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    <id>63706</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Initial VOC Emissions from Consumer Products Determined in Micro-Scale Test Chambers: Results of a Round Robin Test</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from consumer products may have a negative impact on indoor air quality, potentially also affecting human wellbeing. Since consumers may be exposed to these VOCs immediately after e.g. unwrapping of newly purchased products, reliable analytical methods are needed to determine air concentration profiles in the early phase of VOC emissions. Concerning typical sample sizes of consumer products, micro-scale test chambers (μ-chambers) were considered suitable for this purpose. In addition, compared to medium- or large-scale test chambers, μ-chambers require lower initial investment and operational costs, and offer options for emissions screenings where higher sample throughput is essential. For these reasons, a μ-chamber-based method to determine initial concentrations of VOCs emitting within the first hours of simulated product use was developed. The chamber air was frequently sampled on desorption tubes loaded with Tenax® TA, followed by quantification of emitted VOCs via thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The method was assessed in a round robin test involving eight participating laboratories from 2 countries. Pieces of a rain poncho (sample area A: 2.01·10-4 m2) emitting cyclohexanone, phenol, 2-ethylhexanol, naphthalene and isophorone in significant concentrations were distributed as sample material. Each laboratory conducted triplicate emission tests over a period of 48 h in μ-chambers with volumes of 44 or 114 mL. The loading factors L of 4.57 m2·m-3 (44 mL) or 1.76 m2·m-3 (114 mL) and air flow rates of 24 mL·min-1 resulted in area-specific air flow rates q of 7.17 m3·m-2·h-1 in both chamber types. The temperature was set to 23°C and, if possible, relative humidity was set to approx. 50%. The chamber air was sampled after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours. In addition, to assess the analytical performance, each participating laboratory received two analyte-spiked Tenax® TA-loaded desorption tubes for quality control (QC). Very low relative standard deviations (11–17%) were obtained for the QC test. The results of the emissions tests in the early phase (0.5–4 h) were also adequate, with acceptable z scores (|z|≤2.00) received by six to seven participating laboratories. All eight laboratories obtained acceptable z scores after the longer sampling periods (24 and 48 h). Hence, the inter-laboratory comparability of the results obtained with the developed μ-chamber method was successfully confirmed.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Healthy Buildings Europe 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Reykjavik, Iceland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">08.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">11.06.2025</enrichment>
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    <author>Olaf Wilke</author>
    <author>Birte Poelke</author>
    <author>Luise Klein</author>
    <author>Alexander Rohloff</author>
    <author>Holger Hoffmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VOC Emissions</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consumer Product</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test Chamber</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Round Robin Test</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>59963</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Development, application and measurement uncertainty of emission reference materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can cause health issues. For an improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC) measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and emit them constantly.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Webinar Metrology for Indoor Air Quality Reference materials for QA/QC of the emission test chamber procedure</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">11.04.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Christoph Grimmer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission reference materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indoor air quality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials emissions test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VOC</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57142</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
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    <title language="eng">Metrological sound reference products for quality assurance and quality control measures in material emissions testing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. Different VOC combinations may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use materials proven to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability and metrological traceability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable reference materials. The emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516 comprises several steps from sample preparation to sampling of test chamber air and chromatographic analysis. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) must therefore be ensured. Currently, there is a lack of suitable reference products containing components relevant for the health-related evaluation of building products.&#13;
The EU-funded EMPIR project 20NRM04 MetrIAQ (Metrology for the determination of emissions of dangerous substances from building materials into indoor air) aims to develop 1) gaseous primary reference materials (gPRM), which are used for the certification of gaseous (certified) reference materials (gCRM) and 2) emission reference materials (ERM). &#13;
Most commercial gas standards of indoor-relevant compounds are not certified due to the lack of primary reference materials to which the project aims to contribute. The gPRM under development is a gas-phase standard containing trace levels of VOCs in nitrogen or air from the check standard according to EN 16516 (n-hexane, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, o-xylene, phenol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) with a target uncertainty of 5 %. The gPRM can be sampled into sorbent tubes to obtain transfer standards in the form of gCRM. &#13;
