55273
2022
deu
lecture
0
--
--
--
Leaching und Transformation von Bioziden aus Fassadenfarben
Anhand von Beobachtungen aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen wurde dargestellt, wie Wasserkontakt und Strahlung die Auslaugung und Transformation der Wirkstoffe Diuron und Terbutryn beeinflussen. Auf Optionen zur modellhaften Darstellung dieser Prozesse wurde kurz eingegangen.
Optimierung und Minimierung des Biozideinsatzes in Baustoffen
Online meeting
09.02.2022
09.02.2022
publish
false
true
0
Ute Schoknecht
deu
uncontrolled
Leaching
deu
uncontrolled
Transformation
deu
uncontrolled
Biozid
deu
uncontrolled
Fassadenfarbe
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
55276
2022
eng
lecture
0
--
--
--
Combination of leaching tests with ecotoxicity and chemical analysis – lessons learnt
The presentation describes analytical methods to characterize eluates from leaching tests and identify organic substances in leachates. Chances to obtain complementary information from ecotoxtests and chemical analysis are discussed.
Workshop: Ecotoxicological evaluation of construction products – test results, implementation in Guidance, Technical Standards and Ecolabelling
Online meeting
21.03.2022
21.03.2022
publish
false
true
0
Ute Schoknecht
Ute Kalbe
O. Happel
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Ecotoxicity
eng
uncontrolled
Construction products
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
56239
2022
eng
1
16
1
34
article
Springer Nature
Berlin
1
--
--
--
Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects
Background: The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modifed cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects.
Results: Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modifed cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identifed, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances.
Conclusions: Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identifcation and development of environmentally friendly construction products.
This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems.
Environmental Sciences Europe
10.1186/s12302-022-00686-0
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562392
2190-4707
publish
05.12.2022
1
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Ute Schoknecht
Ute Kalbe
I. Heisterkamp
M. Kretzschmar
S. Gartiser
O. Happel
O. Ilvonen
eng
uncontrolled
Joint grouts
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Ecotoxixity
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56239/Schoknecht et al. 2022.pdf
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56239/Schoknecht et al 2022 SI.pdf
54509
2022
eng
1
3
6
15
article
MDPI
Basel
1
--
--
--
Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials
This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject.
Materials
1996-1944
10.3390/ma15062208
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545099
publish
04.04.2022
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Franz-Georg Simon
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Recycling
eng
uncontrolled
Nano-materials
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/54509/materials-15-02208.pdf
54647
2022
eng
1
9
314
article
Elsevier
Amsterdam
1
--
--
--
Improving consistency at testing cementitious materials in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test on the basis of the European technical specification CENTS 16637–2 – Results of a round robin test
The environmental impact assessment of materials is usually based on laboratory tests, mostly in combination with models describing the longterm fate of the substances of interest in the targeted environmental compartment. Thus, laboratory tests are the fundamental link to achieve appropriate assessment conclusions which makes it essential to generate consistent results. This just as applies to the leaching of cementitious materials. In Europe, the leaching behavior of monolithic building materials is tested in the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test following the specification CEN/TS 16637–2. An interlaboratory comparison on European level regarding this technical specification showed relatively high intra- and interlaboratory variations for the tested materials (monolithic copper slag and cement stabilized coal fly ash). Therefore the German Committee for Structural Concrete (DAfStb) framed a guideline to specify additional testing conditions for cementitious materials. To assess the possible improvement by this guidelines measures, a round robin test with 11 participants from Germany and the Netherlands was conducted. This work aims to provide insight into the factors to be considered in the testing of alkaline materials, including sample preparation, and highlights crucial procedures and their manifestation in the results. All evaluated parameters showed improved results compared to the earlier round robin test. The relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR) of the elements calcium, barium, antimony, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium, which are the parameters evaluated in both round robin tests, were RSDr = 4%, 4%, 2%, 5%, 5%, and 5% respectively (4% in average) for this work, in comparison to the European round robin test with an average RSDr of 29% (17%, 17%, 20%, 40%, 36%, and 42%). The RSDR improved from 41% (30%, 36%, 29%, 57%, 40%, and 56%) to 14% (12%, 8%, 6%, 28%, 15%, and 12%). CO2 ingress during testing and the inaccuracy of eluate analytics for concentrations close to the determination limits were identified as the main sources of error.
