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    <publisherName>RILEM</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Champs-sur-Marne</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing pore networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Almost all building materials in civil engineering have an open porosity and interact with or are affected by the environmental conditions. Structures might suffer from effects such as moisture adsorption, carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores (&lt; 1 µm), the Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of temporal changing pore systems because of physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption.&#13;
In this study, unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry are investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution of the blocks is measured and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiments. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay minerals undergo swelling or shrinking due to chemisorption. The following two effects must be considered: first, the reduction of the available pore space by the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg sorption theory is used, which is a combination of the well-known Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorption theory and the Kelvin equation. This allows the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. Second, the variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modelled. Based on these two models, the effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity sensors were embedded into a free-standing earth masonry wall. This monitoring was carried out over more than a year to have a broad variety of environmental conditions and was located in Berlin, Germany.&#13;
The prediction of the effective diffusion coefficient can also be transferred to other processes and allows the investigation of materials having temporarily changing pore systems. Examples are the carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures, etc. This effect becomes most prominent in the meso-pore range and might alter the effective diffusion coefficient by more than 100 %.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings of the 4th international congress on materials &amp; structural stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571391</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Congress on Materials &amp; Structural Stability</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.03.2023</enrichment>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Heiko Stolpe</author>
    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earth masonry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Molecular diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemisoprtion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Knudsen effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Physisorption</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>58381</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam, Niederlande</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing pore networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Almost all building materials in civil engineering have an open porosity and interact with or are affected by the environmental conditions. Structures might suffer from effects such as moisture adsorption, carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores (less than1 µm), the Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of temporal changing pore systems because of physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption.&#13;
In this study, unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry are investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution of the blocks is measured and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiments. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay minerals undergo swelling or shrinking due to chemisorption. The following two effects must be considered: first, the reduction of the available pore space by the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg sorption theory is used, which is a combination of the well-known Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorption theory and the Kelvin equation. This allows the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. Second, the variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modelled. Based on these two models, the effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity sensors were embedded into a free-standing earth masonry wall. This monitoring was carried out over more than a year to have a broad variety of environmental conditions and was located in Berlin, Germany.&#13;
The prediction of the effective diffusion coefficient can also be transferred to other processes and allows the investigation of materials having temporarily changing pore systems. Examples are the carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures, etc. These effects are prominent in the meso-pore range and might significantly alter the effective diffusion coefficient.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Today: Proceedings</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.034</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2214-7853</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583811</identifier>
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    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Heiko Stolpe</author>
    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earth material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Physisoprtion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemisorption</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58381/Strangfeld_2023_Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>63071</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>138</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>140</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>75</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>concrete content UG</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Schermbeck</publisherPlace>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="deu">63. DAfStb-Forschungskolloquium in der BAM - Themenblock 5: Bauteile und Bauwerke</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Ein weiterer Fokus des 63. DAfStb-Forschungskolloquiums (Tagungsband: DOI 10.26272/opus4-61338) lag auf den Bauteil- und Bauwerksuntersuchungen. Insbesondere wurde hier ein Einblick in die Forschungsaktivitäten in den BAM-Themenfeldern „Infrastruktur“ und „Energie“ gegeben. Thematisch wird dabei der Bogen von der Dauerhaftigkeit von Betonfahrbahndecken über die Extrembeanspruchung von Bauteilen und Bauwerken mittels Brand und Impact bis zum Bauwerksmonitoring und der Zustandsanalyse von Bestandsbauwerken gespannt.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Beton</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0005-9846</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">16.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">17.10.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="RelatedIdentifier">https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613383</enrichment>
