings auf Kosten der experimentellen Komplexität, die zu einer langen Messdauer, großen Datensätzen und langwieriger numerischer Auswertung führt.&#13;
In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über einen neuen experimentellen Ansatz, bei dem räumlich strukturierte 2D-Beleuchtungsmuster in Verbindung mit Compressed-Sensing und Computational-Imaging-Methoden verwendet werden, um die experimentelle Komplexität deutlich zu verringern und die Methode für die Untersuchung größerer Prüfflächen nutzbar zu machen.&#13;
Der experimentelle Ansatz basiert dabei auf der wiederholten (blinden) photothermischen Anregung mit räumlich strukturierten 2D-Mustern unter Verwendung moderner Projektortechnik und eines Hochleistungslasers. In der anschließenden numerischen Rekonstruktion werden mehrere Messungen unter Ausnutzung der Joint-Sparsity der Defekte innerhalb des Prüfkörpers mittels nichtlinearer konvexer Optimierungsmethoden kombiniert. Als Ergebnis kann eine 2D-sparse Defekt-/Inhomogenitätskarte erstellt werden.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DGZfP-Berichtsband</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-947971-25-1</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548945</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Kassel, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2022</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>C. Rupprecht</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
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      <value>ZfP</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eingeschlossene Defekte</value>
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      <language>deu</language>
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      <value>Projektor</value>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
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    <title language="deu">Hochaufgelöste thermografische Detektion eingeschlossener Defekte mit Hilfe von 2Dstrukturierten Beleuchtungsmustern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für die aktive Thermografie als zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode galt lange Zeit die Faustformel, dass die Auflösung interner Defekte/Inhomogenitäten auf ein Verhältnis von Defekttiefe/Defektgröße ≤ 1 beschränkt ist. Die Ursache hierfür liegt in der diffusiven Natur der Wärmeleitung in Festkörpern. Sogenannte Super-Resolution-Ansätze erlauben seit Kurzem die Überwindung dieser physikalischen Grenze um ein Vielfaches. Damit ergibt sich die attraktive Möglichkeit die Thermografie von einem rein oberflächensensitiven Prüfverfahren hin zu einem Verfahren mit verbesserter Tiefenreichweite zu entwickeln. Wie weit diese Entwicklung getrieben werden kann, ist Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. &#13;
Wir konnten bereits zeigen, dass diese klassische Grenze für 1D- und 2D-Defektgeometrien mit Hilfe des Abscannens des Prüfkörpers mittels einzelner Laserspots und der anschließenden Anwendung von photothermischer Super-Resolution-Rekonstruktion überwunden werden kann. Bei dieser Methode wird eine Kombination aus sequenzieller räumlich strukturierter Beleuchtung und numerischen Optimierungsmethoden eingesetzt. Dies geschieht allerdings auf Kosten der experimentellen Komplexität, die zu einer langen Messdauer, großen Datensätzen und langwieriger numerischer Auswertung führt.&#13;
In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über einen neuen experimentellen Ansatz, bei dem räumlich strukturierte 2D-Beleuchtungsmuster in Verbindung mit Compressed-Sensing und Computational-Imaging-Methoden verwendet werden, um die experimentelle Komplexität deutlich zu verringern und die Methode für die Untersuchung größerer Prüfflächen nutzbar zu machen. &#13;
Der experimentelle Ansatz basiert dabei auf der wiederholten (blinden) photothermischen Anregung mit räumlich strukturierten 2D-Mustern unter Verwendung moderner Projektortechnik und eines Hochleistungslasers. In der anschließenden numerischen Rekonstruktion werden mehrere Messungen unter Ausnutzung der Joint-Sparsity der Defekte innerhalb des Prüfkörpers mittels nichtlinearer konvexer Optimierungsmethoden kombiniert. Als Ergebnis kann eine 2D-sparse Defekt-/Inhomogenitätskarte erstellt werden.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Thermografie</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Super resolution</value>
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      <value>Eingeschlossene Defekte</value>
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      <value>Projektor</value>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Robot-assisted laser thermography - Towards automatic characterization of surface defects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">By means of laser thermography, surface defects, in particular surface breaking cracks, can be detected with high sensitivity. Basically, this requires a focused heat source (high-power laser), a thermographic camera and a relative movement between laser and test object, as well as a suitable evaluation algorithm to distinguish between surface defects and defect-free areas. In this paper we report on a method in which the relative motion is realised by a robot to fully inspect large and non-planar test objects such as rail sections, turbine blades, gears, etc. We show the influence of the excitation laser, which can be varied in terms of spot geometry, wavelength, and scan scheme, and we demonstrate our evaluation algorithms with the aim of automatically detecting surface defects.</abstract>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.07.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Nelson Wilbur Pech May</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flying line thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface breaking defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Robot-assisted thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <pageFirst>221</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
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    <publisherName>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisherName>
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    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Obituary of Christiane Maierhofer</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Obituary for Christiane Maierhofer, the head of the department "Thermographic Methods" at BAM (2015-2022).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative infrared thermography journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1768-6733</identifier>
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      <value>Obituary</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In Memoriam</value>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>14003</pageFirst>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>32</issue>
    <volume>126</volume>
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    <publisherName>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisherName>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <title language="eng">Characterizing the thermal diffusivity of single, micrometer-sized fibers via high-resolution lock-in thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many advanced materials consist of fibers. They are used as nonwovens, fabrics, or in composite materials. Characterization of individual fibers allows us to predict resulting material properties. We present a measurement setup and analysis software to characterize individual, micrometer-sized fibers fast and reliably. The setup is based on the lock-in thermography principle. Thermal diffusivity values of seven reference samples agree very well with previously reported values. We use our setup to investigate critical measurement parameters like excitation frequency, excitation power, pixel size, and fiber orientation. Our results show that fibers with subpixel diameters can be measured even if they are not aligned. However, special care has to be taken to choose an adequate excitation power. Measurements at high intensities can underestimate thermal diffusivity even though the raw data looks reasonable. By automatically measuring at different excitation powers, our setup solves this issue.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The journal of physical chemistry C</parentTitle>
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    <author>T. Tran</author>
    <author>C. Kodisch</author>
    <author>M. Schöttle</author>
    <author>Nelson Wilbur Pech May</author>
    <author>M. Retsch</author>
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      <value>Surfaces, coatings and films</value>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Physical and theoretical chemistry</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>General energy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Electronic, optical and magnetic materials</value>
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  <doc>