The well characterised ERM represents a sample of a test specimen, e.g. building material, that is loaded into the emission test chamber for a period of several days and is used to evaluate the whole emission test chamber procedure. It shall have a reproducible and temporally constant compound release of less than 10 % variability over 14 days. Different approaches for retarded VOC release, such as the encapsulation of pure compounds and the impregnation of porous materials, are being tested to reach this aim. Furthermore, the design of the ERM is accompanied by the development of a numerical model for the prediction of the emissions for each of the target VOCs. The current progress of the work on both materials will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">CIM 2023 - 21st International Metrology Congress</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Lyon, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.03.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">10.03.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indoor air quality</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VOC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials emissions testing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission reference material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Quality assurance/quality control</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59961</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <edition/>
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    <title language="eng">Preparation of novel emission reference materials: μ-capsules &amp; impregnated porous materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and&#13;
building materials can cause health issues. For an&#13;
improvement of indoor air quality low emitting materials&#13;
should be used. Quality assurance and –control (QA/QC)&#13;
measures require an emission reference material (ERM) with a&#13;
predictable emission rate of VOCs. The idea is to use porous&#13;
materials as ERM, which store the VOCs inside their pores and&#13;
emit them constantly.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">WORKSHOP: METROLOGY FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Mol, Belgium</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.10.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Christoph Grimmer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission reference materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indoor air quality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials emissions test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VOC</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59506</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <publisherName/>
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    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Emission reference materials for indoor air measurements</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In industrialised countries more than 80% of the time is spent indoors. Products, such as building materials and furniture, emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are therefore ubiquitous in indoor air. VOC in combination may, under certain environmental and occupational conditions, result in reported sensory irritation and health complaints. Emission concentrations can become further elevated in new or refurbished buildings where the rate of air exchange with fresh ambient air may be limited due to improved energy saving aspects. A healthy indoor environment can be achieved by controlling the sources and by eliminating or limiting the release of harmful substances into the air. One way is to use (building) materials proved to be low emitting. Meanwhile, a worldwide network of professional commercial and non-commercial laboratories performing emission tests for the evaluation of products for interior use has been established. Therefore, comparability of test results must be ensured. A laboratory’s proficiency can be proven by internal and external validation measures that both include the application of suitable emission reference materials (ERM). For the emission test chamber procedure according to EN 16516, no artificial ERM is commercially available. The EU-funded EMPIR project MetrIAQ aims to fill this gap by developing new and improved ERMs. The goal is to obtain a material with a reproducible and temporally constant compound release (less than 10 % variability over 14 days). Two approaches were tested: the impregnation of porous materials with VOC, and the encapsulation of VOC in polymer microcapsules. Impregnation is performed with help of an autoclave and supercritical CO2. The encapsulation is done by interfacial polymerisation on VOC droplets. For both approaches, synthesis and/or material parameters were varied to obtain an optimal ERM. Findings about the optimisation of ERM generation, as well as performance of the best emission reference materials, will be presented.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">GAS Analysis 2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Paris, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">30.01.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission reference materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Materials emissions test</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VOC</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indoor air quality</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
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    <id>62612</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
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    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Weimar</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Dachverband Lehm e.V.</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="deu">upMIN 100 – upcycling MINeralischer Bau- und Abbruchabfälle zur Substitution natürlicher Gesteinskörnungen in Lehmbaustoffen</title>