Journal of environmental management
0301-4797
10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114959
publish
25.04.2022
L. Weiler
J. Pfingsten
H. Eickhoff
I. Geist
H. Hilbig
U. Hornig
Ute Kalbe
K. Krause
D. Kautetzky
V. Linnemann
M. Gschwendtner
D. Lohmann
E. Overeem-Bos
R. Schwerd
A. Vollpracht
eng
uncontrolled
Environmental assessment
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Heavy metals
eng
uncontrolled
Round robin test
eng
uncontrolled
Building Material
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
54318
2022
deu
lecture
0
--
--
--
Leaching und Transformation von Bioziden aus Fassadenfarben
Anhand von Beobachtungen aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen wird dargestellt, wie Wasserkontakt und Strahlung die Auslaugung und Transformation der Wirkstoffe Diuron und Terbutryn beeinflussen. Auf Optionen zur modellhaften Darstellung dieser Prozesse wird kurz eingegangen.
OMiBiB - Optimierung und Minimierung des Biozideinsatzes in Baustoffen
Online meeting
09.02.2022
09.02.2022
publish
false
true
0
Ute Schoknecht
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
deu
uncontrolled
Transformation
deu
uncontrolled
Biozide
deu
uncontrolled
Fassadenfarben
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
53893
2021
eng
33542
33553
49
6
article
1
--
--
--
Surface Tuning of Wood via Covalent Modification of Its Lignocellulosic Biopolymers with Substituted BenzoatesA Study on Reactivity, Efficiency, and Durability
Chemical modification of wood applying benzotriazolyl-activated carboxylic acids has proven to be a versatile method for the durable functionalization of its lignocellulosic biopolymers. Through this process, the material properties of Wood can be influenced and specifically optimized. To check the scope and limitations of this modification method, various benzamide derivatives with electron-withdrawing (EWG) or electron-donating (EDG) functional groups in different positions of the aromatic ring were synthesized and applied for covalent modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood in this study. The bonded amounts of substances (up to 2.20 mmol) were compared with the reactivity constants of the Hammett equation, revealing a significant correlation between the modification efficiency and the theoretical reactivity constants of the corresponding aromatic substitution pattern. The successful covalent attachment of the respective substituted benzamides was proven by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, while the stability of the newly formed ester bond was proven in a standardized leaching test.
ACS Omega
10.1021/acsomega.1c04353
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538932
publish
27.12.2021
Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International
M. Söftje
T. Weingartz
Rüdiger Plarre
M. Gjikaj
J. C. Namysko
D. E. Kaufmann
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Wood Protection
eng
uncontrolled
Wood Modification
Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Material
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Materialdesign
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/53893/2021 Soeftje et al Wood modification.pdf
55531
2022
eng
1
13
240
2022
article
Elsevier Science
Amsterdam
1
--
--
--
Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments
The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from
Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite.
The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe
recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc
from bauxite residues.
Journal of Geochemical Exploration
10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041
0375-6742
publish
23.08.2022
1
Marie Gentzmann
Andrea Paul
Juan Serrano
Christian Adam
eng
uncontrolled
Bauxite residue
eng
uncontrolled
Scandium
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Design of experiments
eng
uncontrolled
Red mud
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien
1.4 Prozessanalytik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung
Umwelt
Circular Economy
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
44723
2018
eng
lecture
0
--
--
--
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Travelling Conference
Perth, Australia
06.02.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Risk assessment
eng
uncontrolled
Robustness studies
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
44724
2018
eng
lecture
0
--
--
--
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Travelling Conference
Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam
01.02.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Risk assessment
eng
uncontrolled
Robustness studies
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
44725
2018
deu
lecture
0
--
--
--
Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application
Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed.
