<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>27489</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2370</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2377</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>22</issue>
    <volume>213</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley-VCH Verl.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Weinheim</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Residue stabilization in the fire retardancy of wood-plastic composites: combination of ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, and red phosphorus</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Combinations of different common flame retardants in wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are tested to identify synergistic or antagonistic effects with the goal of improving the fire performance of WPCs. Flame retardants investigated are expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and red phosphorus (RP) and combinations of two of them are used. The fire behavior is studied by cone calorimetric measurements. Additional thermogravimetry is used for further investigations. The fire tests show that EG has the highest potential for flame retardancy, but due to its expansion it cracks the formed residue layer. Combinations of EG with RP or with high amounts of APP are able to suppress this cracking.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Macromolecular chemistry and physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">30306</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/macp.201200119</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1022-1352</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1521-3935</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.12.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Henrik Seefeldt</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>M.H. Wagner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Halogen free</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Renewable resources</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wood-plastic composites</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>WPC</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>32540</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1350</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1359</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>6</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Polyglycerol coated polypropylene surfaces for protein and bacteria resistance</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Polyglycerol (PG) coated polypropylene (PP) films were synthesized in a two-step approach that involved plasma bromination and subsequently grafting hyperbranched polyglycerols with very few amino functionalities. The influence of different molecular weights and density of reactive linkers were investigated for the grafted PGs. Longer bromination times and higher amounts of linkers on the surface afforded long-term stability. The protein adsorption and bacteria attachment of the PP-PG films were studied. Their extremely low amine content proved to be beneficial for preventing bacteria attachment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">35609</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/c4py01375a</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1759-9954</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1759-9962</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-325406</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">12.02.2015</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung 3.0</licence>
    <author>M.C. Lukowiak</author>
    <author>Sascha Wettmarshausen</author>
    <author>Gundula Hidde</author>
    <author>Petra Landsberger</author>
    <author>Viola Boenke</author>
    <author>K. Rodenacker</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Jörg Florian Friedrich</author>
    <author>Anna Gorbushina</author>
    <author>R. Haag</author>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/32540/Polyglycerol coated polypropylene surfaces for protein and bacteria resistance_Lukowiak.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47962</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1513</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>12</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Boehmite Nanofillers in Epoxy Oligosiloxane Resins: Influencing the Curing Process by Complex Physical and Chemical Interactions</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this work, a novel boehmite (BA)-embedded organic/inorganic nanocomposite coating based on cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (CEOS) resin was fabricated applying UV-induced cationic polymerization. The main changes of the material behavior caused by the nanofiller were investigated with regard to its photocuring kinetics, thermal stability, and glass transition. The role of the particle surface was of particular interest, thus, unmodified nanoparticles (HP14) and particles modified with p-toluenesulfonic acid (OS1) were incorporated into a CEOS matrix in the concentration range of 1–10 wt.%. Resulting nanocomposites exhibited improved thermal properties, with the glass transition temperature (Tg) being shifted from 30 °C for unfilled CEOS to 54 °C (2 wt.% HP14) and 73 °C (2 wt.% OS1) for filled CEOS. Additionally, TGA analysis showed increased thermal stability of samples filled with nanoparticles. An attractive interaction between boehmite and CEOS matrix influenced the curing. Real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR) experiments demonstrated that the epoxide conversion rate of nanocomposites was slightly increased compared to neat resin. The beneficial role of the BA can be explained by the participation of hydroxyl groups at the particle surface in photopolymerization processes and by the complementary contribution of p-toluenesulfonic acid surface modifier and water molecules introduced into the system with nanoparticles.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials Journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/ma12091513</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-479628</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.05.2019</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Ievgeniia Topolniak</author>
    <author>Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba</author>
    <author>Dietmar Pfeifer</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Real-time infrared spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Boehmite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Nanocomposite</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cationic photocuring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy conversion degree</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/47962/materials-12-01513.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>39123</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>8</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>17</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>650</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Cure conversion of structural epoxies by cure state analysis and in situ cure kinetics using nondestructive NIR spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Non-isothermal heating rate kinetics was applied to two epoxy resin systems. In situ near-infrared (NIR) measurements were taken with a heatable NIR cell which allowed the cure to be monitored by characteristic absorption bands. An autocatalyzed reaction of the nth order was shown to describe the epoxy conversion curves. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used as a complementary method. The kinetic models developed by both NIR and DSC are in good accordance with experimental epoxy conversion in the in situ NIR setup for single and multiple cure temperature ramps.&#13;
&#13;