    <title language="eng">upMIN 100 – Upcycling mineral construction and demolition debris as a substitute for natural aggregates in earth building materials</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Um zukünftig die Entnahme von Primärrohstoffen und die Deponierung von geeignetem Bodenaushub zu vermeiden, wurde im Forschungsvorhaben «upMIN100» der Einsatz von rezyklierten Gesteinskörnungen &lt; 2 mm in Lehmbaustoffen untersucht. Diese Korngrößen aus Rezyklaten, die je nach Ausgangsstoffen und Produkt 5 – 70 % des fertigen Baustoffs ausmachen, waren zum Zeitpunkt des Projektstarts in den gültigen Lehmbaustoff-Normen DIN 18945 – 18948 nicht zugelassen, da diese als Zusatzstoffe nur natürliche Gesteinskörnungen nach DIN EN 12620, Mehl aus mörtelfreien Ziegeln sowie Blähperlit etc. nach DIN EN 13055-1 und als Bindemittel nur Baulehm aus natürlichen Vorkommen vorsahen. Um den Einsatz von rezyklierten Bau- und Abbruchabfällen für Lehmbaustoffe in der Norm zu ermöglichen, mussten daher die technische Durchführbarkeit, Qualitätsanforderungen an Ausgangsstoffe (z.B. Schadstoffgrenzwerte in Bezug auf Gesundheits- und Umweltverträglichkeit) sowie zulässige Anteile der Rezyklate geregelt werden. Aktuelle Sortier- und Aufbereitungsmethoden wurden im Hinblick auf die technische sowie die wirtschaftliche Machbarkeit überprüft und auf eine mögliche Optimierung untersucht. &#13;
Um Fragen zur technischen Machbarkeit beantworten zu können, wurde im Vorhaben die exemplarische Entwicklung von zwei wiederverwendbaren Lehmbaustoffen (Lehmstein, Lehmputzmörtel) angestrebt, um zukünftig sowohl das Abfallaufkommen als auch die Rohstoffinanspruchnahme zu reduzieren. Zum einen sollten die Zuschläge bis zu 100% aber auch das natürliche Bindemittel Ton zu 80% – 100% substituiert werden. Der Machbarkeitsnachweis für beide Entwicklungen wurde in Form eines Prototyps mit einem Technologie-Reifegrad 4–5 (TRL 4–5) erbracht.</abstract>
    <abstract language="eng">To avoid the extraction of primary raw materials and the landfilling of suitable excavated soil in the future, the use of recycled aggregates &lt; 2 mm in earth building materials was investigated in the “upMIN 100” research project. These grain sizes from recycled materials, which make up 5–70 % of the finished  building material depending on the source materials and product, were not permitted in the applicable earth building material standards DIN 18945–18948 at the time the project started, as these only allow natural aggregates in accordance with DIN EN 12620, flour from mortarfree bricks and expanded perlite etc. as additives in accordance with DIN EN 13055-1 and only building clay from natural sources as a binder. For the use of recycled construction and demolition waste for earth building materials in the standard, the technical feasibility, quality requirements for source (e. g. limit values for harmful  substances in terms of health and environmental compatibility) and permissible proportions of recyclates had to be regulated. Current sorting and processing methods were reviewed in terms of technical and economic feasibility and examined for possible optimisation.&#13;
To ascertain the technical feasibility of the use of recycled construction demolition waste for earth building materials, the project developed two  reusable earth building materials (earth blocks, clay plaster mortar) as examples of both waste reduction and of the use of raw materials in the future. On the one hand, up to 100 % of the aggregates and 80–100 % of the natural binder clay should be substituted. The proof of concept for both developments was provided in the form of a prototype with a technology readiness level 4–5 (TRL 4–5).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Tagungsband Lehm 2024</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Lehm 2024 Fachtagung</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Weimar, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">27.09.2024</enrichment>
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    <author>Andrea Klinge</author>
    <author>Julian Mönig</author>
    <author>Ute Kalbe</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <author>Wolfgang Horn</author>
    <author>Christof Ziegert</author>
    <author>Ulrich Röhlen</author>
    <author>Eike Roswag-Klinge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recycled aggregates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earthen building materials</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Contaminants</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reuse</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Resources</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Green Intelligent Building</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63552</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>lecture</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">upMIN 100 – upcycling of mineral construction and demolition waste to substitute natural aggregates in earthen building materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The construction sector is one of the most resource-intensive sectors in Germany and is responsible for 40 % of CO2 emissions. emissions. Around 517 million tons of mineral raw materials are required annually for the construction of buildings in Germany. At the same time, mineral construction waste was the largest material flow at 229.3 million tons (2020).&#13;
The rates of building material recycling have increased since 2000, especially for mineral waste. Nevertheless, the majority of recycled aggregates are used in technically largely unregulated applications (e.g. road construction). This downcycling leads to a loss of valuable resources for technically and economically valuable uses.&#13;
The upMIN100 research project is investigating the question of whether and to what extent recycled mineral construction and demolition waste is suitable as an additive in earthen building materials such as earth plasters and earth blocks. The focus is placed on grain sizes &lt; 2 mm, which are currently predominantly landfilled, as there are currently no regulations for their use in building products.&#13;
In order to enable the use of construction and demolition waste, the technical feasibility must be ensured, quality requirements for source materials (e.g. limit values for pollutants in terms of health and environmental environmental compatibility and hazardous substances) and permissible proportions of recycled aggregates must be defined.&#13;