    <id>57778</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of the number of measurements on detecting internal defects using photothermal super resolution reconstruction with random pixel patterns</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, the limits of using spatially structured heating combined with subsequent photothermal super resolution reconstruction for the thermographic detection and resolution of internal defects are investigated. The approach is based on the application of modern high-power laser projector technology, which is used to repeatedly project varying spatially structured 2D pixel patterns to photothermally heat the object under test. After processing the generated thermographic data using nonlinear convex optimisation in conjunction with exploiting the joint-sparse nature of the defect signals within the individual measurements, a high-resolution 2D-sparse defect/inhomogeneity map is obtained. The main focus of the investigation is set on the influence of the number of individual measurements on the achievable reconstruction quality. Using numerical simulations based on an analytical representation of the forward solution to the underlying inverse problem, the convergence rate over performed measurements of the achievable reconstruction quality is determined. Finally, all findings are experimentally validated by reconstructing a set of internal defects in an additively manufactured sample. In this work, it is shown that for a variety of different defect separation distances, the projection of 50 different pixel patterns allows for a good trade-off between experimental complexity and reconstruction quality.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative Infrared Thermography Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2116-7176</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1080/17686733.2023.2223392</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.07.2023</enrichment>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>C. Rupprecht</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital micromirror device</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Digital light processing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57779</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <publisherName>QIRT Council</publisherName>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="eng">Detection of internal defects applying photothermal super resolution reconstruction utilizing two-dimensional high-power random pixel patterns</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, we report on our progress for investigating a new experimental approach for thermographic detection of internal defects by performing 2D photothermal super resolution reconstruction. We use modern high-power laser projector technology to repeatedly excite the sample surface photothermally with varying spatially structured 2D pixel patterns. In the subsequent (blind) numerical reconstruction, multiple measurements are combined by exploiting the joint-sparse nature of the defects within the specimen using nonlinear convex optimization methods. As a result, a 2D-sparse defect/inhomogeneity map can be obtained. Using such spatially structured heating combined with compressed sensing and computational imaging methods allows to significantly reduce the experimental complexity and to study larger test surfaces as compared to the one-dimensional approach reported earlier.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the Conference QIRT 2022</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2371-4085</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21611/qirt.2022.1005</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-577795</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Quantitative Infrared Thermography 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">08.07.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>C. Rupprecht</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>inspection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57779/QIRT22_Lecompagnon_v2.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56063</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Photothermal determination of thermal properties of concrete – a method evaluation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The evaluation of thermal properties is probably an underrated tool for the onsite health monitoring of concrete structures. The photothermal approach offers a possibility to realize a real onsite measurement. This contribution presents the application of the photothermal approach under lab conditions on three different concrete types. The obtained results were compared with those of a commercial device based on the Transient Plane Source (TPS) method. Both agreed well within the estimated uncertainty ranges and therefore demonstrate the applicability of the photothermal method for this kind of investigations. First results of a concrete sample with different water contents support the potential of this method for the characterization of concrete in general.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">NDTCE 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zurich, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.8.2022</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal effusivity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal conductivity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2 Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">2.1 Sicherheit von Energieträgern</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56064</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName>NDT.net</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bad Breisig</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Quantitative Bewertung von Randeffekten bei einer einfachen thermografischen  Transmissionsmessung mittels FEM</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Der Einsatz von Simulationen mit FEM (Finite Element Method) ermöglicht die die quantitative Beschreibung von Wärmeleitungsprozessen in komplexen Geometrien, bei denen analytische Ansätze nicht angewandt werden können, weil die zugrunde liegenden Vereinfachungen nicht gelten. Bei der genauen Modellierung eines kompletten thermografischen Experiments sieht sich der Modellierer einer ganzen Reihe von technischen und physikalischen Parametern gegenüber, die nicht immer bekannt sind und daher geschätzt werden müssen. Im konkreten Fall wurde ein relativ einfaches Experiment mit einfachen Geometrien betrachtet: ein durch Additive Manufacturing gefertigter Metallblock wurde mit einem Laserpuls homogen erwärmt. Aus dem Zeitverlauf der Oberflächentemperatur an der nicht erwärmten Rückseite des gleichmäßig dicken Blocks sollte die thermische Diffusivität des Volumenmaterials ermittelt werden. Bei dem Versuch, die experimentellen Daten durch eine passende Simulation zu beschreiben, ergab sich zunächst eine deutliche Abweichung: die gemessenen Temperaturen waren generell zu niedrig, was auf einen zusätzlichen Wärmeverlustmechanismus hinwies. Es erwies sich, dass die freie Auflage des Materialblocks auf einem flachen Bolzen zur Probenfixierung bei der Simulation des Experiments zu berücksichtigen ist, um eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und thermischer Simulation zu erzielen. Der Beitrag illustriert damit die Möglichkeiten und Potentiale von FEM-Simulationen bei der quantitativen Bewertung von thermografischen Inspektionen zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=27487</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560641</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermografie-Kolloquium der DGZfP</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saarbrücken, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">28.9.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.9.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermische Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aktive Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermischer Kontakt</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Präsentationen</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56064/TK_22_Vortrag_20.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55972</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Stand der Normierung in der Thermografie</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Thermografie ist trotz ihrer ausgereiften wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Grundlagen ein noch relativ junges Mitglied in der Familie der zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Sie erschließt sich aufgrund einer Reihe von Vorzügen eine wachsende Anwenderschaft. Für eine weitere Verbreitung insbesondere im industriellen Kontext spielen Normen, Standards und Richtlinien eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Normierung vorgestellt. Wir werden zeigen, welche Grundlagennormen und Anwendungsnormen es für die Thermografie in Deutschland und international gibt und wir wagen einen Blick in die Zukunft. Darüber hinaus lebt auch die Normierungsarbeit von der Beteiligung durch interessierte Kreise. Dies können industrielle und akademische Anwender*innen, Hersteller*innen von Geräten, Forschungseinrichtungen oder Dienstleistungsunternehmen sein. Sie können gern Ihre Bedarfe bezüglich Normierungsprojekten mitbringen und/oder direkt an die Autoren senden.