A linear calibration curve of the characteristic absorption bands of epoxy normalized to aromatic vibrations was introduced. The curing degree of structural epoxies that were cured according to an industrial temperature cure profile was determined by NIR using the calibration curve. The epoxy conversions of the structural components showed good agreement with the experimental in situ NIR. Several degrees of cure for structural specimens were evaluated by NIR and residual reaction enthalpy by DSC. We present the non-destructive NIR spectroscopy as an alternative to determine fast and non-destructive epoxy conversion, particularly suitable for high degrees of cure on structural components.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermochimica Acta</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tca.2017.01.010</identifier>
    <identifier type="url">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603117300205</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0040-6031</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1872-762X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">28.04.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Maren Erdmann</author>
    <author>Volker Trappe</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resin</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Curing kinetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>In situ near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>17620</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2008</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>680</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>692</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <volume>19</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Chichester</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Flame retardancy mechanisms of metal phosphinates and metal phosphinates in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fiber reinforced poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate): the influence of metal cation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The pyrolysis and fire behavior of glass-fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) with two different metal phosphinates as flame retardants in combination with and without melamine cyanurate (MC) were analyzed by means of thermogravimetry, thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy, flammability, and cone calorimeter tests as well as scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In PBT/GF, dosages of 13-20% of the halogen-free flame retardant aluminum phosphinate or aluminum phosphinate in combination with MC fulfill the requirements for electrical engineering and electronics applications (UL 94 = V-0; LOI &gt; 42%), whereas the use of the same amount of zinc phosphinate or zinc phosphinate in combination with MC does not improve the fire behavior satisfactorily (UL 94 = HB; LOI = 27-28%). The performance under forced flaming conditions (cone calorimeter) is quite similar for both of the metal phosphinates. The use of aluminum and zinc salts results in similar flame inhibition predominantly due to the release of the phosphinate compounds in the gas phase. Both metal phosphinates and MC interact with the polymer changing the decomposition characteristics. However, part of the zinc phosphinate vaporizes as a complete molecule. Because of the different decomposition behavior of the metal salts, only the aluminum phosphinate results in a small amount of thermally stable carbonaceous char. In particular, the aluminum phosphinate-terephthalate formed is more stable than the zinc phosphinate-terephthalate. The small amount of char has a crucial effect on the thermal properties and mechanical stability of the residue and thus the flammability.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymers for advanced technologies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">19690</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/pat.1147</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1042-7147</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1099-1581</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.06.2008</enrichment>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Horst Bahr</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polyester</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Phosphinates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>37178</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>281</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>291</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>64</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Mechanic and surface properties of central-venous port catheters after removal: A comparison of polyurethane and Silicon rubber materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Central venous port devices made of two different polymeric materials, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)and silicone rubber (SiR), were compared due their material properties. Both naïve catheters as well as catheters after removal from patients were investigated. In lab experiments the influence of various chemo-therapeutic solutions on material properties was investigated, where as the samples after removal were compared according to the implanted time inpatient. The macroscopic,mechanical performance was assessed with dynamic, specially adapted tests for elasticity. The degradation status of the materials was determined with common tools of polymer characterisation, such as infrared spectroscopy, molecular weight measurements and various methods of thermal analysis. The surface morphology was an alysed using scanning electron microscopy. A correlation between material properties and clinical performance was proposed. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the polyurethane catheter materials can potentially result in increased susceptibility of the catheter to bloodstream infections and thrombotic complications. The higher mechanic failure,especially with increasing implantation time  of the silicone catheters is related to the lower mechanical performance compared to the polyurethane material as well as loss of barium sulphate filler particles near the surface of the catheter. This results in preformed microscopic notches, which act as predetermined sites of fracture.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.002</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1751-6161</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1878-0180</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.10.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Edelgard Lorenz</author>
    <author>Christiane Weimann</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>I. Karimov</author>
    <author>J. Ettl</author>
    <author>R. Meier</author>
    <author>W. A. Wohlgemuth</author>
    <author>H. Berger</author>
    <author>M. Wildgruber</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Silicone rubber (SiR)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Catheters</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Central venous access port</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Complication</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Structure propertyrelationship</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mechanical testing</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>34187</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>49</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>60</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>616</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Analyzing the network formation and curing kinetics of epoxy resins by in situ near-infrared measurements with variable heating rates</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) turned out to be well suited for analyzing the degree of cure for epoxy systems. In contrast to dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), where the released heat of reaction determines the degree of epoxy conversion indirectly, NIR spectroscopy is able to determine the conversion directly by analyzing structural changes. Therefore, a new heatable NIR cell was equipped with an integrated thermocouple, which enables the real sample temperature to be controlled and monitored in situ during epoxy curing. Dynamic scans at different heating rates were used for kinetic modelling, to define kinetic parameters and to predict real curing processes. The kinetic models and their parameters were validated with an isothermal and a more complex multi-step curing scenario. Two available commercial epoxy systems based on DGEBA were used with an anhydride and with an amine hardener. NIR results were compared with DSC data. The simulated conversion predicted with a model fitted on the basis of NIR and DSC dynamic scans showed good agreement with the conversion measured in the isothermal curing validation test. Due to the proven reliability of NIR in measuring the reaction progress of curing, it can be considered a versatile measurement system for in situ monitoring of component production in the automotive, aerospace and wind energy sectors.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Thermochimica Acta</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">37316</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.008</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0040-6031</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1872-762X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.09.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <author>M. Javdanitehran</author>