    <author>Frank Weise</author>
    <author>Ludwig Stelzner</author>
    <author>Christoph Recknagel</author>
    <author>Tim Pittrich</author>
    <author>Tim Neugum</author>
    <author>Marcus Hering</author>
    <author>Georg Fiedler</author>
    <author>Marc Thiele</author>
    <author>Patrick Simon</author>
    <author>Stefan Maack</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dauerhaftigkeit von Betonfahrbahndecken</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Alkali-Kieselsäurereaktion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brand Impact</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bauwerksmonitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.1 Baustoffe</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.3 Brandingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Verkehrsinfrastrukturen</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61220</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <title language="eng">Moisture behaviour of earth block masonry under natural climate conditions – experimental and numerical studies</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The compressive stength of unstabilised earth masonry depends on the moisture content. Knowledge of the moisture content is necessary in order to be able to account for the impact of moisture on the structural design of earth block masonry. For conventional building materials it is possible to precisely forecast the component moisture according to the layered structure on the basis of hygrothermal simulations. However , it is still not clear to what degree these numerical calculations can offer valid results for earth building materials. Earth building materials have a number of special properties related to moisture storage and moisture transport that differ significantly from the physical simplifications that are a component of existing material models. The swelling and shrinking of earth materials and their organic components results in changes to the pore space, the sorption behaviour exhibits a clear hysteresis, and the experimental determination of hygrothermal parameters in continuous contact with liquid water is almost impossible. To adequately forecast the moisture content of earth block masonry under natural climate conditions, extensive investigations of the moisture behaviour of load-bearing earth block masonry have been carried out within the framework of this project. These efforts began with the performance of magnetic resonance spectroscopic tests on two load-bearing earth blocks, in order to quantify the adsorption and desorption processes at relative humidities of between 50 % and 90 % under controlled, isothermal laboratory conditions. Once this had been done, a modified test setup was used to determine the water absorption coefficient , from which the liquid transport coefficients were derived. Based on the hygrothermal parameters values that were thus determined, the model was calibrated using the WUFI software program [7]. Finally, long-term moisture measurements were conducted on an earth block masonry wall that was ex-Increasing shortages of raw materials and rising energy prices are resulting in continuous growth in the demand for earth construction. In comparison to conventional building materials, earth building materials offer three significant advantages that have become even more important in light of the energy crisis in 2021 and the associated increase in the price of building supplies by approx. 40 percent [1]. Firstly, water solubility makes it possible to fully separate and recover all of the material components, and in particular the sand component. Secondly, energy-intensive firing processes, such as those required for cement production or brick manufacture, are eliminated. And thirdly, earth is a local raw material that is available in large quantities [1]. However, the load-bearing capacity of earth building materials is very much dependent on the moisture content. An increase in the relative humidity results in a reduction in the clay mineral cohesion , and this in turn results in a decline in both the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity. In this regard, the mechanical properties of earth block masonry change in inverse proportion to the relative humidity. In other words, with every percentage point increase in relative humidity, both the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity decline by one percent [2] [4]. The internal walls of heated living areas are generally only subject to relatively small fluctuations in relative humidity (between 40 % and 60 %) [5], and short periods in excess of these levels (such as in bathrooms or kitchens) only lead to a significant increase in the moisture content of the uppermost layers [6]. Exterior walls, on the other hand, are subject to large seasonal fluctuations in temperate climates, with a relative humidity in excess of 90 % in winter months. However, the exterior walls of heated living areas must be insulated in accordance with the German Buildings Energy Act (GEG), and with masonry this is generally done us</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Weimar, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.09.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">29.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <author>M. Härder</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earth stone</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Masonry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hygrothermal simulations</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61217</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Feuchteverhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen – Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Druckfestigkeit und Elastizitätsmodul von Lehmsteinmauerwerk nehmen mit steigendem Feuchtegehalt ab, weswegen die Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit bei der Bemessung gemäß DIN 18940 in Abhängigkeit der maximal zu erwartenden Ausgleichsfeuchte abgemindert wird. Da bisher allerdings keine Messdaten zum Feuchtegehalt von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen vorliegen, stellen die normativen Grenzwerte lediglich eine konservative Abschätzung dar. Um die Feuchtegehalte von Lehmsteinmauerwerk und somit die Tragfähigkeit realitätsnah einschätzen zu können, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sowohl experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen zum feuchtetechnischen Verhalten durchgeführt. Dabei wurden erstmalig magnetresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an tragenden Lehmsteinen unterschiedlicher Herstellungsmethoden angewandt Weiterhin wurden