Travelling Conference
Seoul, Korea
29.01.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Risk assessment
eng
uncontrolled
Robustness studies
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
44726
2018
deu
lecture
0
--
--
--
Untersuchungen von Bodenmaterialien auf mobilisierbare organische Stoffanteile im Elutionsmethodenvergleich
Im Beitrag wurden erste Ergebnisse eines laufenden UFOPLAN-Vorhabens zu den neuen Kriterien der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht nach den §§ 6 bis 8 der Novelle der BBodSchV vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf Untersuchungen der Schadstoffgruppe der PAK. Dabei wurden Probleme der Vergleichbarkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener Elutions- und Analyseverfahren der PAK-Analytik diskutiert.
Fachgespräch Feststoffuntersuchungen
Essen, Germany
06.03.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
deu
uncontrolled
PAK
deu
uncontrolled
Böden
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
44727
2018
deu
lecture
0
--
--
--
Vergleich von Elutionsuntersuchungen auf perfluorierte Chemikalien (PFC)
Im Beitrag wurden Ergebnisse von Elutionsuntersuchungen mit PFC kontaminierten Bodenmaterialien vorgestellt. Zum einen waren das Untersuchungen zur Eignung von Säulenversuchen für diese Schadstoffgruppe und zum anderen vergleichende Schüttel- und Säulenversuche für zwei verschiedene Böden mit unterschiedlichen PFC-Kontaminationsquellen.
Fachgespräch Feststoffuntersuchungen
Essen, Germany
05.03.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
deu
uncontrolled
PFC
deu
uncontrolled
Böden
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien
1.8 Umweltanalytik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
44562
2018
deu
poster
0
--
--
--
Leaching of brominated flame retardants - eluate analysis using XRF
Brominated flame retardants have widely been used for more than 50 years and have been frequently detected in environmental samples as surface water and fish. Leaching from construction products was identified as one possible source. The use of substances as e.g. hexabromocyclododecane (HBCCD) was restricted recently due to increasing concern about negative impacts on the environment and human health caused by the persistent, bio accumulative and toxic properties. New polymeric brominated flame retardants have been developed to replace HBCCD in expanded polystyrene (XPS), which is used for insulation of buildings. It is assumed that the release from the polymer is much smaller in comparison to release of small molecules as HBCCD. The release from the polymer may include monomers or small fragments of different size. Thus, a sum parameter is needed. According to Schlummer et al. it is possible to detect brominated molecules using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by determination of brome content in XPS extracts. As only small brominated compounds can be extracted it also allows for the differentiation between the two classes of compounds. This method was applied to verify the presence of different kinds of flame retardants in XPS samples and to evaluate the leaching behavior.
ESAS CANAS
Berlin, Germany
21.03.2018
23.02.2018
Nicole Bandow
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
XPS
eng
uncontrolled
Flame-retardant
eng
uncontrolled
XRF
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
45416
2018
eng
108
110
conferenceobject
0
--
--
--
Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact
The results from a long-term lysimeter experiment with incineration bottom ash irrigated with artificial rain are reported. Whereas chloride concentration dropped significantly, the release of antimony increased during the course of the experiment as a result of aging processes.
Proceedings WASCON 2018, No Cradle, no Grave - Circular Economy
978-951-758-631-3
0356-9403
10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018
Tampere, Finland
06.06.2018
08.06.2018
Franz-Georg Simon
Ute Kalbe
Nicole Bandow
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
MSWI Bottom Ash
eng
uncontrolled
Lysimeter
eng
uncontrolled
Antimony
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Graue Literatur
44949
2018
eng
poster
0
--
--
--
Leachiing tests - a useful tool for the environmental impact assessment of construction products?
Construction products and waste materials used for construction can be in contact with the environment and may release potential harmful compounds. Information on the total content of these substances in the product is not sufficient to assess its envrionmental impact since it does not consider realistic exposure conditions.The impact of these compounds is often assessed by using the total content in the product. This estimation lacks realistic exposure conditions.