    <author>Maren Erdmann</author>
    <author>Volker Trappe</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>G. Ziegmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy resins</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Curing kinetics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Near-infrared spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>DSC</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>14517</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2007</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>378</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>386</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>78</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Solid-state NMR investigations of the pyrolysis and thermo-oxidative decomposition products of a polystyrene/red phosphorus/magnesium hydroxide system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Thermal, thermo-oxidative and fire residues of high impact polystyrene/magnesium hydroxide/red phosphorus (HIPS/Mg(OH)2/Pr) are investigated by solid-state NMR and compared with the results for the binary subsystem Mg(OH)2/Pr. The influences of oxygen, nitrogen and temperature are discussed. For a thermal decomposition and pyrolysis during combustion, the main pyrolysis of HIPS takes place while the remaining residue is a rather intact polymer, with a major share of the embedded Pr still present. Subsequently, mainly amorphous phosphates and a slight amount of crystalline Mg3(PO4)2 and Mg2P2O7 are formed at the highest temperatures. Only with increasing mass loss does the remaining polystyrene structure decompose and graphitic structures occur. The influence of oxygen on the decomposition mechanism is most obvious for the binary system Mg(OH)2/Pr. Pr vanishes more rapidly and crystalline, oxygen-rich magnesium phosphates are formed. In HIPS/Mg(OH)2/Pr systems the polymer acts as a barrier to reaction by the embedded particles, so that major characteristics of an anaerobic decomposition are found. Significant amounts of phosphorus are retained in the condensed phase through a reaction of Pr with Mg(OH)2 to mostly amorphous phosphates. This formation of amorphous inorganic magnesium phosphates can act as an additional physical barrier. This study outlines some advanced approaches for controlling the condensed-phase mechanisms of phosphorus and underlines that solid-state NMR is a most powerful tool for investigating the organic and inorganic residues.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">16318</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0165-2370</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-250X</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">08.02.2007</enrichment>
    <author>Mario Augusto Fichera</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Uta Knoll</author>
    <author>Christian Jäger</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HIPS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Red phosphorus</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Magnesium hydroxide</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-state NMR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retarded polymers</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>31046</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>117</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>128</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1354</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Assessment of a new method for the analysis of decomposition gases of polymers by a combining thermogravimetric solid-phase extraction and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry</title>
    <abstract language="eng">For analysis of the gaseous thermal decomposition products of polymers, the common techniques are thermogravimetry, combined with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (TGA–FTIR) and mass spectrometry (TGA–MS). These methods offer a simple approach to the decomposition mechanism, especially for small decomposition molecules. Complex spectra of gaseous mixtures are very often hard to identify because of overlapping signals. In this paper a new method is described to adsorb the decomposition products during controlled conditions in TGA on solid-phase extraction (SPE) material: twisters. Subsequently the twisters were analysed with thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TDS–GC–MS), which allows the decomposition products to be separated and identified using an MS library. The thermoplastics polyamide 66 (PA 66) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) were used as example polymers. The influence of the sample mass and of the purge gas flow during the decomposition process was investigated in TGA. The advantages and limitations of the method were presented in comparison to the common analysis techniques, TGA–FTIR and TGA–MS.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of chromatography A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">34036</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.057</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0021-9673</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">14.07.2014</enrichment>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>R. Senz</author>
    <author>G. Fabian</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TDS-GC-MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TGA-FTIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TGA-MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymer</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-phase extraction</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>25802</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>606</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>619</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>31</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">SEM/EDX: Advanced investigation of structured fire residues and residue formation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Heterogeneous, gradual or structured morphology of fire residues plays an important role in fire retardancy of polymers. A scanning electron microscope with an attached energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDX) is highlighted as a powerful tool for the advanced characterization of such complex fire residues, since it offers high resolution in combination with both good depth of field and analysis of chemical composition. Two examples are presented: First, comprehensive SEM/EDX investigation on a complex structured fire residue of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6 (PA 66-GF) flame retarded by diethylaluminium phosphinate, melamine polyphosphate and some zinc borate. A multilayered surface crust (thickness ~ 24 µm) covers a rather hollow area stabilized by GF glued together. The resulting efficient thermal insulation results in self-extinguishing before pyrolysis is completed, even under forced-flaming combustion. Second, sophisticated, quasi online SEM/EDX imaging of the formation of residual protection layer in layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites (LSEC). Burning specimens were quenched in liquid nitrogen for subsequent analyses. Different zones were distinguished in the condensed phase characterized by distinct processes such as melting and ablation of organic material, as well as agglomeration, depletion, exfoliation and reorientation of the LS.