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermographie-Kolloquium 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saarbrücken, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Normung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Normierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Standardisierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58274</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">EvalTherm - Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To cope with the increase in the manufacturing and operation of wind turbines, wind farm operators need inspection tools that are able to provide reliable information while keeping the downtime low. Current inspection techniques require to stop the wind turbine. This work presents the current progress in the project EvalTherm, in which passive thermography is evaluated as a possible non-destructive inspection tool for operational wind turbine blades (WTBs). A methodology to obtain thermal images of rotating WTBs has been established in this project. However, the quality of the results is heavily dependent on various aspects such as weather conditions, information on the inspected WTB, damage history, etc. In this work, a section of a used WTB is simulated using finite-element modelling (FEM) as well as experimentally tested for evaluating the accuracy of the model. Such a model will provide insight into the potential thermal response of a certain structure (with specific material properties) in given weather (boundary) conditions. The model is able to provide satisfactory predictions of the thermal response of the structure, as well as indicate what thermal contrast(s) result from artificial defects introduced in the structure.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WindEurope Annual Event 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Copenhagen, Denmark</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Somsubhro Chaudhuri</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Windenergie anlage rotorblätter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59934</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Lasers: A versatile Heat Source for Modern Active Thermographic Testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The properties of laser radiation result in a wide range of applications, making laser technologies indispensable in areas such as industry, science and medicine. The possible areas of application for thermography in this context are just as diverse. Thermography is used in laser applications when permanent monitoring and control of thermal development is necessary. Among others, this is the case in additive manufacturing, laser-based measuring devices and non-destructive testing. Furthermore, thermography is ideally suited as a testing method when it comes to ensuring the quality of the laser itself. In this talk it is outlined, how lasers can be used as a heat source in active thermographic testing. Furthermore, two special variants (spatial &amp; temporal structured heating) are described, for which lasers are highly suitable.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.infratec.eu/press/press-releases/details/2024-03-04-laser-technologies-benefiting-from-infrared-thermography/</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Webinar:  Laser Technologies Benefiting from Infrared Thermography</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59867</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>12327</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>SPIE Future Sensing Technologies</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Robot-assisted infrared thermography for surface breaking crack detection on complex shaped components</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Infrared thermography using a focused (spot or line) beam has proved to be effective for detection of surface breaking cracks on planar samples. In this work, we use the same principle, but applied to complex shaped components, like a rail section, a gear, and a gas turbine blade. We use a six-axis robot arm to move the sample in front of our thermographic setup. Several scanning paths and thermographic parameters are explored: scanning speed, density of points in each scanning slice, laser power and camera frame-rate. Additionally, we explore semi-automatic evaluation algorithms for crack detection, as well as 2D-to-3D registration of the found indications.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings SPIE Future Sensing Technologies 2023</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2666757</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">SPIE Future Sensing Technologies, 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Yokohama, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">21.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="Audience">18.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">18.04.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Nelson Wilbur Pech May</author>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Complex shaped component testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flying line thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Robot-assisted thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Crack detection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Robot path planning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>2D/3D thermographic registration</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59380</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>14</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>12109</volume>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>SPIE</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>SPIE (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Enegineers)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative evaluation of the welded area in Resistance Projection Welded (RPW) thin joints by pulsed laser thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A semi-automatic thermographic procedure for the assessment of the welded area of resistance projection welded joints has been developed. Currently, to assess the quality of RPW joints destructive tests are used and the more commonly used non-destructive technique is the ultrasonic one. The possibility for a quantitative evaluation of the welded area by thermographic technique has been proved by means of an innovative procedure applied on steel RPW joints with ‘as it’ surface conditions. Measurements obtained by thermography and ultrasound have been compared, to verify the developed procedure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proc. SPIE 12109, Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIV, 12109J</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1117/12.2618806</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIV,</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Orlando, USA</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">03.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.04.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.01.2024</enrichment>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <author>Giuseppe Dell'Avvocato</author>
    <author>Dirk Gohlke</author>
    <author>Davide Palumbo</author>
    <author>Umberto Galietti</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nondestructive evaluation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Contact area</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.4 Akustische und elektromagnetische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59965</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Automatisierte aktive thermografische Prüfung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Aktive thermografische Prüfung ist ein vielseitiges Instrument in der Familie der zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Der Einzug moderner Lasertechnologie hat hier bedeutende neue Anwendungsfelder eröffnet. In Kombination mit Industrierobotik können nun beispielsweise beliebig komplex geformte Bauteile großflächig vollautomatisiert auf Oberflächenrisse überprüft werden. Der hier vorliegende Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Grundlagen der Laserthermografie, zeigt unsere Anstrengungen am Fachbereich im Bereich der automatisierten thermografischen Detektion von Oberflächenrissen und gibt ein Ausblick über neue moderne Thermografieverfahren aus der Forschung.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">VATH Frühjahrssymposium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lingen, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.04.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>ZfP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58829</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>154</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>doctoralthesis</type>