Concerning the pathway to soil and groundwater by contact with rain or seepage water leaching tests, which were developed and standardized by the European Committee for Standardization, are available. While for secondary construction products and waste this investigation of the leaching behaviour is standard procedure and is already part of regulation in Germany (draft ordinance on reuse of mineral waste) and within Europe (landfill directive) the release from primary construction products got in the focus more recently. Several monitoring studies found unexpected high concentrations of substances used as herbicides and fungicides in surface water and stormwater originating from urban areas. As some of these compounds are even banned for the use in agricultural applications in Europe alternative sources as roof materials and façade coatings exposed to rain were suggested. Further field and laboratory tests confirmed construction products as sources of these substances in water.
The aim of this presentation is to show exemplary results of existing leaching methods and underline the strength and weaknesses of the test system with selected examples from our work. We especially draw the attention to the research which is still needed to close the gap between the results of leaching experiments and the subsequent risk assessment of the products.
SETAC Europe
Rome, Italy
13.05.2018
17.05.2018
Nicole Bandow
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
DSLT
eng
uncontrolled
Construction products
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
45263
2018
eng
lecture
0
--
--
--
Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact
Around 5 million tonnes of MSWI bottom ash (BA) are generated per year in Germany. The incineration itself serves for metals as a concentrating and cleaning process. However, due to the almost exclusive wet extraction out of the furnace chamber the various metals are integrated in a heterogeneous and instable matrix. The metal recovery is therefore still a challenge relating the recovery rate and the purity, respectively. With state of the art treatment trains in Germany around 7.7% of ferrous metals and 1.3% of non-ferrous metals can be recovered out of MSWI BA. Large quantities of the mineral fraction are reused for sub-base material in road construction. A three month ageing period has been established as the common practice of further treatment of bottom ash before reuse applications. In the course of this aging the pH value of bottom ash decreases and contaminants are immobilized by processes like carbonation, hydration and oxidation. In particular leaching of heavy metals may be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels. However, the aging results in fixing of other valuable resources such as metals. Two laboratory scale lysimeters (30 cm in diameter) are being operated for more than three years aiming at the investigation of the long-term leaching behavior of a 0.25/45 mm mineral material obtained by treatment of MSWI bottom ash directly after incineration by a wet processing technology. Artificial rainwater is used as leachant (pH ≈ 6, ingredients NO32-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). The lysimeters are irrigated related to an average annual precipitation rate of 600 mm/a leading to a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of about 0.7 per year of operation. Lysimeter tests are more adequate to simulate field scenarios and long-term leaching behavior in contrast to laboratory column tests particularly due to the unsaturated conditions and realistic contact time with the leachant.
In comparison to the leaching of bottom ash (aged for 3 month and non-treated) in column tests the chloride and sulfate leaching in the lysimeters was reduced as a consequence of the previous wet processing. The sulfate release kept almost constant limited by CaSO4 solubility up to an L/S of about 0.7 l/kg. The chloride concentrations dropped quickly, starting from 7300 mg/l, and are now at an almost constant level of 50 mg/l which is significantly above the chloride concentration in the leachant. After an initial decrease of the pH from about 10.4 to 8 at L/S of 0.2 l/kg, the pH increased again and leveled out around 9.8 up to L/S 2.2 l/kg. At an L/S of about 2.5 l/kg now, Cr, Cu are still released. The Cu and Cr concentrations in the leachates were about 760 µg/l and 90 µg/l respectively at the beginning. For both metals the concentration decreased to about 35 µg/l now. The Mo concentrations dropped steadily from 1300 to 250 µg/l, whereas V and Sb concentrations increased in the course of the tests. Fe and Mn are not detectable anymore. More results of this experimental study will be presented and discussed with a special focus on elements forming oxyanions.
10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018
Tampere, Finland
06.06.2018
08.06.2018
0
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Lysimeter, Antimony
eng
uncontrolled
MSWI bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
50931
2020
eng
Paper 2709, 22
12
13
article
MDPI
Basel, Switzerland
1
--
--
--
Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives?