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">28532</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.03.005</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0142-9418</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">07.05.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>André Weiß</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire residue</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEM/EDX</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PA 66</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Layered silicate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Diethylaluminium phosphinate</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26058</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1189</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1196</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>97</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Material resistance of flame retarded wood-plastic composites against fire and fungal decay</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Flame retarded wood-plastic composites (WPCs) should allow safe application in areas of fire risk. Halogen-free flame retardants can contain high amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur, which may serve as nutrition source for wood degrading fungi and accelerate wood decay. Therefore, the material resistance of WPCs with each of four flame retardants against both fire or fungal decay was examined in comparison to WPC without flame retardant. Expandable graphite showed the best performance against fire in cone calorimetry and radiant panel testing. Two ammonium polyphosphates and a third nitrogen-containing flame retardant were not as effective. Contrary to the possibility that flame retardants might enhance fungal decay of WPC, the opposite effect occurred in case of the wood-degrading fungi Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana according to determination of mass loss and decrease of bending modulus of elasticity. Only the surface mould Alternaria alternata slightly increased the degradation of WPCs with nitrogen-containing flame retardants compared to WPC without flame retardant according to mass loss data and FTIR-ATR analyses. Finally, WPC including expandable graphite as flame retardant was effective against both fire and fungal decay.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">28802</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.031</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.06.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Annette Naumann</author>
    <author>Henrik Seefeldt</author>
    <author>Ina Stephan</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Matthias Noll</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wood-plastic composite (WPC)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire behaviour</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fungal decay</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fourier transform infrared - attenuated total reflexion (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>33806</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>340</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>356</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>120</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A new molecular understanding of the thermal degradation of PA 66 doped with metal oxides: Experiment and computation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The thermal molecular degradation of polyamide 66 (PA 66) doped with (partially supported) metal oxide particles (Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3) was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using common analysis techniques like thermogravimetry coupled with IR-spectroscopic evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR). Using pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), qualitative conclusions were drawn about the complex hydrocarbon products. However, the combination of TGA with solid-phase extraction, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS), allows qualitative and even semi-quantitative conclusions about the decomposition pathway of PA 66 in the presence of various metal oxide particles.&#13;
&#13;
The investigations under inert conditions showed that the presence of metal particles increases the rate of decarboxylation and deamination reactions, as well as the formation rate of cyclopentanone and pyridine derivatives. These species are a consequence of various condensation reactions. The condensation reactions release a large amount of water, thus triggering the hydrolysis of PA 66. Molecular thermal degradation mechanisms were developed for the main decomposition as well as for the condensation reactions and supported by quantum chemical calculations. The catalytic effect of the metal oxides in PA 66 increases in the following order: PA 66 = PA 66 – Al2O3 &lt; PA 66 – Fe2O3 &lt; PA 66 – ZnO.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">36926</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.011</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">20.08.2015</enrichment>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>R. Kraemer</author>
    <author>P. Deglmann</author>
    <author>S. Gaan</author>
    <author>R. Senz</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PA 66</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metal oxide particles</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Solid-phase extraction</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Molecular modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>35918</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>133</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>140</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>52</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier Ltd.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford, UK</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of the curing state of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) for photovoltaic applications by gel content determination, rheology, DSC and FTIR</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The cure behaviour of a specific ethylene vinyl acetate material as used for encapsulation of photovoltaic modules was analysed by rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to test for a suitable replacement for the laborious determination of gel content. The results show that all applied methods are capable of describing the effects of the cross-linking process. Some provide results very similar to those yielded by analysis of the insoluble content, but the question remains as to whether indirect methods should be preferred over the direct measurement of physical properties, e.g. as performed by the curemeter. A material stored for one year was also tested to demonstrate the effect of extended storage on cure behaviour and how this is detected by different methods. This complements the other methods, which were clearly able to detect the different cure behaviour of the aged EVA, whereas determination of the gel content could not.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer Testing</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.03.013</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0142-9418</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.08.2016</enrichment>
    <author>Matthias Jaunich</author>
    <author>Martin Böhning</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>G. Teteris</author>