    <publisherName>Technische Universität Berlin</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>2023-10-31</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Nondestructive defect characterization using full-frame spatially structured super resolution laser thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-based active thermography is a contactless non-destructive testing method to detect material defects by heating the object and measuring its temperature increase with an infrared camera. Systematic deviations from predicted behavior provide insight into the inner structure of the object. However, its resolution in resolving internal structures is limited due to the diffusive nature of heat diffusion. Thermographic super resolution (SR) methods aim to overcome this limitation by combining multiple thermographic measurements and mathematical optimization algorithms to improve the defect reconstruction.&#13;
&#13;
Thermographic SR reconstruction methods involve measuring the temperature change in an object under test (OuT) heated with multiple different spatially structured illuminations. Subsequently, these measurements are inputted into a severely ill-posed and heavily regularized inverse problem, producing a sparse map of the OuT’s internal defect structure. Solving this inverse problem relies on limited priors, such as defect-sparsity, and iterative numerical minimization techniques. Previously mostly experimentally limited to one-dimensional regions of interest (ROIs), this thesis aims to extend the method to the reconstruction of two-dimensionalROIs with arbitrary defect distributions while maintaining reasonable experimental complexity. Ultimately, the goal of this thesis is to make the method suitable for a technology transfer to industrial applications by advancing its technology readiness level (TRL).&#13;
&#13;
In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, this thesis discusses the numerical expansion of a thermographic SR reconstruction method and introduces two novel algorithms to invert the underlying inverse problem. Furthermore, a forward solution to the inverse problem in terms of the applied SR reconstruction model is set up. In conjunction with an additionally proposed algorithm for the automated determination of a set of (optimal) regularization parameters, both create the possibility to conduct analytical simulations to characterize the influence of the experimental parameters on the achievable reconstruction quality. On the experimental side, the method is upgraded to deal with two-dimensional ROIs, and multiple measurement campaigns are performed to validate the proposed inversion algorithms, forward solution and two exemplary analytical studies. For the experimental implementation of the method, the use of a laser-coupled DLP-projector is introduced, which allows projecting binary pixel&#13;
patterns that cover the whole ROI, reducing the number of necessary measurements per ROI significantly (up to 20x).&#13;
&#13;
Finally, the achieved reconstruction of the internal defect structure of a purpose-made OuT is qualitatively and qualitatively benchmarked against well-established thermographic testing methods based on homogeneous illumination of the ROI. Here, the background-noise-free two-dimensional photothermal SR reconstruction results show to outclass all defect reconstructions by the considered reference methods.</abstract>
    <abstract language="deu">Die laserbasierte aktive thermografische Prüfung als berührungslose Methode der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung (NDT) basiert auf der aktiven Erwärmung des Testobjekts (OuT) und Messung des resultierenden Temperaturanstiegs mit einer Infrarotkamera. Dadurch bedingt können systematische Abweichungen vom vorhergesagten Erwärmungsverhalten Aufschluss über dessen innere Struktur geben. Jedoch ist das Auflösungsvermögen für innenliegende Defekte durch die diffusive Natur der Wärmeleitung in Festkörpern begrenzt. Thermografische Super-Resolution (SR)-Methoden zielen darauf ab, diese Limitation durch die Kombination mehrerer Messungen mit jeweils unterschiedlicher strukturierter Erwärmung und mathematischer Optimierungsmethoden zu überwinden.&#13;
&#13;
Zur Rekonstruktion innerer Defekte mithilfe thermografischer SR-Rekonstruktionsmethodik wird für die Gesamtheit mehrerer Messungen ein schlecht gestelltes und stark regularisiertes inverses mathematisches Problem gelöst, was in einer dünnbesetzten Karte der internen Defektstruktur des OuTs resultiert. Die Inversion mittels iterativer numerischer Minimierungsverfahren profitiert dabei von einzelnen Annahmen wie der vergleichsweisen Seltenheit von Materialdefekten. Nachdem die Methode bisher experimentell fast ausschließlich auf eindimensionale Messbereiche (ROIs) beschränkt war, zielt diese Arbeit auf eine Erweiterung zur Prüfung zweidimensionaler ROIs mit arbiträren Defektverteilungen bei erträglicher experimenteller Komplexität ab. Ziel ist es, durch die Weiterentwicklung des Technologie-Reifegrades (TRL) den Technologietransfer zur industriellen Anwendung zu ermöglichen.&#13;
&#13;
Hierzu werden erst die numerische Erweiterung der SR-Rekonstruktionsmethodik für zweidimensionale ROIs erörtert und zwei neue Algorithmen zur Invertierung des zugrunde liegenden inversen Problems vorgestellt, sowie eine Vorwärtslösung des inversen Problems entwickelt. In Verbindung mit einem neuartigen Algorithmus zur automatisierten Bestimmung der (optimalen) Regularisierungsparameter wird erstmals die Möglichkeit geschaffen, analytische Simulationen zum Einfluss einzelner Parameter auf die erreichbare Rekonstruktionsqualität durchzuführen. Weiterhin wird der experimentelle Ansatz zur Prüfung zweidimensionaler ROIs erweitert. Mehrere Messkampagnen validieren die eingeführten Inversionsalgorithmen, die Vorwärtslösung&#13;
und zwei exemplarische analytische Studien. Für die experimentelle Umsetzung wird erstmals die Verwendung lasergekoppelter DLP-Technologie für die makroskopische thermografische Prüfung nutzbar gemacht, welche die Projektion großflächiger binärer Pixelmuster ermöglicht. Dadurch kann die Anzahl der erforderlichen Messungen pro ROI ohne Qualitätseinbußen erheblich reduziert werden (bis zu 20x).&#13;
&#13;
Abschließend werden die erzielten Rekonstruktionsergebnisse der internen Defektstruktur eines speziell angefertigten OuTs qualitativ und quantitativ mit auf homogener Erwärmung basierenden etablierten Methoden der thermografischen Prüfung verglichen. Hier zeigt sich, dass die weitgehend rauschfreien SR-Rekonstruktionsergebnisse alle Defektrekonstruktionen der betrachteten Referenzmethoden deutlich übertreffen.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.14279/depositonce-19271</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-588296</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nondestructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structured illumination</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Strukturierte Beleuchtung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Defect characterization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Defektcharakterisierung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">BAM Dissertationen ohne Nummerierung</collection>
    <thesisGrantor>Technische Universität Berlin</thesisGrantor>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58829/lecompagnon_julien.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58771</id>
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    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Nondestructive defect characterization using full frame spatially structured super resolution laser thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Laser-based active thermography is a contactless non-destructive testing method to detect material defects by heating the object and measuring its temperature increase with an infrared camera. Systematic deviations from predicted behavior provide insight into the inner structure of the object. However, its resolution in resolving internal structures is limited due to the diffusive nature of heat diffusion. Thermographic super resolution (SR) methods aim to overcome this limitation by combining multiple thermographic measurements and mathematical optimization algorithms to improve the defect reconstruction.&#13;
Thermographic SR reconstruction methods involve measuring the temperature change in an object under test (OuT) heated with multiple different spatially structured illuminations. Subsequently, these measurements are inputted into a severely ill-posed and heavily regularized inverse problem, producing a sparse map of the OuT’s internal defect structure. Solving this inverse problem relies on limited priors, such as defect-sparsity, and iterative numerical minimization techniques. Previously mostly experimentally limited to one-dimensional regions of interest (ROIs), this thesis aims to extend the method to the reconstruction of twodimensional ROIs with arbitrary defect distributions while maintaining reasonable experimental complexity. Ultimately, the goal of this thesis is to make the method suitable for a technology transfer to industrial applications by advancing its technology readiness level (TRL).&#13;
