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    <title language="eng">First Experiences with the new HAXPES@BAM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This talk was part of the inauguration event for the new x-ray photoelectron spectrometer with the possibility to measure HAXPES (hard energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). With HAXPES detailed chemical information can now be gained not only from the first outermost nanometres of the sample surface, but also from deeper regions. In this talk first results and experiences handling the spectrometer are shown.</abstract>
    <identifier type="url">https://www.bam.de/Content/EN/Events/2022/2022-01-25-hapex.html</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Inauguration of the HAXPES@BAM - A new Hard-X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometer</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Online meeting</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">25.01.2022</enrichment>
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    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAXPES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nano@BAM</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Surface Analysis</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>63529</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>64</pageLast>
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    <issue/>
    <volume>83</volume>
    <type>report</type>
    <publisherName>Umweltbundesamt</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Dessau-Roßlau</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Advanced materials for the energy transition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The climate crisis is the burning issue of our time. In order to avert the impending consequences, global efforts are being made in a wide variety of social and scientific fields. This report looks at a small part of these efforts, a technical aspect, namely the question of which AdMa are currently considered in techniques to support the energy transition. AdMa, i.e. materials that are rationally designed to have new or enhanced properties, and/or targeted or enhanced structural features, are used in all sectors of the energy transition. Questions of energy generation, storage and saving are considered here. This report is based on literature research and contains a general compilation of various AdMa that are used in the energy transition or are being researched for this purpose. From this compilation, ten materials that are considered particularly relevant for various reasons were selected and examined in more detail in relation to their use. The specific question here lies in the conflicting objective that the development of technologies for the energy transition is welcomed, but the use of AdMa may entail possible challenges in view of chemical safety as well as sustainability and circular economy.</abstract>
    <identifier type="issn">1862-4804</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.60810/openumwelt-7853</identifier>
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    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy generation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy saving</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Eneergy storage</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy transportation</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Material</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>58878</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Maskless Micropatterning of Polydopamine for versatile surface functionalization</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Inspired by the chemistry of mussel adhesive proteins, polydopamine (PDA has been shown as one of the most versatile platforms for altering the properties and incorporating new functionalities to nearby any material surface despite its nature. Rich chemistry of PDA enables broad variety of surface modification and diverse secondary reactions that makes it extremely interesting for a wide range of application including biomedical field, e.g., drug delivery, adhesives, cell adhesion, biosensing. Despite high potential of polydopamine, the lack of deposition control and precision in existed methods limits their applications in microdevices and miniaturized functional systems like, for example, MEMS, microfluidic and sensorics.&#13;
Herein, we demonstrate a novel maskless approach for surface micropatterning with polydopamine based on Multiphoton Lithography that overcomes present limitations. Neither strong oxidants, metal ions nor adjustment of pH to alkaline is required by this technique. The spatial resolution down to 0.8 µm has been achieved which is at least an order of magnitude smaller than shown by other existed methods. We are able to control the morphology and thickness of the micropattern by altering fabrication parameters allowing structure gradient.&#13;
Apart from the glass substrate, we achieved PDA patterning at surfaces of different nature such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, silicon wafers, and fluorinated glass coverslips. Post-modification of polydopamine micropatterns with protein enzyme like trypsin is demonstrated to highlight its sensing potential. &#13;
Presented in this work microfabrication technique empowers advanced applications of mussel-inspired materials in single-molecule bioassays, sensors and other complex microdevices.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">International Conference on Precision Engineering and Sustainable Manufacturing</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Okinawa, Japan</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">18.07.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Ievgeniia Topolniak</author>
    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multiphoton lithography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polydopamine</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Micropatterning</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.6 Digitale Materialchemie</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Materialdesign</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>55064</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <title language="eng">Polydopamine micropatterning for selective substrate bio-functionalization</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Inspired by the chemistry of mussel adhesive proteins, polydopamine (PDA) exhibits strong adhesion to nearly any kind of organic or inorganic surface and shows high ability for surface post-modification and secondary reactions. As a result, PDA has been widely used as a base adlayer to enable versatile surface chemistry and functionalization. It has shown great potential in wide range of applications including biomedical field (e.g., drug delivery, adhesives, photothermal therapy, bone and tissue engineering, cell adhesion, biosensing). However, implementation of PDA in microdevices is still hindered by insufficient spatial and temporal control of excited deposition methods.&#13;