The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
Materials
10.3390/ma13122709
1996-1944
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509310
17.08.2020
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
N. Bandow
M. D. Aitken
Anja Geburtig
Ute Kalbe
Christian Piechotta
Ute Schoknecht
Franz-Georg Simon
Ina Stephan
eng
uncontrolled
Environmental simulations
eng
uncontrolled
Polymer-based products
eng
uncontrolled
Artificial weathering
eng
uncontrolled
Degradation
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Soil contact
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien
1.8 Umweltanalytik
3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher
3.1 Sicherheit von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Batterien
4 Material und Umwelt
4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/50931/materials-13-02709.pdf
50842
2020
eng
7055
7065
12
11
article
Springer
1
--
--
--
Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of the environmental impact
Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer.
BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates.
The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests.
An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction.
Waste and Biomass Valorization
10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2
1877-2641
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508421
08.06.2020
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Ute Kalbe
Franz-Georg Simon
eng
uncontrolled
MSWI bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Batch tests
eng
uncontrolled
Lysimeter
eng
uncontrolled
Antimony
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Circular Economy
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/50842/Kalbe_et_al-2020-Waste_and_Biomass_Valorization.pdf
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/50842/12649_2020_1086_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
50450
2020
eng
poster
0
--
--
--
Leaching behavior of Antimony in MSWI bottom ash
Bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) contains harmful substances such as heavy metals, chloride and sulfate which are mobilized in contact with water. Standardized leaching tests are used to measure the extent of mobilization. It is known that fresh bottom ash displays elevated concentrations of various heavy metals such as lead or zinc due to the formation of hydroxo complexes as a result of high pH values of 12 and above. Storage of BA is accompanied by ageing processes, mainly the reaction of CaO and Ca(OH)2 with CO2 leading to lower pH values in contact with water around 11. Usually heavy metals concentrations are minimum at these conditions. Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration was observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA as secondary building material.
MINEA Final Conference
Bologna, Italy
20.02.2020
21.02.2020
false
true
Christian Vogel
eng
uncontrolled
Antimony
eng
uncontrolled
Bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Solubility
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Präsentation
51622
2020
eng
1
4
conferenceobject
International Waste Working Group (IWWG)
0
--
--
--
Antimony in incineration bottom ash – Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes
Antimony (Sb) is used in industrial products mainly as flame retardant in plastic material. Due to such additives in plastics, about a half of Sb ends up in municipal solid waste incineration at the end-of-life and consequently in relevant amounts in the generated bottom ash. In contact with water, the initial leachability is low, as antimonates form sparingly soluble compounds with Ca2+. Following the carbonation of the incineration bottom ash (IBA) during the proceeding ageing the pH in the leachates decreases. With decreasing concentration of Ca in the eluate the solution equilibrium changes and antimonates dissolve. In Germany it is intended to regulate Sb in IBA with the planned implementation of the so called Mantelverordnung (MantelVO, containing provisions on the utilisation of mineral waste) in the near future. The limit values set in the draft might be critical for IBA and therefore pose a risk for the utilisation of the mineral fraction of IBA in the well-established recycling routes.
SUM 2020 Proceedings
SUM 2020 – 5th Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy
Online meeting
18.11.2020
20.11.2020
false
true
Ute Kalbe
Christian Vogel
Franz-Georg Simon
eng
uncontrolled
Bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Antimony
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Circular Economy
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Graue Literatur
46583
2019
eng
113
122
83
article
Elsevier
1
--
--
--
Influence of wood ash pre-treatment on leaching behaviour, liming and fertilising potential
In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil.