    <author>W. Stark</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Photovoltaic cell encapsulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>EVA</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Incoming goods control</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Insoluble content</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Rheometer</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42399</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>10</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>Article ID 1362491</issue>
    <volume>2017</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Hindawi</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Discoloration Effects of High-Dose gamma-Irradiation and Long-Term Thermal Aging of (U) HMW-PE</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Two polyethylene types with ultra-high (UHMWPE) and high molecular weight (HMW-PE) used as neutron radiation shielding materials in casks for radioactive waste were irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy using a 60Co gammasource. Subsequently, thermal aging at 125∘C was applied for up to one year. Degradation effects in the materials were characterized using colorimetry, UV-Visspectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and DSC. Both materials exhibited a yellowing upon irradiation.The discoloration of UHMW-PE disappeared again after thermal aging.Therefore, the yellowing is assumed to originate fromannealable color centers in the formof free radicals that are trapped in the crystalline regions of the polymer and recombine at elevated temperatures. For the antioxidantcontaining HMWPE, yellowing was observed after both irradiation and thermal aging. The color change was correlated mainly to decomposition products of the antioxidant in addition to trapped radicals as in UHMW-PE. Additionally, black spots appeared after thermal aging of HMW-PE.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Polymer Science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1155/2017/1362491</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1687-9422</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-423992</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">09.10.2017</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung 3.0</licence>
    <author>Anja Kömmling</author>
    <author>E. Chatzigiannakis</author>
    <author>Jörg Beckmann</author>
    <author>Volker Wachtendorf</author>
    <author>Kerstin von der Ehe</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Matthias Jaunich</author>
    <author>U. Schade</author>
    <author>Dietmar Wolff</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Irradiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>UHMWPE</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Colour center</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Yellowness index</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="621">Angewandte Physik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/42399/Koemmling_2017_discoloration effects of high dose gamma irradiation ond long term aging of UHMWPE_IntJournal PolySci.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47433</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>714</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>721</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>222</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Tire and road wear particles in road environment e Quantification and assessment of particle dynamics by Zn determination after density separation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this study, a method for the determination of tire and road wear particle (TRWP) contents in particulate samples from road Environment was developed. Zn was identified as the most suitable elemental marker for TRWP, due to its high concentration in tire tread and the possibility of separation from other Zn sources. The mean concentration of 21 tire samples was 8.7 ± 2.0 mg Zn/g. Before quantification in samples from road environment, TRWP were separated from the particulate matrix by density separation. Method development was conducted using shredded tread particles (TP) as a surrogate for TRWP.&#13;
Recovery of TP from spiked sediment was 95 ± 17% in a concentration range of 2 - 200 mg TP/g. TP determination was not affected by other Zn containing solids or spiked Zn-salts. By adjusting the density of the separation solution to 1.9 g/cm3, more than 90% of total TRWP were separated from the sample matrix. TRWP concentrations in particulate matter collected in two road runoff treatment Systems ranged from 0.38 to 150 mg TRWP/g. Differences in quantified TRWP contents of the two Systems indicate changes in particle dynamics due to ageing and aggregation processes. The developed method allows TRWP determination in road runoff and in environments that are influenced by road traffic. The validated separation procedure can also be applied for TRWP characterization in future studies.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Chemosphere</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">25.02.2019</enrichment>
    <author>P. Klöckner</author>
    <author>T. Reemtsma</author>
    <author>Paul Eisentraut</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>A. S. Ruhl</author>
    <author>S. Wagner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Zinc analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tire particles</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47431</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>223</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>235</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>161</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Molecular modelling of epoxy resin crosslinking experimentally validated by near-infrared spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Reliable simulation of polymers on an atomistic length scale requires a realistic representation of the cured material. A molecular modelling method for the curing of epoxy systems is presented, which is developed with respect to efficiency while maintaining a well equilibrated system. The main criterion for bond formation is the distance between reactive groups and no specific reaction probability is prescribed. The molecular modelling is studied for three different mixing ratios with respect to the curing evolution of reactive Groups and the final curing stage. For the first time, the evolution of reactive groups during the curing process predicted by the molecular modelling is validated with near-infrared spectroscopy data, showing a good agreement between simulation results and experimental measurements. With the proposed method, deeper insights into the curing mechanism of epoxy systems can be gained and it allows us to provide reliable input data for molecular Dynamics simulations of material properties.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Computational Materials Science</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.01.054</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0927-0256</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">04.04.2019</enrichment>
    <author>R. Unger</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>J. Fankhänel</author>
    <author>B. Daum</author>
    <author>B. Arash</author>
    <author>R. Rolfes</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Epoxy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>NIR spectroscopy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>48506</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>104635-1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>104635-5</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>141</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Investigation of two triazine-based heterocyclic brominated flame retardants by coupled thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In this study, the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione (TDBPTAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris-(2,4,6-tribromo-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) were investigated for the first time by thermogravimetric analysis. Both compounds were thermal degraded between 225 and 350 °C (TDBP-TAZTO) as well as 300 and 400 °C (TTBP-TAZ).&#13;
