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    <title language="eng">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil.</abstract>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Christian Vogel</author>
    <author>Philipp Roesch</author>
    <author>Philipp Wittwer</author>
    <author>Thomas Sommerfeld</author>
    <author>Maren Riedel</author>
    <author>Peter Leube</author>
    <author>Ute Kalbe</author>
    <author>Ute Schoknecht</author>
    <author>Franz-Georg Simon</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Combustion Ion Chromatography</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Consumer Products</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
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    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/61276/Vogel et al_2024_JHMA.pdf</file>
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    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Berlin</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Release of substances from joint grouts  based on various binder types and their  ecotoxic effects</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modifed cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects.&#13;
Results: Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modifed cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identifed, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances.&#13;
Conclusions: Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identifcation and development of environmentally friendly construction products. &#13;
This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental Sciences Europe</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1186/s12302-022-00686-0</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-562392</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2190-4707</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ute Schoknecht</author>
    <author>Ute Kalbe</author>
    <author>I. Heisterkamp</author>
    <author>M. Kretzschmar</author>
    <author>S. Gartiser</author>
    <author>O. Happel</author>
    <author>O. Ilvonen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Joint grouts</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Leaching</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Ecotoxixity</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4 Material und Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">4.4 Thermochemische Reststoffbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
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    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56239/Schoknecht et al. 2022.pdf</file>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/56239/Schoknecht et al 2022 SI.pdf</file>
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