Waste Management
10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.003
0956-053X
07.12.2018
A. Maresca
O. Krüger
Hannes Herzel
Christian Adam
Ute Kalbe
T. F. Astrup
eng
uncontrolled
Wood ash
eng
uncontrolled
Phoshpor availability
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Forest soils
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Circular Economy
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
47265
2019
eng
642
651
3
21
article
Springer Japan
1
--
--
--
Influence of flow rate and particle size on local equilibrium in column percolation tests using crushed masonry
Column leaching tests are frequently used and accepted for investigation of release of hazardous substances from solid materials. Independent of differences due to the field of application or national regulations, column tests assume that local equilibrium is established in the experiment which facilitates transfer of results to field conditions. In the process of harmonization and standardization within Europe the question on the influence of flow rate and grain size distribution on the local equilibrium was raised. Thus, a set of experiments using two different masonry materials with varying grain size distribution and flow rate were conducted including stop/flow experiments. Results are compared to a numerical model which takes intraparticle pore diffusion-controlled release of Mo and V into the percolating water into account. Due to the relatively high intraparticle porosity of the materials (24–29%) data and model indicate that initially equilibrium-state conditions prevail followed by rapidly decreasing concentrations. The model fits data for Mo and V reasonably well; however, after the initial decline of concentrations (at L/S > 2) extended tailing is observed especially of elements occurring as oxides, which is not captured by the model.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
10.1007/s10163-019-00827-3
1438-4957
1611-8227
06.06.2019
Nicole Bandow
M. Finkel
P. Grathwohl
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Porosity
eng
uncontrolled
Stop/flow experiments model
eng
uncontrolled
Intraparticle diffusion
eng
uncontrolled
Vanadium
eng
uncontrolled
Molybdenum
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
45799
2018
deu
1
89
67/2018
report
Dessau-Rosslau
Umweltbundesamt
0
--
--
--
Beregnete Bauteile und Bauprodukte: Entwicklung von Vergabekriterien für den Blauen Engel mit Hilfe von Auslaugtests
Auslaugversuche wurden mit verschiedenen Bauprodukten durchgeführt, die unter Anwendungsbe-dingungen mit Niederschlägen in Kontakt kommen können. In das Testprogramm wurden Lacke für Außenanwendungen, Wärmedämmverbundsysteme, Dachziegel und polymere Dachfolien einbezogen.
Mit diesen Produkten wurden der von CEN TC 351 entwickelte dynamische Oberflächenauslaugtest (DSLT) und Immersionstests nach EN 16105 durchgeführt. Emissionsverläufe wurden sowohl für an-organische Komponenten als auch für organische Substanzen in den Eluaten ermittelt. Auslaugbare organische Substanzen wurden zuvor in Screeningtests identifiziert.
Um die mögliche Freisetzung von Stoffen aus Bauprodukten beurteilen zu können, ist es erforderlich, Emissionsverläufe zu beschreiben. Dazu sind die verwendeten Testverfahren geeignet. Um Baupro-dukte mit einem Blauen Engel als „Produkte mit geringer Auslaugung“ auszuloben, müssen die aus-laugbaren Substanzen komplett bekannt sein. Für organische Verbindungen ist das noch eine Heraus-forderung. Außerdem erfordert die Bewertung der Testergebnisse sowohl Übertragungsmodelle, die Vorhersagen über freisetzbare Stoffmengen unter Anwendungsbedingungen ermöglichen, als auch Vorgaben zu tolerierbaren Umweltkonzentrationen. Hier besteht noch Handlungsbedarf.
Leaching tests were performed on different construction products that can be exposed to precipitation during service life. Varnishes for outdoor application, exterior thermal insulation systems, roof tiles and polymeric roof membranes were included in the test program.
Leaching tests according to the dynamic surface leaching test (DSLT) as developed by CEN TC 351 and the immersion test according to EN 16105 were performed using these products. Emission curves were determined for inorganic as well as organic substances in the eluates. Leachable organic sub-stances in the eluates were identified by screening tests prior to the leaching tests.
It is necessary to describe emission curves to be able to evaluate possible release of substances from construction products. The applied leaching tests are suitable to describe leaching processes. All leach-able substances need to be known in order to award the ecolabel ‘Blue Angel’. This is still challenging in case of organic substances. In addition, evaluation of the test results requires transfer models to predict leachable amounts under service conditions as well as requirements on concentrations that can be tolerated in environmental compartments. There is still need for action to solve these topics.
