<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>59320</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>114</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>127</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>48</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>New York, NY</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Fire Behavior of Pressure-sensitive Adhesive Tapes and Bonded Materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in several industrial applications such as con-struction, railway vehicles and the automotive sector,where the burning behavior is ofcrucial importance. Flame retarded adhesivetapes are developed and provided, however,often without considering the interaction of adhesive tapes and the bonded materialsduring burning nor the contribution of the tapes to fire protection goal of the bondedcomponents in distinct fire tests. This publication delivers an empirical comprehensiveknowledge how adhesive tapes and their flame retardancy effect the burning behaviorof bonded materials. With a special focus on the interaction between the single compo-nents, one flame retarded tape and one tapewithout flame retardant are examined inscenarios of emerging and developing fires, along with their bonds with the commonmaterials wood, zinc-plated steel, mineral wool, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacry-late. The flame retardant significantly improved the flame retardancy of the tape as afree-standing object and yielded a V-2 rating in UL 94 vertical test and raised the OxygenIndex by 5 vol.%. In bonds, or rather laminates, the investigations prove that the choiceof carrier and substrates are the factors with the greatest impact on the fire propertiesand can change the peak of heat release rate and the maximum average rate of heatemission up to 25%. This research yielded a good empirical overall understanding of thefire behavior of adhesive tapes and bonded materials. Thus, it serves as a guide for tapemanufacturers and applicants to develop tapes and bonds more substrate specific.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire and Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0308-0501</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1018</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/fam.3171</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593207</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">11.01.2024</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vitus Hupp</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>K. Flothmeier</author>
    <author>A. Hartwig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adhesives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Laminates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure-sensitive adhesive</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tapes</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/59320/24firemater.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>60719</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>31</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>181</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Pyrolysis and flammability of phosphorus based flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives and adhesive tapes</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in a variety of applications such as construction, aircrafts, railway vehicles, and ships, where flame retardancy is essential. Especially in these applications, phosphorus-based flame retardants are often chosen over halogenated ones due to their advantages in terms of toxicity. Although there are pressure-sensitive adhesives with phosphorus flame retardants available on the market, their flame-retardant modes of action and mechanisms are not entirely understood. This research article provides fundamental pyrolysis research of three phosphorus-based flame retardants that exhibit different mechanisms in a pressuresensitive adhesive matrix. The flame-retardants modes of action and mechanisms of a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivate, an aryl phosphate, and a self-synthesized, covalently bonded DOPO derivate (copolymerized) are investigated. The blended DOPO derivate is volatilized at rather low temperatures while the covalently bonded DOPO derivate decomposes together with the polymer matrix at the same temperature. Both DOPO derivates release PO radicals which are known for their flame inhibition. The aryl phosphate decomposes at higher temperatures, releases small amounts of aryl phosphates into the gas phase, and acts predominantly the condensed phase. The aryl phosphate acts as precursor for phosphoric acid and improves the charring of the pressure sensitive adhesive matrix. All flame retardants enhance the flammability of the adhesives depending on their individual mode of action while the covalently bonded flame retardant additionally improves the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures making it a promising future technology for pressure-sensitive adhesives.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0165-2370</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-250X</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106658</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607192</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.08.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vitus Hupp</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>K. Flothmeier</author>
    <author>A. Hartwig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis of flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis gas chromatography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphorus flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Decomposition mechanism</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant pressure sensitive adhesives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/60719/24janalapplpyrol.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>62600</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>729</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>749</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>61</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame Retarded Adhesive Tapes and Their Influence on the Fire Behavior of Bonded Parts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in automotives, railway vehicles&#13;
and construction, where flame retardancy is of major importance. This is why industrial applicants often buy, and industrial tape manufacturers often produce, flame-retardant adhesive tapes, advertised for their good flammability characteristics. Yet, how flame-retardant tapes influence the fire behavior of bonded materials is a rather open question. To investigate this issue, three different substrates were bonded, using eight double-sided adhesive tapes containing two different carriers and two different flame retardants. The bonded substrates were compared to their monolithic counterparts in terms of flammability, fire behavior and fire stability. The fire behavior of adhesive tape bonded materials differed significantly from the monolithic substrates. The usage of different adhesive tapes let to different burning behavior of the bonded materials mainly due to different carrier systems. In contrast, the implementation of flame retardant into the adhesive had rather minor or no effect on the burning behavior of the bonded substrates despite their positive effect on the flammability of the free-standing tape. The carrier changed the HRR curve in the cone calorimeter and was able to both, reduce and increase fire hazards. Using the carrier with the better fire performance can lower the fire growth rate by 20%, the peak of heat release rate by 27%, and the maximum average rate of heat emission by 30% in cone calorimeter tests. Overall, the fire behavior of bonded materials is a complex interaction between substrate, adhesive, and carrier, and depends on the fire scenario the materials are exposed to.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Fire Technology</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1572-8099</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0015-2684</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s10694-024-01637-2</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626006</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">24.02.2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Vitus Hupp</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>K. Flothmeier</author>
    <author>A. Hartwig</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Bonded materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behaviour</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardant</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7 Bauwerkssicherheit</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Leichtbau</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/62600/25firetechnol.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
