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    <title language="eng">A Comprehensive Numerical Study of the Behaviour of an LH2 Storage Tank in the Event of a Fire</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET25116114</identifier>
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    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Heat transfer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-Layer Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <volume>193</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Non-combustible MLI based insulation behavior under fire condition - Experimental and numerical investigation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of applications that demand zero-emission energy carriers, such as liquified hydrogen (LH2), is increasing worldwide. LH2 is typically transported or stored under cryogenic conditions. Storage in such conditions requires super thermal insulations which maintain very low boil-off for a prolonged time. Multi-Layer insulation (MLI) finds widespread use in cryogenic applications, designed to effectively restrict heat inleak towards cryogenic fluids. However, recent studies evidenced that exposure to high heat fluxes, such as in the event of a fire accident, can cause the thermal degradation of the insulation material, resulting in the severe collapse of its heat resistance performance. Therefore, the risk of rapid tank pressurization and its connection to the risk of BLEVE may be possible. This study proposes a numerical model to assess the performances of aluminum-based MLI materials under fire conditions. The model offers insights into the total heat transfer rate through the insulation, serving as a</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Process Safety and Environmental Protection</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.037</identifier>
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    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
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    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
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      <value>Multi-Layer Insulation</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Cryogenic</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Liquid Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Lh2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings ASME IMECE 2024</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-0-7918-8869-8</identifier>
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    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Insulation</value>
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    <subject>
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  <doc>
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    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>537</pageFirst>
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    <title language="eng">Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the  hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively.</abstract>
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    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
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      <value>LH2</value>
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    <subject>
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      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cryogenic storage tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
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    <title language="eng">Repeatable testing of a cryogenic storage tank with variable insulation material in fire like conditions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Proceedings 18th Cryogenics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0007</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">18th Cryogenics 2025, IIR Conference</enrichment>
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    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Aliasghar Hajhariri</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <author>Davide Camplese</author>
    <author>Giordano E. Scarponi</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Holger Seidlitz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
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    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Graue Literatur</collection>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>181</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>186</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>116</issue>
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    <publisherName>AIDIC</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemical Engineering Transactions</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">2283-9216</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3303/CET25116031</identifier>
    <enrichment key="eventName">Loss Prevention 2025</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="eventPlace">Bologna, Italien</enrichment>
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    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Robert Eberwein</author>
    <author>Jennifer Heßmann</author>
    <author>Jan Werner</author>
    <author>Giordano Emrys Scarponi</author>
    <author>Valerio Cozzani</author>
    <author>Frank Otremba</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LH2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>LNG</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tank</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Safety</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="604">Spezielle Themen</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="624">Ingenieurbau</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Energie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Fire Science</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Security</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern und Gefahrguttanks</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Wasserstoff</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Gefährliche Stoffe</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