UBA-Texte
1862-4359
Nicole Bandow
Frederike Jürgens
Ute Schoknecht
deu
uncontrolled
Bauprodukte
deu
uncontrolled
Auslaugtests
deu
uncontrolled
Blauer Engel
eng
uncontrolled
Construction Products
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.1 Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
Graue Literatur
47696
2019
eng
85
93
226
article
Elsevier
1
--
--
--
Assessment of leachates from reactive fire-retardant coatings by chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing
The environmental compatibility of reactive fire-retardant coatings (intumescent paints) was investigated by a combination of leaching and ecotoxicological tests. Three representative fire-retardant coating systems were tested using two leaching procedures: “Horizontal Dynamic Surface Leaching Test” (DSLT) and the “Intermittent Immersion Test” (IIT). All eluate fractions (8 for DSLT and 9 for IIT) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, concentration of total organic carbon and selected anions und cations. Additionally, a GC-MS screening of selected fractions was conducted for identification of organic compounds. Eluate fractions 1 + 2 and fraction 7 of the DSLT were analyzed in four ecotoxicological tests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria) and in one genotoxicity test (umu). Concentration of most analytes was rather low or below limit of detection for many eluates. Analytes detected in eluates of all three products are Zn, Ba, SO4(2−) and PO4(3−). Release patterns do not indicate a general trend: some compounds show maximum release in the first fractions while for others the maximum was observed in later test stages. Ecotoxic effects in eluates were found, which were higher in the eluate fraction 7 (maximum lowest ineffective dilution for luminescent bacteria (LIDL) 256) than in the eluate fraction 1 + 2 (maximum LIDL = 24). The sensitivity of the test systems was very different with highest effects for luminescent bacteria, followed by algae and daphnia and without effects in the fish egg test and umu test. A biotest battery for the comprehensive assessment is therefore advisable.
Chemosphere
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.044
0045-6535
1879-1298
08.04.2019
I. Heisterkamp
S. Gartiser
Ute Kalbe
N. Bandow
A. Gloßmann
eng
uncontrolled
Construction products regulation (CPR)
eng
uncontrolled
Intumescent coating
eng
uncontrolled
Fire-retardant paint
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Ecotoxicity
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
47886
2019
eng
271
277
228
article
Elsevier
1
--
--
--
A mathematical approach for the analysis of data obtained from the monitoring of biocides leached from treated materials exposed to outdoor conditions
Leaching processes are responsible for the release of biocides from treated materials into the environment.
Adequate modeling of emission processes is required in order to predict emission values in the framework of the risk assessment of biocidal products intended for long-term service life. Regression approaches have been applied to data obtained from the long-term monitoring of biocide emissions in experiments involving semi-field conditions. Due to the complex interaction of different underlying mechanisms such as water and biocide diffusion and desorption, however, these attempts have proven to be of limited usefulness e at least, for the available biocide emission data. It seems that the behavior of the biocide emission curve depends to a considerable extent on whichever underlying mechanism is slowest at a given point in time, thus limiting the amount of biocide available for release. Building on results obtained in the past few years, the authors propose a criterion for determining which mechanism controls the leaching process at a given point in time based on the slope of the log-log emission curve. In addition, a first-order approximation of this slope value is presented which displays advantages both in terms of computability and interpretability. Finally, an algorithm for the determination of breakpoints in the slope of the log-log emission curve is presented for the demarcation of phases within which one mechanism acts as a limiting factor.
Chemosphere
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.102
0045-6535
1879-1298
06.05.2019
S. Uhlig
B. Colson
Ute Schoknecht
eng
uncontrolled
Biocides
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Weathering
eng
uncontrolled
Mathematical analysis
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
56770
2023
eng
1
264
1
bookcollection
MDPI
Basel
0
--
--
--
Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials
Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment.
We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.
Materials
978-3-0365-5983-4
978-3-0365-5984-1
https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/6546
10.3390/books978-3-0365-5983-4
publish
false
true
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Recycling
eng
uncontrolled
Emissions
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")
57634
2023
eng
1
13
10
13
article
MDPI
Basel
1
--
--
--
Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy
Half of global material consumption involves mineral material. The circularity is still low so that the enhanced use of secondary building material is required to close loops. Three different secondary building materials are discussed based on exemplary research results: construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), soil-like material, and incineration bottom ash (IBA). Focus was placed on the environmental compatibility of the materials examined mainly by standardized leaching tests. C&D waste was investigated after a wet treatment using a jigging machine, and soil-like material and IBA were characterized with respect to their material composition. Their environmental compatibilities in particular were studied using standard leaching tests (batch tests and column tests).