To avoid negative impact on building occupants, the developed building materials have been tested in terms of harmful substances included in the mineral waste as well as emissions into the ambient air. Furthermore, the earthen building products, manufactured from mineral waste, should be free from pollutants to enable a return into the environment. According to the Substitute Building Materials Ordinance (EBV) this corresponds to criterion BM-0.&#13;
Two different building material developments were used to test the technical feasibility and the pollutant content of the recycled aggregate.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Sustainable Built Environment Conference 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Zurich, Switzerland</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventEnd">27.06.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="InvitedTalks">0</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>A. Klinge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mineral waste</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Upcycling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Earthen building product</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Circular construction</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Circular Economy</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Präsentation</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58111</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>3810</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>3821</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>31</issue>
    <volume>15</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">On the use of Carbograph 5TD as an adsorbent for sampling VVOCs: validation of an analytical method</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A standardised method for the analysis of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air is still missing. This study evaluates the use of Carbograph 5TD as an adsorbent for 60 compounds (47 VVOCs + 13 VOCs) by comparing their recoveries with different spiking modes. The influence of the spiking of the tubes in dry nitrogen, humidified air or along the whole flushing duration mimicking real sampling was investigated. 49 substances (36 VVOCs from C1 to C6) had recoveries over 70% on the adsorbent in humidified air and were validated. The linearity of the calibration curves was verified for every spiking mode and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined. The LOQs were lower than the existing indoor air guideline values. The robustness of the method was considered by studying the influence of the sampling volume, the sampling flow rate, the humidity level and the storage of the tubes. In general, the most volatile or polar substances were the less robust ones. The combined measurement uncertainty was calculated and lies below 35% for a vast majority of the substances. An example of an emission chamber test using polyurethane foam is shown: Carbograph 5TD performs much better than Tenax® TA for VVOCs and emissions from n-butane were quantified with combined measurement uncertainty.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Analytical Methods</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/D3AY00677H</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581113</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.09.2023</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Morgane Even</author>
    <author>Elevtheria Juritsch</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>VVOC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Gas chromatography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal desorption</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Air sampling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58111/Even-2023-On the use of Carbograph 5TD as adsorbent for VVOCs.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>61922</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>69999</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>70009</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>50</issue>
    <volume>16</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>ACS</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Polymer Capsules with Volatile Organic Compounds as Reference Materials for Controlled Emission</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Encapsulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could evaporate at a defined rate is of immense interest for application in emission reference materials (ERMs). Polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules with various VOC active ingredients (limonene, pinene, and toluene) were successfully produced by interfacial polymerization with Shirasu porous glass membrane emulsification in a size range between 10 and 50 μm. The effect of surfactant, VOC, monomer(s) type, and ratio has a great effect on the formulation process and morphology of capsules. The type of VOC played a significant role in the encapsulation efficiency. Due to the difference in vapor pressure and VOC/water interfacial tension, the formulation for encapsulation was optimized for each individual VOC. Furthermore, to achieve effective stability of the large droplets/capsules, a combination of ionic and nonionic surfactants was used. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to characterize the optimized microcapsules. The results showed that the obtained microcapsules exhibited a spherical shape and core–shell morphology and featured characteristic urethane-urea bonds. The amount of encapsulated VOC ranges between 54 and 7 wt %. The emission tests were performed with the help of the emission test chamber procedure (EN 16516). The limonene-loaded polyurethane/polyurea microcapsules show a change in emission rate of less than 10% within 14 days and can be considered as a potential candidate for use as an ERM.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1944-8252</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1021/acsami.4c12826</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-619227</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.01.2025</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Musyanovych</author>
    <author>Christoph Grimmer</author>