As a result, mass loss (%) of 98.5% for TTBP-TAZ and 95.4% for TDBP-TAZTO at 600 °C under N2 were observed. The major pyrolytic degradation products of TTBP-TAZ were formed in a single step and identified by FTIR analysis as 2,4,6-tribromophenol and further bromine-substituted aromatic compounds. In comparison, TDBP-TAZTO was pyrolytic degraded in two steps, whereby on the first step the release of hydrogen Bromide and 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione could be detected. In the second minor step, isocyanic acid could be additionally identified.&#13;
Subsequently, the obtained products of the TGA-FTIR measurements were used for a targeted search for mass fragments in mass spectrometry measurements. For TTBP-TAZ, only the degradation product 1,3,5-tribromobenzene could be detected by MS/MS analyzes. No comparable thermal degradation products, except hydrogen bromide, were observed in the MS/MS spectra of TDBP-TAZTO. Therefore, the search of further mass fragments was not possible compared to the findings of the TGA-FTIR measurements.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104635</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">22.07.2019</enrichment>
    <author>Dominique Lörchner</author>
    <author>Daniel Dittmann</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>L. W. Kroh</author>
    <author>Robert Köppen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal decomposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TGA-FTIR</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>48287</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>133</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>142</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>1592</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Automated thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry: A multifunctional tool for comprehensive characterization of polymers and their degradation products</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The TED-GC-MS analysis is a two-step method. A sample is first decomposed in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and the gaseous decomposition products are then trapped on a solid-phase adsorber. Subsequently, the solid-phase adsorber is analyzed with thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TDU-GC-MS). This method is ideally suited for the analysis of polymers and their degradation processes. Here, a new entirely automated System is introduced which enables high sample throughput and reproducible automated fractioned collection of decomposition products. Strengths and limitations of the system configuration are elaborated via three examples focused on practical challenges in materials analysis and identification: i) separate analysis of the components of a wood-plastic-composite material, ii) quantitative determination of weight concentration of the constituents of a polymer blend and iii) quantitative analysis of model samples of microplastics in suspended particulate matter.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Chromatography A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.033</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">26.06.2019</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <author>Paul Eisentraut</author>
    <author>M. Celina</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polymers</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Automation</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>31864</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2014</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>18076</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18081</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>42</issue>
    <volume>2</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>RSC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Decomposition synthesis of tuneable, macroporous carbon foams from crystalline precursors via in situ templating</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A flexible, sustainable, one-step thermal decomposition route for the synthesis of hierarchical, heteroatom doped carbon foams is presented. Task-specific semi-organic crystals combine functions for three different purposes: the carbon and heteroatom source, a foaming agent (CO2) and an in situ generable template (NaCl). Insights to the decomposition pathway were gained through FTIR/MS coupled TGA and an ultrafast out-of-furnace heating procedure and the products were analysed with (HR)SEM/TEM, EELS, FTIR, and N2 sorption. The resulting macroporous carbon foams are excellent supports for metallic nanoparticles due to their hierarchical structure, high surface area and tuneable heteroatom contents. This was demonstrated for catalytically active copper or the magnetic CoNi alloy for water purification.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of materials chemistry A</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">34919</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1039/c4ta03646h</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2050-7496</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2050-7488</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-318641</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">10.11.2014</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - Namensnennung 3.0</licence>
    <author>A. Ressnig</author>
    <author>T. Corbiere</author>
    <author>T. Lunkenbein</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>M. G. Willinger</author>
    <author>M. Antonietti</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>macroporous carbon</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>thermal decomposition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>synthesize heteroatom</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>in situ template (NaCl)</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Eigenverlag BAM</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/31864/Decomposition Synthesis of Tuneable, Macroporous Carbon Foams from Crystalline Precursors via In Situ Templating_Ressnig.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>58668</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>12</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>4</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Frontiers Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Lausanne</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">A promising approach to monitor microplastic masses in composts</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Inputs of plastic impurities into the environment via the application of fertilizers are regulated in Germany and the EU by means of ordinances. Robust and fast analytical methods are the basis of legal regulations. Currently, only macro- and large microplastic contents (&gt;1 mm) are measured. Microplastics (1–1,000 µm), are not yet monitored. Thermal analytical methods are suitable for this purpose, which can determine the mass content and can also be operated fully automatically in routine mode. Thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) allows the identification of polymers and the determination of mass contents in solid samples from natural environments. In accordance with the German or European Commission (EC) Fertiliser Ordinance, composting plants should be monitored for microplastic particles with this method in the future. In this context a compost plant was sampled. At the end of the rotting process, the compost was sieved and separated in a coarse (&gt;1 mm) and a fine fraction (&lt;1 mm). The fine fraction was processed using density separation comparing NaCl and NaI as possible salt alternative and screened for microplastic masses by TED-GC/MS with additional validation and quality assurance experiments. With TED-GC/MS total microplastics mass contents of 1.1–3.0 μg/mg in finished compost could be detected with polyethylene mainly. What differs much to the total mass of plastics in the coarse fraction with up to 60 μg/mg, which were visually searched, identified via ATR-FTIR and gravimetrically weighted.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3389/fenvc.2023.1281558</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586688</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">2673-4486</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">19.06.2024</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Yosri Wiesner</author>