Luftfeuchtesensoren in Lehmsteinmauerwerk eingebettet, um hygrische Langzeitfeuchtemessungen unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen durchzuführen. Auf Basis dieser Erkenntnisse wurde schließlich ein numerisches Modell kalibriert und Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um den unter realen Klimabedingungen tatsächlich auftretenden Feuchtegehalt im Lehmmauerwerk sowie dessen Verteilung über den Querschnitt einschätzen zu können und die normativen Grenzwerte zu überprüfen. Gezeigt wurde, dass die realitätsnahe instationäre Berechnung des Feuchtetransports mit üblichen hygrothermischen Simulationsprogrammen auf Basis einfacher feuchtetechnischer Kennwerte auch bei Lehmbaustoffen möglich ist. Der Einfluss des Quellens und Schwindens der enthaltenen Tonminerale und organischen Bestandteile wurde durch eine Modifikation bei der Ermittlung des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten explizit berücksichtigt und ist somit auch in den daraus abgeleiteten Transportkoeffizienten enthalten. Darüber hinaus wurde die Feuchtespeicherfunktion im überhygroskopischen Bereich auf Grundlage der Porenvolumenverteilung abgeschätzt. Die Approximation der Transportkoeffizienten und der Feuchtespeicherfunktion stellt dabei eine wesentliche Vereinfachung für Lehmbaustoffe dar, da ihre experimentelle Bestimmung aufgrund des Kontaktes mit Flüssigwasser kaum möglich ist. In Bezug auf das Feuchteverhalten üblicher Außenwandaufbauten von Wohnräumen konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Ausgleichsfeuchte im Lehmsteinmauerwerk stets unterhalb des in Nutzungsklasse 1 gemäß DIN 18940 zulässigen Grenzwertes von 65 % liegt. Je nach Putzsystem und Dämmstoff reduziert sich die Ausgleichsfeuchte auf Werte unter 60 %, wobei sich eine annähernd gleichmäßige Verteilung der Feuchte über den Mauerwerksquerschnitt hinweg einstellt. Bei Außenwänden von unbeheizten Räumen ergab sich eine maximale Ausgleichsfeuchte, die über weite Teile des Querschnitts unterhalb von 80 % lag. Der Ansatz einer maximalen Ausgleichsfeuchte von 90 % in Nutzungsklasse 2 ist folglich zu hoch angesetzt. Die zulässige Ausgleichsfeuchte bzw. der Umgebungsfeuchtefaktor in Nutzungsklasse 2 sollte dementsprechend angepasst werden</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Weimar, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <author>M. Härder</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Lehmstein</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mauerwerk</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materialfeuchte</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Feuchtemonitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hygrothermische Simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57140</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
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    <publisherPlace/>
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    <title language="eng">Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing pore networks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Almost all building materials in civil engineering have an open porosity and interact with or are affected by the environmental conditions. Structures might suffer from effects such as moisture adsorption, carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores ( 1 m), the Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of temporal changing pore systems because of physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption.&#13;
In this study, unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry are investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution of the blocks is measured and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiments. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay minerals undergo swelling or shrinking due to chemisorption. The following two effects must be considered: first, the reduction of the available pore space by the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg sorption theory is used, which is a combination of the well-known Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorption theory and the Kelvin equation. This allows the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. Second, the variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modelled. Based on these two models, the effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity sensors were embedded into a free-standing earth masonry wall. This monitoring was carried out over more than a year to have a broad variety of environmental conditions and was located in Berlin, Germany.&#13;
The prediction of the effective diffusion coefficient can also be transferred to other processes and allows the investigation of materials having temporarily changing pore systems. Examples are the carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures, etc. This effect becomes most prominent in the meso-pore range and might alter the effective diffusion coefficient by more than 100 %.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">4th International Congress on Materials &amp; Structural Stability</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Rabat, Morocco</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.03.2023</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">1</enrichment>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earth masonry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Molecular diffusion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Chemisoprtion</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Knudsen effect</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Physisorption</value>
    </subject>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63424</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>11</issue>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Wave-Screening Methods for Prestress-Loss Assessment of a Large-Scale Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge Model Under Outdoor Conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This paper presents advancements in structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, with a particular focus on wave-screening methods for assessing prestress loss in a large-scale prestressed concrete (PC) bridge model under outdoor conditions. The wave-screening process utilizes low-frequency wave propagation obtained from seismic interferometry of structural free vibrations and high-frequency wave propagation obtained through ultrasonic transducers embedded in the structure. An adjustable post-tensioning system was employed in a series of experiments to simulate prestress loss. By comparing bridge vibrations under varying post-tensioning forces, the study investigated prestress loss and examined temperature-related effects using the coda wave interferometry (CWI) method. Local structural alterations were analyzed through wave velocity variations, demonstrating sensitivity to bridge temperature changes. The findings indicate that wave-based methods are more effective than traditional modal analysis for damage detection, highlighting the dual impacts of prestress loss and temperature, as well as damage localization. This study underscores the need for long-term measurements to account for temperature fluctuations when analyzing vibration measurements to investigate changes in prestressing force in PC structures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Applied Sciences</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6005</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/app15116005</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634244</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Chun-Man Liao</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>F Bernauer</author>
