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    <title language="eng">A sol-gel templating route for the synthesis of hierarchical porous calcium phosphate glasses containing zinc</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Hierarchical porous phosphate-based glasses (PPG) have great potential in biomedicine. Micropores (pore size &lt;2 nm) increase the surface area, mesopores (pore size 2–50 nm) facilitate the absorption and diffusion of therapeutic ions and molecules making them ideal controlled delivery systems, while macropores (pore size &gt;50 nm) facilitate the movement and diffusion of cells and fluids. In addition, the bioresorbability of PPG allows for their complete solubility in body fluid, alongside simultaneous formation of new tissue. Making PPG via the traditional melt-quenching (MQ) synthesis method used for phosphate-based glasses (PG), is not straightforward. Hence, we present here a route for preparing such glasses using a combination of sol-gel (SG) and templating methods. Hierarchical PPG in the P₂O₅–CaO–Na₂O system with the addition of 1, 3 and 5 mol % of Zn²⁺ were prepared with pore dimensions ranging from the micro-to the macro scales using Pluronic 123 (P123) as a surfactant. The presence of micropores (0.30–0.46 nm), mesopores (1.75–9.35 nm) and macropores (163–207 nm) was assessed via synchrotron-based Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), with the presence of the latter two confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Structural characterisation performed using ³¹P solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies shows the presence of Q², Q¹ and Q⁰ phosphate species with a predominance of Q¹ species in all compositions. Dissolution studies in deionised (DI) water confirm that controlled release of phosphates, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Zn²⁺ is achieved over a period of 7 days. In particular, the release of Zn²⁺ is proportional to its loading, making its delivery particularly easy to control.</abstract>
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    <author>Farzad Foroutan</author>
    <author>Isaac Abrahams</author>
    <author>Glen Jacob Smales</author>
    <author>Nasima Kanwal</author>
    <author>Roberto di Pasquale</author>
    <author>Jonathan C. Knowles</author>
    <author>Andrew J. Smith</author>
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      <value>Mesoporous materials</value>
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      <value>Hierarchical porosity</value>
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