In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, this thesis discusses the numerical expansion of a thermographic SR reconstruction method and introduces two novel algorithms to invert the underlying inverse problem. Furthermore, a forward solution to the inverse problem in terms of the applied SR reconstruction model is set up. In conjunction with an additionally proposed&#13;
algorithm for the automated determination of a set of (optimal) regularization parameters, both create the possibility to conduct analytical simulations to characterize the influence of the experimental parameters on the achievable reconstruction quality. On the experimental side, the method is upgraded to deal with two-dimensional ROIs, and multiple measurement campaigns are performed to validate the proposed inversion algorithms, forward solution&#13;
and two exemplary analytical studies. For the experimental implementation of the method, the use of a laser-coupled DLP-projector is introduced, which allows projecting binary pixel patterns that cover the whole ROI, reducing the number of necessary measurements per ROI significantly (up to 20x).&#13;
Finally, the achieved reconstruction of the internal defect structure of a purpose-made OuT is qualitatively and qualitatively benchmarked against well-established thermographic testing methods based on homogeneous illumination of the ROI. Here, the background-noise-free twodimensional photothermal SR reconstruction results show to outclass all defect reconstructions by the considered reference methods.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Öffentliche wissenschaftliche Aussprache an der Technischen Universität Berlin</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">31.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DMD</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58472</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <title language="eng">Overcoming the Spatial Resolution Limits imposed by the Thermal MTF with Thermographic Photothermal Super Resolution Reconstruction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The achievable spatial resolution of active thermographic testing is inherently limited by the diffusive nature of heat conduction in solids. This degradation of the achievable spatial resolution for a semi-infinite body acting on a defect signal can be approximated by spatial convolution with the Green’s function of the heat PDE. As the degradation in spatial resolution is dependent on the depth 𝐿, a common rule of thumb specifies that for proper detection, any defect should feature a spatial extension greater or equal to the depth it is located at. However, as the exact shape of a defect can have a large impact on its severity, at best a proper reconstruction of the defect shape should be performed, which therefore must also deal with the aforementioned adverse effects of heat conduction. One recent method to overcome the spatial resolution limit of thermographic testing is the photothermal super resolution reconstruction method. It is based on performing multiple active thermographic measurements on the same region of interest (ROI) with varying spatially structured heating and subsequent numerical reconstruction of the measured defect signals by solving a severely ill-posed inverse reconstruction problem relying on heavy regularization. By extending the experimental implementation of the method to make use of random-pixel patterns projected onto the ROI using a laser-coupled DLP-projector, defect reconstructions can now be performed within a reasonable time frame (~15 min per ROI) at high accuracy. Compared to conventional thermographic testing methods, the photothermal super resolution reconstruction stands out by resulting in a sparse representation of the defect structure of the ROI, making it especially well-suited to further automatic defect classification and quality assurance measures in an Industry 4.0 context.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: 67th Course: Progress in Photoacoustic &amp; Photothermal Phenomena</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Erice, Italy</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">24.09.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NDT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Internal defects</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DLP</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58275</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Weather-dependent passive thermography  and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The thermographic methods NDT division of BAM is aiming to develop a wind turbine blade (WTB) inspection tool using infrared thermographic scanning of operational wind turbines in the project EvalTherm.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WindEurope Annual Event 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Copenhagen, Denmark</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Somsubhro Chaudhuri</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Windenergie anlage rotorblätte</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58277</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>2507</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
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    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">. To cope with the increase in the manufacturing and operation of wind turbines, wind farm operators need inspection tools that are able to provide reliable information while keeping the downtime low. Current inspection techniques require to stop the wind turbine. This work presents the current progress in the project EvalTherm, in which passive thermography is evaluated as a possible non-destructive inspection tool for operational wind turbine blades (WTBs). A methodology to obtain thermal images of rotating WTBs has been established in this project. However, the quality of the results is heavily dependent on various aspects such as weather conditions, information on the inspected WTB, damage history, etc. In this work, a section of a used WTB is simulated using finite-element modelling (FEM) as well as experimentally tested for evaluating the accuracy of the model. Such a model will provide insight into the potential thermal response of a certain structure (with specific material properties) in given weather (boundary) conditions. The model is able to provide satisfactory predictions of the thermal response of the structure, as well as indicate what thermal contrast(s) result from artificial defects introduced in the structure.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Physics: Conference Series WindEurope</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012025</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582777</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WindEurope Annual Event 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Copenhagen, Denmark</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.04.2023</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.09.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Somsubhro Chaudhuri</author>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58277/Chaudhuri_2023_J._Phys. _Conf._Ser._2507_012025.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58283</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">EvalTherm - Detectability of internal defects in wind turbine rotor blades using passive infrared thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A steady increase of wind energy infrastructure brings along a challenge of maintaining and operating wind turbines (WT) with its multiple components. Inspection of wind turbine rotor blades (WTB) is an important part of maintaining the overall health and safety of a WT. It involves visually or mechanically examining the blades for signs of damage or wear that could affect their performance and structural integrity of the entire WT. A WTB is a complex structure due to its ever-increasing scale (going beyond 100 m for a 16 MW WT) as well as multi-material construction. Passive infrared thermography offers an alternative to contact- or proximity-based inspection techniques currently in use such as visual inspection performed by technical personnel (using a lift or a drone) and involves looking for signs of damage on the surface of the blades, and ultrasonic testing to detect internal defects. In contrast to active thermography, passive thermography uses the sun as source of heat, instead of conventional heat lamps, flash, or laser. An inspection technique to (semi-autonomously) inspect the WTBs of an operating WT from the ground has been