48135
2019
eng
lecture
0
--
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Analyzing historic inks: From antiquity to the Middle Ages.
While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Prüfung (BAM) together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) in Hamburg has developed a non-invasive protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary reflectographic screening to determine the type of the ink (soot, tannin or iron-gall) and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The first of them, XRF elemental analysis aims at establishing the unique fingerprints of inks containing metals or trace elements in carbon inks. In addition, we use Raman analysis to identify so-called mixed inks, an ink category that received little attention so far. Finally, with the help of IR spectroscopy we obtain information about the ink binders.
Coptic Literature in Context. The Contexts of Coptic Literature Late Antique Egypt in a dialogue between literature, archaeology and digital humanities
Rom, Italy
25.02.2019
27.02.2019
false
true
0
Ira Rabin
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
Analytische Chemie
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Chemie und Prozesstechnik
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
48136
2019
eng
lecture
0
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Evolution of writing black inks
The evolution and socio-geographic distribution of writing inks from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages are one of the foci of our investigative work at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Berlin and the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures, Hamburg University.
This presentation will examine the inks used by Jews in the in different geographical zones try to correlate the results of the material analysis with written records and existing traditions. We will compare the inks proposed by Maimonides, who lived in 12th-century Egypt, with the considerations of Rashi, who lived in 11th-century northern France, and see that they both advocated use of the inks commonly known and produced in their respective regions. It is Maimonides who proposes to add tannins to the soot inks, but rejects the metallic salt, both of which were practices that were well attested in contemporary Arabic recipes for making ink. In contrast, Rashi was favourable to employing the plant inks in use in contemporary Northern Europe.
Jewish-Christian Relations from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Evidence from Material Culture
Bochum, Germany
26.03.2019
28.03.2019
false
true
0
Ira Rabin
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Jewish cultures
Analytische Chemie
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Chemie und Prozesstechnik
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
48139
2019
eng
lecture
0
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Inks and pigments
The writing materials used in various cultures and epochs can be divided into two groups. The first comprises materials that write themselves, producing script by rubbing their own material off onto the writing surface. It includes charcoal, graphite, chalk, raddle, and metal styluses. Depending on the material and consistency, these are cut or pressed to make styluses and then used for writing.
The second group comprises all coloring liquids that are applied to the writing surface with a quill, pen, or printing block. It includes inks made from dye solutions (for example, tannin inks) and those made from pigment dispersions (for example, sepia, soot, and bister inks). The latter are sometimes also rubbed as pastes into letters incised into the writing surface, where they increase visual contrast.
Due to the variety of recipes and the natural origin of raw materials, there is a wide range of different components and impurities in writing materials.
Soluble inks (Tinten)
Soluble inks are based mainly on dyes forming a water solution. Colored inks were manufactured with different plant or insect dyes (e.g. Brazil wood, kermes). To stabilize the volatile material, the dyes were mixed with a mordant (e.g., alum).
Brown plant inks – best-known as blackthorn or Theophilus’ inks – are usually produced from the blackthorn bark and wine. In the early European Middle Ages, inks of this kind were widely used in the production of manuscripts in monasteries. Usually, they are light brown, so sometimes small amounts of iron sulfate were added, which led to what was called an “imperfect” iron gall ink. The difference between “classic” iron gall ink and such imperfect ink is therefore not clear: the distinction is not possible, especially with the naked eye.
Dispersion inks (Tuschen)
According to its generic recipe, one of the oldest black writing materials is produced by mixing soot with a binder dissolved in a small amount of water. Thus, along with soot, binders such as gum arabic (ancient Egypt) or animal glue (China) are among the main components of soot inks. From Pliny’s detailed account of the manufacture of various soot-based inks, we learn that, despite its seeming simplicity, producing pure soot of high quality was not an easy task in Antiquity. Therefore, we expect to find various detectable additives that might be indicative of the time and place of production. One such carbon ink requires the addition of copper sulfate . The experimental discovery of this ink in 1990 led to a misleading expression “metal ink” that is sometimes found in the literature.
Colored dispersion inks based on pigments such as orpiment, cinnabar, or azurite have been known since Antiquity. Natural or artificially produced minerals are finely ground and dispersed in a binding medium. As in soot inks, water-soluble binders such as gum arabic or egg white were used.
Iron gall ink (Eisengallustinten)
Iron gall inks are a borderline case between these two groups. They are produced from four basic ingredients: galls, vitriol as the main source of iron, gum arabic as a binding media, and an aqueous medium such as wine, beer, or vinegar. By mixing gallic acid with iron sulfate, a water-soluble ferrous gallate complex is formed; this product belongs to the type “soluble inks”. Due to its solubility, the ink penetrates the writing support’s surface, making it difficult to erase. Exposure to oxygen leads to the formation of insoluble black ferric gallate pigment, i.e., “dispersion ink”.
Natural vitriol consists of a varying mixture of metal sulfates. Since for ink making it was obtained from different mines and by various techniques, inks contain many other metals, like copper, aluminum, zinc, and manganese, in addition to the iron sulfate. These metals do not contribute to color formation in the ink solution, but possibly change the chemical properties of the inks.