    <author>H Igel</author>
    <author>Céline Hadziioannou</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda wave interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Damage detection</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prestress loss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic interferometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SHM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Temperature influence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ultrasonics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wave-screening</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63424/applsci-15-06005.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55627</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>555</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>566</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferenceobject</type>
    <publisherName>Expert Verlag</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Tübingen</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Technische Akademie Esslingen (TAE)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Überwachung der Brücke Altstädter Bahnhof, Brandenburg./H. Begleituntersuchungen mit moderner Sensorik und zerstörungsfreier Prüfung</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die B1 Brücke am Altstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg an der Havel wurde im Dezember 2019 aufgrund von während einer turnusmäßigen Inspektion entdeckten Rissen und Hohlstellen entlang der vorgespannten Längsträger gesperrt und im Mai 2021 abgebrochen. In der Zwischenzeit wurde die Brücke detailliert überwacht. Vor dem Abriss wurden zudem umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Bestandsaufnahme und Schadensanalyse sowie Tests moderner Sensorik vorgenommen. Dabei konnte sowohl die richtige, zuvor nicht sicher bekannte Anzahl von Spanngliedern in den Querträgern sicher ermittelt werden als auch durch moderne Varianten der Schwingungsmessungen und der faseroptischen Sensorik zusätzliche Kenntnisse püber das Bauwerksverhalten ermittelt werden . In dem Beitrag werden die Verfahren mit ihren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen vorgestellt, die Ergebnissee an der Brücke in Brandenburg erläutert und zukünftige Einsatzmöglichkeiten diskutiert.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">5. Brückenkolloquium, Tagungshandbuch 2022</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-8169-3549-0</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5. Brückenkolloquium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ostfildern, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">07.09.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>Falk Hille</author>
    <author>Detlev Hofmann</author>
    <author>Thomas Kind</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brücke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vibration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptik</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55628</id>
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    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
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    <type>lecture</type>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Überwachung der Brücke Altstädter Bahnhof, Branden-burg./H.</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Die B1 Brücke am Altstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg an der Havel wurde im Dezember 2019 aufgrund von während einer turnusmäßigen Inspektion entdeckten Rissen und Hohlstellen entlang der vorgespannten Längsträger gesperrt und im Mai 2021 abgebrochen. In der Zwischenzeit wurde die Brücke detailliert überwacht. Vor dem Abriss wurden zudem umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Bestandsaufnahme und Schadensanalyse sowie Tests moderner Sensorik vorgenommen. Dabei konnte sowohl die richtige, zuvor nicht sicher bekannte Anzahl von Spanngliedern in den Querträgern sicher ermittelt werden als auch durch moderne Varianten der Schwingungsmessungen und der faseroptischen Sensorik zusätzliche Kenntnisse püber das Bauwerksverhalten ermittelt werden . In dem Beitrag werden die Verfahren mit ihren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen vorgestellt, die Ergebnissee an der Brücke in Brandenburg erläutert und zukünftige Einsatzmöglichkeiten diskutiert.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">5. Brückenkolloquium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Ostfildern, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">06.09.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Brücke</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Radar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Vibration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Faseroptik</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>64211</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Assessment of prestress loss in a large-scale concrete bridge model under outdoor condition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The presentation shows that subtle variations in coda wave velocity can capture minor temperature effects, offering a good understanding of how a outdoor prestressed concrete structure responds to environmental conditions over time.&#13;
Ultimately, this work contributes to development of more comprehensive and resilient structural health monitoring strategies for prestressed concrete infrastructure.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">EVACES 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Porto, Portugal</enrichment>