developed. Given the optimum thermal contrast (weather conditions for field measurements), external as well as internal features of the WTB can be visualised with appropriate post-processing. The work presented here is part of an ongoing multi-partner project titled “EvalTherm”: the evaluation of passive thermography as a non-destructive inspection tool of WTBs in operation. In this work, artificial defects representative of realistic defects in glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) WTBs are introduced in out-of-service WTB pieces. These are scanned using X-ray computed tomography to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction to be used as input for finite-element based thermal simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation data is compared with infrared thermal inspection of the same WTB section, in order to compare the effect of thermal contrast caused in certain weather conditions. In addition, the influence of defect characteristics such as defect size, morphology, and location on detectability is investigated. Validated simulation models are used to predict thermal signatures of defects along with the optimal thermal contrast. Such simulation models in combination with weather forecast data can assist operators of wind turbine infrastructure to plan passive thermography inspection without the need of dangerous inspection procedures and associated shutdown of energy production.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC) 2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Somsubhro Chaudhuri</author>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine rotor blades</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Windenergie anlage rotorblätter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58284</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>27</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>127</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantitative Analysis of the Correlation between Geometric Parameters of Pits and Stress Concentration Factors for a Plate Subject to Uniaxial Tensile Stress</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The offshore environment is inherently corrosive. Consequently, pits may nucleate on exposed steel surfaces. Corrosion pits can be a source of crack initiation when the structure is subject to fatigue loading. The criticality of a corrosion pit with respect to the structural integrity depends on its shape and size and can be quantified using a stress concentration factor (𝐾𝑡). In this work, a parametric 3D finite element model is developed to perform stress analysis of a pitted plate subjected to uniaxial tensile stress. The model is used for an extensive parameter study in which 𝐾𝑡 is determined for various pit configurations. It is demonstrated that each one of the geometrical parameters holds a substantial influence on the location of the Most Critical Region (MCR). It is shown that 𝐾𝑡 increases as the pit gets narrower. Pits with an elliptical mouth yield higher 𝐾𝑡 values when the angle between the load direction and the pit mouth major axis increases. Moreover, 𝐾𝑡 increases with the increase in the localized thickness loss which is more pronounced for relatively wider pits. Finally, a regression model is presented for estimating 𝐾𝑡 based on the geometric parameters of a pit.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0167-8442</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.104081</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">23.10.2023</enrichment>
    <author>F Mehri Sofiani</author>
    <author>Somsubhro Chaudhuri</author>
    <author>S.A. Elahi</author>
    <author>K. Hectors</author>
    <author>W. De Waele</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SCF</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pitting corrosion</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58498</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Semi-automated detection of rain erosion damages on turbine blades with passive thermography and AI image processing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The European Green Deal and the global fight against climate change call for more and larger wind turbines in Europe and around the world. To meet the increasing demand for maintenance and inspection, partly autonomous methods of remote inspection are increasingly being developed in addition to industrial climbers performing the inspection. &#13;
Rotor blades are exposed to extreme weather conditions throughout their lifetime of 20 years, and the leading edge erodes over time. These erosion damages change the aerodynamic features of blades and can cause structural damages. The estimated annual energy production (AEP) losses caused by erosion damages are between 0.5% and 2% per year. The classification of the severity of a rain erosion damage and the quantification of the resulting AEP losses for cost efficient repair and maintenance efforts and improved power production of wind turbines are subject of scientific research. &#13;
For the inspection of wind turbine rotor blades, passive thermography is an option that has been used to detect both internal damage [3, 4] as well as erosion on the surface [5, 6]. The advantage is that, given suitable boundary conditions, not only the rain erosion damage itself but also temperature differences caused by the resulting turbulences can be observed on the surface of the blade. Turbulences reduce the efficiency of the rotor blades and result in AEP losses. Optimised thermography inspections can contribute to detect and to evaluate rain erosion damages. The thermal inspection lasts 10 minutes per turbine and is performed while the turbine is in full operation, avoiding downtime and lost opportunities for the turbine owner which are usually caused by conventional blade inspections. The timely inspection procedure is complemented by an automatic data evaluation and results in a considerable number of inspected wind turbines in a certain period of time. A fully convolutional network (FCN) is implemented for the automated evaluation of thermal images.&#13;
In the presented study, more than 1000 thermographic images of blades were annotated, augmented and used to train and test the FCN. The aim is the precise marking of thermal signatures caused by erosion damage at the leading edge. The area size of the detected temperature difference caused by turbulences was used to identify and categorise damages. Certain strategies were adopted to group small individual indications as one large damage, in order to develop simplification rules based on realistic thermal imaging resolution.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC) 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Glasgow, Scotland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">23.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">25.05.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Non-destructive testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine blade</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58500</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In situ characterisation of GFRP shell structures of wind turbine rotor blades under test using lock-in thermography</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The work shown demonstrates the possibility of measuring the load distribution of complex components such as rotor blades in cyclic tests using thermography. This is confirmed in the experiments presented by comparison with DIC measurements. The advantage of thermography is that it does not require any treatment of the test specimens in the setup shown and the measurement procedure can in principle be scaled to large components. In addition, compared to other imaging methods, the actual loads and not the deformation are measured. With a suitable data evaluation by means of Lockin analysis, small loads can be verified in a formative manner. Using the example of model repairs in shell test specimens made of sandwich glass fibre composite material, it is shown that inhomogeneous load distribution due to internal structures can be detected using thermography.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WindEurope Annual Event 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Copenhagen, Denmark</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.04.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TSA</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58501</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>poster</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Infrared Thermography of wind turbine rotor blades: 3 use cases</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermography is a widely accepted non-invasive measurement method and is generally used in various areas of the life cycle of infrastructure and machinery. This includes design, production and maintenance. Thermography is particularly suitable for remote inspection of large areas that are difficult to reach. &#13;