    <author>A. E. Sadak</author>
    <author>L. Heßling</author>
    <author>M. Lüdicke</author>
    <author>M. Bilsel</author>
    <author>Wolfgang Horn</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymer microcapsules</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Membrane emulsification</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyaddition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Volatile organic compound (VOC)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission testing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61922/Musyanovych-et-al-2024-polymer capsules with VOC as RM.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>56597</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>13</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>34</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publishing</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Metrological generation of SI-traceable gas-phase standards and reference materials for (semi-) volatile organic compounds</title>
    <abstract language="eng">EN 16516 sets specifications for the determination of emissions into indoor air from construction products. Reliable, accurate and International System of Unit (SI)-traceable measurement results of the emissions are the key to consumer protection. Such measurement results can be obtained by using metrologically traceable reference materials. Gas-phase standards of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air can be prepared by a variety of dynamic methods according to the ISO 6145 series. However, these methods are not always applicable for semi-VOCs (SVOCs) due to their high boiling point and low vapour pressure. Therefore, a novel dynamic gas mixture generation system has been developed. With this system gas-phase standards with trace level VOCs and SVOCs in air can be prepared between 10 nmol mol−1 and 1000 nmol mol−1. The VOCs and SVOCs in this study have normal boiling points ranging from 146 °C to 343 °C. Metrologically traceable reference materials of the gas-phase standard were obtained by sampling of the VOC gas-phase standard into Tenax TA® sorbent material in SilcoNert® coated stainless steel tubes. Accurately known masses between 10 ng and 1000 ng per VOC were sampled. These reference materials were used to validate the dynamic system. Furthermore, the storage and stability periods of the VOCs in the reference materials were determined as these are crucial characteristics to obtain accurate and SI-traceable reference materials. In a round robin test (RRT), the reference materials were used with the aim of demonstrating the feasibility of providing SI-traceable standard reference values for SVOCs for interlaboratory comparison purposes. Based on the results from the validation, the storage and stability studies and the RRT, gas-phase standards and reference materials of VOCs and SVOCs with relative expanded uncertainties between 5% and 12% (k = 2) have been developed. These reference standards can be used as calibrants, reference materials or quality control materials for the analysis of VOC emissions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Measurement Science and Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/1361-6501/aca704</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565978</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.01.2023</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>I. de Krom</author>
    <author>D. Heikens</author>
    <author>Wolfgang Horn</author>
    <author>Olaf Wilke</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <author>A. Baldan</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SVOC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dynamic calibration gas mixtures</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Indoor air</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal desorption</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.4 Non-Target-Analytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56597/de_Krom_2023_Meas._Sci._Technol._34_035018.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>59595</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>644</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>656</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>58</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Measurement of sub-4 nm particle emission from FFF-3D printing with the TSI Nano Enhancer and the Airmodus Particle Size Magnifier</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The emission of ultrafine particles from small desktop Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printers has been frequently investigated in the past years. However, the vast majority of FFF emission and exposure studies have not considered the possible occurrence of particles below the typical detection limit of Condensation Particle Counters and could have systematically underestimated the total particle emission as well as the related exposure risks. Therefore, we comparatively measured particle number concentrations and size distributions of sub-4 nm particles with two commercially available diethylene glycol-based instruments – the TSI 3757 Nano Enhancer and the Airmodus A10 Particle Size Magnifier. Both instruments were evaluated for their suitability of measuring FFF-3D printing emissions in the sub-4 nm size range while operated as a particle counter or as a particle size spectrometer. For particle counting, both instruments match best when the Airmodus system was adjusted to a cut-off of 1.5 nm. For size spectroscopy, both instruments show limitations due to either the fast dynamics or rather low levels of particle emissions from FFF-3D printing in this range. The effects are discussed in detail in this article. The findings could be used to implement sub-4 nm particle measurement in future emission or exposure studies, but also for the development of standard test protocols for FFF-3D printing emissions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Aerosol Science and Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1080/02786826.2024.2320430</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595952</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0278-6826</identifier>
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