In this work we present a novel approach to fabricate tunable micropatterned substrates where mussel-inspired chemistry provides base for various surface modification [2]. Current approach applies Multiphoton Lithography (MPL) to initiate local PDA formation, and, therefore, does not require use of microstamp or photomask. As a result, the microstructures of complex designs can be produced with the spatial resolution down to 0.8 μm (Figure 1). The desired design can be easily altered by adjusting the stl model or the fabrication code. Unlike the conventional deposition of PDA based on dopamine auto-oxidation, our method does not require presence of strong oxidants, metal ions or alkaline pH. Herein-demonstrated deposition approach will significantly facilitate applications of polydopamine and other mussel-inspired materials in microdevices and high-resolution active microcomponents (e.g., in MEMS and microfluidics).&#13;
Adjustment of MPL parameters revealed that the morphology and thickness of resulted PDA microstructures can be controlled by altering the laser power and its scanning velocity. As a result, it also enables the production of micropatterns with structural gradient. Apart from the glass substrate, we performed PDA patterning at surfaces of different nature such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, silicon wafers, and fluorinated glass coverslips. We tested different composition of dopamine solution for its ability of PDA buildup. Solutions containing Tris buffer, phosphate buffer or DI water only as well as different pH (6.0, 7.0 and 8.5) could be successfully applied for high-precision PDA micropatterning. Moreover, the effect of antioxidants and purging of the solution with oxygen and nitrogen was investigated. In all cases, no decrease of deposition efficiency was observed. The chemical nature of PDA was confirmed by locally recorded vibrational and x-ray photoelectron spectra. To ensure post-modification potential of MPL deposited PDA we demonstrated one-step deposition of micropatterns with trypsin. Obtained bio-functionalised surface can be further applied as a protein sensing active microelement.</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Laser Precision  Microfabrication</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Dresden, Germany</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">07.06.2022</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <author>Ievgeniia Topolniak</author>
    <author>Anna Maria Elert</author>
    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>G. C. Cifci</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polydopamine</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Two-photon polymerisation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Micropatterning</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57658</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
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    <title language="eng">Complementary Analysis of Sterilized Nanoparticles with SEM/EDS And XPS/HAXPES</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Since there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of nanomaterials on human health and the environment, and in order to get safe- and sustainable-by-design nanomaterials, it is necessary to find an easy way to assess their properties, without having to perform time-consuming experiments each time. In the European project NanoSolveIT, the behavior of nanoparticles is to be derived from a nanomaterial fingerprint database with standardized physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials. The key element for these grouping and reading across approaches is the collection of standardized information about nanomaterials in combination with modelling and simulations. As parameters the particle size, particle shape, chemical composition and surface chemistry are discussed here.&#13;
Measurements of the shape and size were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the chemical composition energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and for the surface chemistry X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used. As an additional method hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) with a higher information depth than XPS was used, thus we were able to include information not only from the top surface, but also from deeper regions of about 30 nm. Therefore, this method is complementary to EDS.&#13;
All these methods have been correlatively used to study nanoparticles of different chemical composition that have been treated differently by sterilization. Such a sterilization step is common, before testing for toxicity. To date, the sterilization step has not been considered in establishing the structure-activity relationship of the nanomaterial.&#13;
The effects of sterilization are discussed on exemplary samples. The results demonstrate the influence of sterilization on all investigated properties, indicating a restructuring of the nanoparticles. This implies that samples that have been sterilized after synthesis, may show different toxicity from those used in applications without a sterilization step.&#13;
Acknowledgement: This research is part of the project “NanoSolveIT”, which has received funding from European Union Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020) under grant agreement no 814572. (https://nanosolveit.eu/)</abstract>
    <enrichment key="eventName">nanoSAFE'23</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Grenoble, France</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventStart">04.06.2023</enrichment>
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    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAXPES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Characterization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NanoSolveIT</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
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    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="eng">Physico-chemical characterization of sterile Fe3O4 nanoparticles by XPS / HAXPES / SEM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Here a dataset of XPS, HAXPES and SEM measurements for the physico-chemical characterization of sterile Fe3O4 nanoparticles is presented. The measurements are part of the H2020 project “NanoSolveIT”.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.7990301</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell 3.0</licence>