    <author>Marius Bednarz</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Claus Gerhard Bannick</author>
    <author>Mathias Ricking</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TED-GC/MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Compost</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Monitoring</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Soil</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.6 Digitale Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt-Material-Interaktionen</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemische Charakterisierung und Spurenanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")</collection>
    <collection role="unnumberedseries" number="">Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/files/58668/A promising approach to monitor microplastic masses in composts.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>50977</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>6</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>148</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier B.V.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Quantification of microplastics in a freshwater suspended organic matter using different thermoanalytical methods – outcome of an interlaboratory comparison</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A sedimented freshwater suspended organic matter fortified with particles of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was employed in an interlaboratory comparison of thermoanalytical methods for microplastics identification and quantification. Three laboratories performed pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), three others provided results using thermal extraction desorption followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). One participant performed thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and two participants used thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). Further participants used differential scanning microscopy (DSC), a procedure based on micro combustion calorimetry (MCC) and a procedure based on elemental analysis.&#13;
Each participant employed a different combination of sample treatment, calibration and instrumental Settings for polymer identification and quantification. Though there is obviously room for improvements regarding the between-laboratory reproducibility and the harmonization of procedures it was seen that the participants Performing Py-GC-MS, TED-GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR were able to correctly identify all polymers and to report reasonable quantification results in the investigated concentration range (PE: 20.0 μg/mg, PP: 5.70 μg/mg; PS: 2.20 μg/mg, PET: 18.0 μg/mg). Although for the other methods limitations exists regarding the detection of specific polymers, they showed potential as alternative approaches for polymer quantification in solid environmental matrices.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104829</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.07.2020</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="PaperofMonth">1</enrichment>
    <author>Roland Becker</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <author>Thomas Sommerfeld</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Interlaboratory comparison</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Suspended organic matter</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">1.7 Organische Spuren- und Lebensmittelanalytik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6 Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">6.6 Digitale Materialchemie</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Umwelt</collection>
    <collection role="themenfelder" number="">Chemie und Prozesstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>26292</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2012</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1561</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1574</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>48</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Are novel aryl phosphates competitors for bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in halogen-free flame-retarded polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The reactivity of the flame retardant and its decomposition temperature control the condensed-phase action in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/polytetrafluoroethylene (PC/ABSPTFE) blends. Thus, to increase charring in the condensed phase of PC/ABSPTFE + aryl phosphate, two halogen-free flame retardants were synthesized: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylbisphenol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (TMC-BDP) and bisphenol A bis(diethyl phosphate) (BEP). Their performance is compared to bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in PC/ABSPTFE blend. The comprehensive study was carried out using thermogravimetry (TG); TG coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR); the Underwriters Laboratory burning chamber (UL 94); limiting oxygen index (LOI); cone calorimeter at different irradiations; tensile, bending and heat distortion temperature tests; as well as rheological studies and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). With respect to pyrolysis, TMC-BDP works as well as BDP in the PC/ABSPTFE blend by enhancing the cross-linking of PC, whereas BEP shows worse performance because it prefers cross-linking with itself rather than with PC. As to its fire behavior, PC/ABSPTFE + TMC-BDP presents results very similar to PC/ABSPTFE + BDP; the blend PC/ABSPTFE + BEP shows lower flame inhibition and higher total heat evolved (THE). The UL 94 for the materials with TMC-BDP and BDP improved from HB to V0 for specimens of 3.2 mm thickness compared to PC/ABSPTFE and PC/ABSPTFE + BEP; the LOI increased from around 24% up to around 28%, respectively. BEP works as the strongest plasticizer in PC/ABSPTFE, whereas the blends with TMC-BDP and BDP present the same rheological properties. PC/ABSPTFE + TMC-BDP exhibits the best mechanical properties among all flame-retarded blends.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">European polymer journal</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">29045</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.015</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0014-3057</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-1945</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">13.08.2012</enrichment>
    <author>Eliza Wawrzyn</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <author>M. Ciesielski</author>
    <author>B. Kretzschmar</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>M. Döring</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Polycarbonate (PC)</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aryl phosphate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Flame retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Pyrolysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PC/ABS</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>47200</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>650</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>658</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>149</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Development and testing of a fractionated filtration for sampling of microplastics in water</title>
    <abstract language="eng">A harmonization of sampling, sample preparation and detection is pivotal in order to obtain comparable data on microplastics (MP) in the environment. This paper develops and proposes a suitable sampling concept for waterbodies that considers different plastic specific properties and influencing factors in the environment.&#13;
Both artificial water including defined MP fractions and the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant were used to verify the derived sampling procedure, sample preparation and the subsequent analysis of MP using thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS).&#13;