In this presentation, applications of thermography in the field of wind energy will be shown, touching on three explicit examples from rotor blade inspection.&#13;
Experimental testing and validation: Thermography can measure and visualise the stress distribution on the surface during cyclic tests of rotor blades and rotor blade sections. The so-called thermoelastic stress analysis makes use of special evaluation algorithms (Lockin analysis) of the measurement data and the cyclic loading of components. An advantage of the measurement methods compared to other measurement methods such as strain gauges or digital image correlation is that it does not require any extra treatment or sensoring of the components. In the work shown here, repair methods are optimised and evaluated in cyclic tests on shell test specimens. &#13;
Operation and maintenance: Rotor blades can be inspected from the ground during operation using passive thermography. Here, the integration of weather forecasts and conditions as input for simulations is crucial and will be demonstrated with some examples from the field. The goal of the ongoing research is to obtain detailed insights into the internal structure of the inspected rotor blades with individual measurements. A specially developed automated measuring system is able to measure a wind turbine (one-sided) within 5 minutes without impacting its operation. &#13;
Environmental impact: In cases where less strict time and economic constraints apply than in the maintenance of rotor blades in operation, thermography can also be used to realise other inspection processes that take more time. Examples of this are quality control or the characterisation of rotor blades during dismantling. In the latter case, for example, it can be crucial to know which components such as foam, balsa, belt and spar are present in which parts of the blade when dismantling the rotor blades. Long-term measurements (~1-2 h) under suitable weather conditions can provide good insights into the inner structure of the rotor blades, both during disassembly and during quality control before installation. For this purpose, the sun is used as a heat source, which induces a thermal response of the rotor blades. The thermal behaviour of the rotor blades then allows conclusions to be drawn about the internal structure.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EERA DeepWind conference 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Trondheim, Norway</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">20.01.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wind turbine blade</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Inspection</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58466</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik und Photonik e.V.</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">In-situ monitoring of the laser powder bed fusion process by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring for defect detection</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For the wide acceptance of the use of additive manufacturing (AM), it is required to provide reliable testing methods to ensure the safety of the additively manufactured parts. A possible solution could be the deployment of in-situ monitoring during the build process. However, for laser powder bed fusion using metal powders (PBF-LB/M) only a few in-situ monitoring techniques are commercially available (optical tomography, melt pool monitoring), which have not been researched to an extent that allows to guarantee the adherence to strict quality and safety standards.&#13;
In this contribution, we present results of a study of PBF-LB/M printed parts made of the nickel-based superalloy Haynes 282. The formation of defects was provoked by local variations of the process parameters and monitored by thermography, optical tomography and melt pool monitoring. Afterwards, the defects were characterized by computed tomography (CT) to identify the detection limits of the used in-situ techniques.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2023</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.wlt.de/lim2023-proceedings/system-engineering-and-process-control</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Munich, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">26.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.06.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Nils Scheuschner</author>
    <author>F. Heinrichsdorff</author>
    <author>Simon Oster</author>
    <author>E. Uhlmann</author>
    <author>J. Polte</author>
    <author>A. Gordei</author>
    <author>Kai Hilgenberg</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Optical tomography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Melt-pool-monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laser powder bed fusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Haynes 282</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Additive Manufacturing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.3 Thermografische Verfahren</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9 Komponentensicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">9.6 Additive Fertigung metallischer Komponenten</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Additive Fertigung</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59324</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>7808</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>7815</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>8</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Washington, DC</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Evidence of a Thermal Diffusivity Gap in Sintered Li–Co–Sb–O Solid Solutions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, the thermal properties of ternary Li₃ₓCo₇₋₄ₓSb₂₊ₓO₁₂ solid solutions are studied for different concentrations in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7. Samples are elaborated at four different sintering temperatures: 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250 °C. The effect of increasing the content of Li⁺ and Sb⁵⁺, accompanied by the reduction of Co²⁺, on the thermal properties is studied. It is shown that a thermal diffusivity gap, which is more pronounced for low values of x, can be triggered at a certain threshold sintering temperature (around 1150 °C in this study). This effect is explained by the increase of contact area between adjacent grains. Nevertheless, this effect is found to be less pronounced in the thermal conductivity. Moreover, a new framework for heat diffusion in solids is presented that establishes that both the heat flux and the thermal energy (or heat) satisfy a diffusion equation and therefore highlights the importance of thermal diffusivity in transient heat conduction phenomena.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Omega</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2470-1343</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acsomega.2c07557</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593248</identifier>
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    <title language="deu">Aktueller Stand der Normung in der Thermografie</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Thermografie ist trotz ihrer ausgereiften wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Grundlagen ein noch relativ junges Mitglied in der Familie der zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Sie erschließt sich aufgrund einer Reihe von Vorzügen eine wachsende Anwendungsgemeinde. Für eine weitere Verbreitung insbesondere im industriellen Kontext spielen Normen, Standards und technische Regeln eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Normung in Deutschland vorgestellt. Wir zeigen, welche Normen und technischen Regeln es für die Thermografie in Deutschland und international gibt und wir wagen einen Blick in die Zukunft. Darüber hinaus lebt auch die Normierungsarbeit von der Beteiligung durch interessierte Kreise. Dies können industrielle und akademische Anwender*innen, Hersteller*innen von Geräten, Forschungseinrichtungen oder Dienstleistungsunternehmen sein. Sie können gern Ihre Bedarfe bezüglich Normierungsprojekten mitbringen und/oder direkt an die Autoren senden.</abstract>
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    <title language="deu">Aktueller Stand der Normung in der Thermografie</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die Thermografie ist trotz ihrer ausgereiften wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Grundlagen ein noch relativ junges Mitglied in der Familie der zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. Sie erschließt sich aufgrund einer Reihe von Vorzügen eine wachsende Anwendungsgemeinde. Für eine weitere Verbreitung insbesondere im industriellen Kontext spielen Normen, Standards und technische Regeln eine wichtige Rolle. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Normung in Deutschland vorgestellt. Wir zeigen, welche Normen und technischen Regeln es für die Thermografie in Deutschland und international gibt und wir wagen einen Blick in die Zukunft. Darüber hinaus lebt auch die Normierungsarbeit von der Beteiligung durch interessierte Kreise. Dies können industrielle und akademische Anwender*innen, Hersteller*innen von Geräten, Forschungseinrichtungen oder Dienstleistungsunternehmen sein. Sie können gern Ihre Bedarfe bezüglich Normierungsprojekten mitbringen und/oder direkt an die Autoren senden.</abstract>