    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAXPES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fe3O4</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoparticles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.1 Oberflächen- und Dünnschichtanalyse</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Forschungsdatensätze der BAM</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>57757</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <pageLast/>
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    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Physico-chemical characterization of sterilized AlOOH nanoparticles by XPS / HAXPES / SEM</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Here a dataset of XPS, HAXPES and SEM measurements for the physico-chemical characterization of sterilized AlOOH nanoparticles is presented. The measurements are part of the H2020 project “NanoSolveIT”.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.7966245</identifier>
    <enrichment key="ScientificResourceTypeGeneral">Datensatz</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="ScientificGeolocation">Berlin, Germany</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell 3.0</licence>
    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
    <author>Jörg Radnik</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HAXPES</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>XPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>AlOOH</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanoparticles</value>
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    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
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    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Advanced Materials</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Forschungsdatensätze der BAM</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>57898</id>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <publisherName>Zenodo</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Geneva</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</creatingCorporation>
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    <title language="eng">XPS, HAXPES, XRD and SEM datasets of functionalized graphene nanoplateletes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The datasets from (Hard Energy) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microsopy are related to the publication &#13;
&#13;
G. Chemello, X. Knigge, D. Ciornii, B.P. Reed, A.J. Pollard, C.A. Clifford, T. Howe, N. Vyas, V.-D. Hodoroaba, J. Radnik&#13;
&#13;
"Influence of the morphology on the functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets analyzed by comparative photoelectron spectroscopy with soft and hard X-rays"&#13;
&#13;
Advanced Materials Interfaces (2023), DOI: 10.1002/admi.202300116.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Influence of Sterilization on the Surface of Nanoparticles Studied with XPS / HAXPES in Comparison to SEM / EDS</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Nanosafety is becoming increasingly important as nanomaterials are widely used in industrial processes and consumer products. For nanotoxicity measurements prior sterilization of the samples is necessary, but as structure activity relationships are made with properties of pristine particles, the question arises, if the sterilization process has an impact on the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles and thus on the biological behavior. &#13;
&#13;
This question will be addressed in this talk. For this purpose, results from SEM and EDS measurements are combined with those of a novel lab-based HAXPES spectrometer in order to obtain a more complete picture. At the end, an influence of sterilization will be evident, which indicates a restructuring of the nanoparticles owing to sterilization.</abstract>
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    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
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    <title language="eng">Characterization of sterilized nanoparticles by lab-based XPS and HAXPES</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The novel lab-based HAXPES spectrometer (ULVAC-PHI Quantes) gives us the possibility to measure XPS at 1486.6 eV (monochromatic Al Kα source) and HAXPES at 5414.9 eV (monochromatic Cr Kα source) on a sample at the same position. The surface analysis with this spectrometer leads to an information depth of about 10 nm for XPS and in comparison, to an analysis of deeper regions of about 30 nm for HAXPES measurements. This method provides a nondestructive way to distinguish between the near-surface region of the nanoparticles and the whole nanoparticle. Additionally, HAXPES gives access to deeper core levels at higher energy.&#13;
An application of this technique is presented using nanoparticles. The results shown were obtained with nanoparticles, that were treated differently by means of sterilization for nanosafety (i.e., before studying their toxicity it is important to establish whether nanomaterials are sterile and, if not, to be treated either via microwave or autoclave sterilisation). As a complementary method, the data is compared with SEM and EDX measurements. All methods demonstrate the influence of sterilization. More specifically, these results show that the sterilization step must be considered in the physical-chemical description of the particles for establishing reliable (quantitative structure-activity) relationships.</abstract>
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    <author>Xenia Knigge</author>
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    <title language="eng">Physico-chemical characterization of sterilized Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 nanoparticles by XPS / HAXPES / SEM</title>
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    <title language="eng">Physico-chemical characterization of CeO2/Co3O4 nanoparticles by XPS / HAXPES / SEM</title>
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    <abstract language="deu">Here a dataset of XPS, HAXPES and SEM measurements for the physico-chemical characterization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is presented. The measurements are part of the H2020 project “NanoSolveIT”.</abstract>
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    <title language="eng">Physico-chemical characterization of sterilized Co0.75Fe2.25O4 nanoparticles by XPS / HAXPES / SEM</title>
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