Summer School Manusciences 19
Frejus, France
10.03.2019
15.03.2019
false
true
0
Ira Rabin
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Material science
eng
uncontrolled
Cultural heritage
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
48615
2019
eng
lecture
0
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XRF ink analysis of selected fragments from the Herculaneum collection
Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We are presenting here the first results of a preliminary analysis, which aimed at identifying scrolls whose ink contains metals.
Konferenz: 29th International Congress of Papyrology
Lecce, Italy
28.07.2019
03.08.2019
false
true
0
Olivier Bonnerot
eng
uncontrolled
Herculaneum
eng
uncontrolled
Papyrus
eng
uncontrolled
Tomography
eng
uncontrolled
XRF
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
Analytische Chemie
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Chemie und Prozesstechnik
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
48465
2019
eng
lecture
0
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Scientific service project z02 at the CSMC: material science methods of reconstructing the history of manuscripts
Z02 is one of the three technically supporting projects at the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC). In collaboration with the other two service projects, Z01 and Z03, it aims at bridging the gap between humanities and natural sciences and technology. To that purpose, we set up a laboratory with a range of high-end instruments, most of them mobile, allowing thorough non-destructive analysis of manuscripts. In addition to working on constantly improving the laboratory and the methods of analysis, a substantial part of our activities is dedicated to service, by supporting different research projects conducted at the centre. In this talk, we will present our equipment and the possibilities offered by the different techniques available regarding the different kinds of missions: typology and classification of inks, provenance studies, recovery of faded inscriptions and palimpsests, reconstruction of the history of manuscripts, authentication and dating. We will give a brief overview of our past and ongoing activities in the frame of the second phase of the CSMC. Finally, a selection of three projects will be presented in greater detail to highlight the possibilities of our laboratory and the diversity of missions which can be carried out.
International Medieval Conference
Leeds, United Kingdom
01.07.2019
04.07.2019
false
true
0
Olivier Bonnerot
eng
uncontrolled
Manuscript
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Pigment
Analytische Chemie
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Chemie und Prozesstechnik
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
49400
2019
eng
77
83
bookpart
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana
0
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Detecting Early Medieval Coptic literature in Dayr Al-Anba Maqar, Between textual conservation and literary rearrangement: The case of Vat. Copt. 57
The study of the VAt.Copt. 57 at the Vatican Library. Codicological, palaeographical, textual and archaeometrical considerations.
Studi e Testi 553
978-88-210-1025-5
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-494004
false
true
Creative Commons - Namensnennung-Nicht kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung
Tea Ghigo
Ira Rabin
eng
uncontrolled
Coptic
eng
uncontrolled
Archaeometry
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Manuscripts
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/49400/Studi e testi 533.pdf
49969
2019
eng
lecture
0
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--
--
Archaeometric analysis of Egyptian inks from Late Antiquity
Presentation of the results obtained on a corpus of Egyptian papyri from Late Antiquity
Research Showcase: studying Greco-Roman Egypt
University of Basel, Switzerland
26.09.2019
28.09.2019
false
true
0
Tea Ghigo
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Archaeometry
eng
uncontrolled
Manuscripts
eng
uncontrolled
Coptic
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
49970
2019
spa
lecture
0
--
--
--
Análisis arqueométrico de tintas
Análisís arquéometrico de tintas de manuscritos Egipcios
IX Jornadas de Papirología
Abadía de Montserrat, Spain
08.07.2019
10.07.2019
false
true
0
Tea Ghigo
eng
uncontrolled
Coptic
eng
uncontrolled
Archaeometry
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Manuscripts
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
49971
2019
eng
lecture
0
--
--
--
Archaeometric analisis of Egyptian inks from Late Antiquity
Archaeometric analisis of Egyptian inks from Late Antiquity: presentation of the results obtaine on a curpus of literary and documentary manuscripts.
International congress of papyrology
Lecce, Italy
28.07.2019
04.08.2019
false
true
0
Tea Ghigo
eng
uncontrolled
Coptic
eng
uncontrolled
Archaeometry
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
eng
uncontrolled
Manuscripts
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
49532
2019
eng
773
781
conferenceobject
0
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--
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The Writing Surface Papyrus and its Materials
Our experimental knowledge about the inks of antiquity and late antiquity rarely goes beyond their visual description. In rare cases, inks typology has been determined by means of microscopy and reflectography, i.e. using their physical and optical properties, respectively. Since carbon, plant and iron gall inks belong to different classes of compounds they could be easily distinguished had only pure inks been used. Even these crude observations suggest that the inks used differed greatly in their composition.
Reconstruction of the ink recipes with the help of advanced non-destructive analytical techniques could serve as a powerful accessory for in the studies of ancient papyri.
The proposed paper will present a short survey of the methods of material analysis and the challenges offered by ancient inks. The examples of the ink studies from the collections of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem and Egyptian Museum in Berlin will conclude the paper.
Proceedings of the 28th Congress of Papyrology, Barcelona 1-6 August 2016
28th Congress of Papyrology
Barcelona, Spain
01.08.2016
06.08.2016
false
true
Ira Rabin
M. Krutzsch
eng
uncontrolled
Papyrus
eng
uncontrolled
Ink
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
4 Material und Umwelt
4.5 Kunst- und Kulturgutanalyse
Material
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")