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    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
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      <value>Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</value>
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    <title language="eng">EvalTherm - Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Evaluation of passive Thermography for the inspection of wind turbine blades. Comparison of passive thermography from the ground with drone-supported images and active thermography. Better understand the influence of weather conditions through field measurements. Development of an inspection planning tool that incorporates weather forecasts. Use FEM simulations to predict thermal contrasts of different damages under different environmental conditions.</abstract>
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    <author>Michael Stamm</author>
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      <value>Thermography</value>
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    <title language="eng">Nondestructive thermographic detection of internal defects using pixel-pattern based laser excitation and photothermal super resolution reconstruction</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, we present a novel approach to photothermal super resolution based thermographic resolution of internal defects using two-dimensional pixel pattern-based active photothermal laser heating in conjunction with subsequent numerical reconstruction to achieve a high-resolution reconstruction of internal defect structures. With the proposed adoption of pixelated patterns generated using laser coupled high-power DLP projector technology the complexity for achieving true two-dimensional super resolution can be dramatically reduced taking a crucial step forward towards widespread practical viability. Furthermore, based on the latest developments in high-power DLP projectors, we present their first application for structured pulsed thermographic inspection of macroscopic metal samples. In addition, a forward solution to the underlying inverse problem is proposed along with an appropriate heuristic to find the regularization parameters necessary for the numerical inversion in a laboratory setting. This allows the generation of synthetic measurement data, opening the door for the application of machine learning based methods for future improvements towards full automation of the method. Finally, the proposed method is experimentally validated and shown to outperform several established conventional thermographic testing techniques while conservatively improving the required measurement times by a factor of 8 compared to currently available photothermal super resolution techniques.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Scientific Reports</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2045-2322</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-30494-2</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <author>Philipp Daniel Hirsch</author>
    <author>C. Rupprecht</author>
    <author>Mathias Ziegler</author>
    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermography</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Super resolution</value>
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      <value>NDT</value>
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      <value>Internal defects</value>
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      <value>DMD</value>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Moisture in Concrete on the Photothermal Response—A New Approach for a Measurement Method?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Recently, the photothermal determination of the thermophysical properties of concrete under lab conditions was reported. Their values are mainly needed to look at the energy consumption of buildings. Additionally, changes in their values in relation to the initial state might also be a good indicator for material quality or for moisture. The present contribution explains the photothermal method in a more general way to indicate the potential for on-site application. Secondly, a special application case is regarded: the detection of moisture in concrete. Two concrete samples were soaked with water, followed by a drying period, to obtain different levels of water penetration. The water contents were determined by weighing, and the photothermal response was measured. The results show a large influence on the measured temperature transients, which is larger than expected from the original simple model. They clearly provide two points: the photothermal method is suited to detect moisture in concrete, but the magnitude of the actual measurement effect is not yet understood.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied sciences: Special Issue "Diagnostics and Monitoring of Steel and Concrete Structures"</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app13052768</identifier>
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    <author>Rainer Krankenhagen</author>
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      <value>Thermal effusivity</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
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    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Detektion innenliegender Defekte mittels photothermischer Super-Resolution-Rekonstruktion und 2D-Beleuchtungsmustern</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Für die aktive Thermografie als zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode galt lange Zeit die Faustformel, dass die Auflösung interner Defekte/Inhomogenitäten auf ein Verhältnis von Defekttiefe/Defektgröße ≤ 1 beschränkt ist. Die Ursache hierfür liegt in der diffusiven Natur der Wärmeleitung in Festkörpern. Sogenannte Super-Resolution-Ansätze erlauben seit Kurzem die Überwindung dieser physikalischen Grenze um ein Vielfaches. Damit ergibt sich die attraktive Möglichkeit die Thermografie von einem rein oberflächensensitiven Prüfverfahren hin zu einem Verfahren mit verbesserter Tiefenreichweite zu entwickeln. Wie weit diese Entwicklung getrieben werden kann, ist Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. Wir konnten bereits zeigen, dass diese klassische Einschränkung für ein- und zweidimensionale Defektgeometrien überwunden werden kann, indem das Prüfobjekt mit einzelnen Laserspots sequenziell strukturiert beleuchtet wird und damit anschließend aus den resultierenden Messdaten durch Anwendung photothermischer Super-ResolutionRekonstruktion eine Defektkarte berechnet werden kann, welche eine deutlich verbesserte Trennung einzelner naheliegender Defekte erlaubt. Dieses Verfahren profitiert dabei im Ergebnis stark von der Kombination von sequenzieller räumlich strukturierter Beleuchtung und modernen numerischen Optimierungsverfahren, was jedoch in Summe stark auf Kosten der experimentellen Komplexität geht. Dies führt im Gegensatz zur Anwendung von etablierten thermografischen Standardverfahren mit vollflächiger Beleuchtung zu langen Messzeiten, großen Datensätzen und langwieriger numerischer Auswertung. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über die Anwendung vollflächig räumlichstrukturierter zweidimensionaler Beleuchtungsmuster, welche es durch den Einsatz modernster Laserprojektortechnik in Verbindung mit einem Hochleistungslaser überhaupt erst erlaubt, eine effiziente Umsetzung von photothermischer Super-ResolutionRekonstruktion auch für größere Prüfflächen zu erreichen.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.dgzfp.de/Portals/thermo2022/BB178/Inhalt/13.pdf</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565222</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Thermographie-Kolloquium 2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Saarbrücken, Germany</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Julien Lecompagnon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermografie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Super resolution</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eingeschlossene Defekte</value>
    </subject>
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      <value>ZfP</value>
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      <value>DLP</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>Projektor</value>
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    <subject>
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      <value>DMD</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
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