It was concluded that soil-like material can mostly be utilized even when the precautionary limit values set are exceeded by a factor of less than two. For C&D waste, the fine fraction below 2 mm and the content of brick material is problematic. IBA fulfills quality level “HMVA-2” following German regulations. Improved levels of utilization might be achievable with better treatment technologies.
Applied Sciences
2076-3417
10.3390/app13106010
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576343
publish
12.06.2023
false
true
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Franz-Georg Simon
Ute Kalbe
eng
uncontrolled
Incineration bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Soil-like material
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Circular economy
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Circular Economy
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/57634/applsci-13-06010-v2.pdf
56886
2023
eng
1
20
1
35
article
Springer
1
--
--
--
Investigating the ecotoxicity of construction product eluates as multicomponent mixtures
The release of hazardous compounds from construction products can harm human health and the environment. To improve the sustainability of construction materials, the leaching of substances from construction products and their potential environmental impact should be assessed. Twenty-seven construction products from different product groups were examined with a combination of standardized leaching tests (dynamic surface leaching test and percolation test) and biotests (algae, daphnia, fish egg, luminescent bacteria, umu and Ames fluctuation tests). To identify the released substances, extensive qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses were performed, including gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic screening techniques.
Results: Many of the tested eluates caused signifcant ecotoxic efects. Particularly high ecotoxicities were observed for grouts (lowest ineffective dilution (LID) up to 16384) and cork granules (LID up to 24578). The results of ecotoxicity tests allow the prioritization of the eluates that should be subjected to detailed chemical analyses. Organic screening by different methods and ranking the identifed substances based on recorded hazard classification is a suitable approach to identify the relevant toxic substances.
Conclusions: Determining the ecotoxicity of eluates from construction products records the summary effect of all leachable substances. This instrument is especially useful for construction products of complex and largely unknown composition. The ecotoxicological and the chemical–analytical approach complement each other in an ideal way to characterize the potential hazard of eluates from construction products and to identify the environmentally hazardous components in these eluates. Our results confirm that the proposed harmonized methods for testing eluate toxicity are an adequate and applicable procedure to move toward a more sustainable way of building and to reduce toxic effects of construction products in their use phase in the environment.
Environmental Sciences Europe
10.1186/s12302-023-00711-w
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568864
publish
20.02.2023
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
I. Heisterkamp
S. Gartiser
Ute Schoknecht
O. Happel
Ute Kalbe
M. Kretzschmar
O. Ilvonen
eng
uncontrolled
Construction products
eng
uncontrolled
Building materials
eng
uncontrolled
Ecotoxicity
eng
uncontrolled
Biotests
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Eluates
eng
uncontrolled
Chemical analysis
eng
uncontrolled
Analytical screening techniques
eng
uncontrolled
Mixture toxicity
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56886/Heisterkamp et al 2023.pdf
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56886/Heisterkamp 2023 SI.pdf
59159
2023
eng
1
15
24
13
article
MDPI AG
Basel
1
--
--
--
Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany
The long-term leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash (IBA) was studied with large-scale samples from two German waste incinerators with grate technology. The observation period was up to 281 days. The aging processes proceeded faster in the outdoor storage of the samples. The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, <11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law.
Applied Sciences
2076-3417
10.3390/app132413228
urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591599
true
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The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, <11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T17:00:37Z","timestamp":1702486837000},"page":"13228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4512-2031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz-Georg","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und-pr\u00fcfung, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und-pr\u00fcfung, 12205 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. 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journal-article
publish
30.01.2024
Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Franz-Georg Simon
Philipp Scholz
eng
uncontrolled
Aging
eng
uncontrolled
Incineration bottom ash
eng
uncontrolled
Leaching
eng
uncontrolled
Secondary building materials
Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
4 Material und Umwelt
4.3 Schadstofftransfer und Umwelttechnologien
Umwelt
Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen
Verlagsliteratur
Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59159/applsci-13-13228_w_SI.pdf