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    <author>Chun-Man Liao</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Coda wave interferometry</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Damage detection</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Prestress loss</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Seismic interferometry</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structural health monitoring</value>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>459</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Quantification of moisture content in earth block masonry under natural climatic conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The aim of this study is to accurately predict the moisture content in earth block masonry exposed to natural climatic conditions, which is a key factor in assessing its load-bearing capacity. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and humidity sensor measurements were carried out to quantify the moisture content. In addition, a customised test setup was developed to determine the capillary water absorption of earth blocks. This approach takes into account the deceleration of water absorption due to the swelling of clay minerals and organic additives, which leads to realistic transport coefficients in the hygroscopic range. This allows the moisture content of earth block masonry to be predicted accurately. With regard to the moisture behaviour of typical exterior wall constructions in living spaces, it was found that the equilibrium moisture content in earth block masonry is always lower than 65 % relative humidity, which corresponds to the permissible limit of the recently published German design standard for load-bearing earth block masonry.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Construction and Building Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139513</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623518</identifier>
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    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <author>Michelle Härder</author>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
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      <value>Earth block masonry</value>
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      <value>NMR relaxometry</value>
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      <value>Hygrothermal simulation</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Load-bearing capacity</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture content</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded humidity sensors</value>
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    <title language="eng">Assessment of prestress loss in a large-scale concrete bridge model under outdoor condition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Environmental conditions affect the accuracy of field measurements used to monitor civil structures. Previous studies have shown that measured dynamic responses often lack the sensitivity needed for effective localized damage detection. To address this issue, our study focuses on distinguishing environmental effects from damage related effects in measured data to enhance vibration-based damage identification methods. Experimentally, the problem of prestress loss in a prestressed concrete bridge model was examined. By adjusting the pre-stressing force in a large-scale concrete bridge model, cracking phenomena were observed. To demonstrate field monitoring of a large-scale prestressed structure, noise recording was performed and the measurement data was analyzed with operational modal analysis. Additionally, ultrasonic testing, known for its high sensitivity in damage localization, was used to cross-check the structural damage. Seismic and coda wave interferometry were also employed to estimate wave velocities, providing insights into the level of prestress loss and temperature sensitivity. Ultimately, these measurable wave properties help to overcome the uncertainties associated with traditional vibration-based damage detection methods.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_20</identifier>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-031-96105-2</identifier>
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    <author>Chun-Man Liao</author>
    <author>F. Bernauer</author>
    <author>Ernst Niederleithinger</author>
    <author>H. Igel</author>
    <author>C. Hadziioannou</author>
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      <value>Prestress Loss</value>
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      <value>NDT</value>
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      <value>Ambient Vibration</value>
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      <value>Seismic Interferometry</value>
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    <title language="eng">Closure of "Quantification of moisture content in earth block masonry under natural climatic conditions"</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In January 2025, the research paper “Quantification of moisture content in earth block masonry under natural climatic conditions” was published in Construction and Building Materials. The central theme was the moisture monitoring of a masonry wall made of unstabilised earth blocks over a period of around 18 months. The experimental results were compared to WUFI simulations, and the moisture transport in layered wall constructions was eventually studied in WUFI. Prof. Janssen discussed this publication in Construction and Building Materials. He raised concerns about the experiments and modelling of moisture transport. In this closure, the capillary adsorption coefficient was recalculated, and deviations from the initial value were quantified. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in WUFI to evaluate the influence of different water vapour resistances and water adsorption coefficients. The resulting moisture transport was then compared to material moisture profiles measured using 1H NMR relaxometry. Finally, the water adsorption behaviour of different earth materials is discussed in respect to material moisture and corresponding relative humidity.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Construction and Building Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142552</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0950-0618</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.09.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Christoph Strangfeld</author>
    <author>Philipp Wiehle</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earth masonry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture transport</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Capillary water absorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Embedded humidity sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WUFI</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Material moisture</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Water vapour diffusion resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sustainable building materials</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.2 Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">8.2 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für das Bauwesen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/63756/Strangfeld_2025_Closure of Quantification of moisture content in earth block masonry.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