A major finding of this paper is that an application of various particle size classes greatly improves the practical handling of the sampling equipment. Size classes also enable the TED-GC-MS to provide any data on the MP size distribution, a substantial sampling property affecting both the necessary sampling volume and the optimal sampling depth.&#13;
In the artificial water with defined MP fractions, the recovery rates ranged from 80 to 110%, depending on the different MP types and MP size classes. In the treated wastewater, we found both Polyethylene and polystyrene in different size classes and quantities.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Water Reseach</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.045</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0043-1354</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">21.01.2019</enrichment>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>C.G. Bannick</author>
    <author>R. Szewzyk</author>
    <author>M. Ricking</author>
    <author>S. Schniegler</author>
    <author>N. Obermaier</author>
    <author>A. K. Barthel</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <author>Paul Eisentraut</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sampling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sampling techniques</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Water</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>46462</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2018</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>490</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>495</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>168</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The challenge in preparing particle suspensions for aquatic microplastic research</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The occurrence of small particles consisting of organic polymers, so-called microplastic (MP), in aquatic Environments attracts increasing interest in both public and science. Recent sampling campaigns in surface Waters revealed substantial numbers of particles in the size range from a few micrometers to a few millimeters. In order to validate sample preparation, identification and quantification and to investigate the behavior of MP particles and potential toxic effects on organisms, defined MP model particles are needed. Many studies use spherical compounds that probably behave differently compared to irregularly shaped MP found in environmental samples.&#13;
However, preparation and handling of MP particles are challenging tasks and have been systematically investigated in the present study. Polystyrene (PS) as a commonly found polymer with a density slightly above that of water was selected as polymer type for milling and fractionation studies. A cryogenic ball mill proved to be practical and effective to produce particles in the size range from 1 to 200 μm. The yield of small particles increased with increasing pre-cooling and milling durations. Depending on the concentration and the size, PS particles do not completely disperse in water and particles partly creep vertically up along glass walls. Stabilized MP suspensions without use of surfactants that might harm organisms are needed for toxicological studies. The stabilization of PS particle suspensions with ozone treatment reduced the wall effect and increased the number of dispersed PS particles but increased the dissolved organic carbon concentration and changed the size Distribution of the particles.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental research</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.008</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0013-9351</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1096-0953</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">05.11.2018</enrichment>
    <author>L. Eitzen</author>
    <author>S. Paul</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Korinna Altmann</author>
    <author>M. Jekel</author>
    <author>A. Ruhl</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Reference material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastic</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="543">Analytische Chemie</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>22612</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2010</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>2421</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>2429</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>12</issue>
    <volume>95</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Applied Science Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>London</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively.

All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Polymer degradation and stability</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="old">25155</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0141-3910</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-2321</identifier>
    <enrichment key="bibliotheksstandort">Sonderstandort: Publica-Schrank</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">02.12.2010</enrichment>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <author>Volker Wachtendorf</author>
    <author>Anja Geburtig</author>
    <author>Horst Bahr</author>
    <author>Bernhard Schartel</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Fire retardancy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Weathering resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Degradation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Intumescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Cone calorimeter</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Physisches Exemplar in der Bibliothek der BAM vorhanden ("Hardcopy Access")</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>42157</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1256</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1264</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <volume>231</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurments matters?</title>
    <abstract language="eng">In recent years, an increasing trend towards investigating and monitoring the contamination of the environment by microplastics (MP) (plastic pieces &lt; 5 mm) has been observed worldwide. Nonetheless, a reliable methodology that would facilitate and automate the monitoring of MP is still lacking. With the goal of selecting practical and standardized methods, and considering the challenges in microplastics detection, we present here a critical evaluation of two vibrational spectroscopies, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and two extraction methods: thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and liquid extraction with subsequent size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a soil with known contents of PE, PP, PS and PET as reference material. The obtained results were compared in terms of measurement time, technique handling, detection limits and requirements for sample preparation. The results showed that in designing and selecting the right methodology, the scientific question that determines what needs to be understood is significant, and should be considered carefully prior to analysis. Depending on whether the object of interest is quantification of the MP particles in the sample, or merely a quick estimate of sample contamination with plastics, the appropriate method must be selected. To obtain overall information about MP in environmental samples, the combination of several parallel approaches should be considered.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Environmental Pollution</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0269-7491</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.074</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1873-6424</identifier>
    <enrichment key="date_peer_review">06.10.2017</enrichment>
    <author>Anna Maria Elert</author>
    <author>Roland Becker</author>
    <author>Erik Dümichen</author>
    <author>Paul Eisentraut</author>
    <author>Jana Falkenhagen</author>
    <author>Heinz Sturm</author>
    <author>Ulrike Braun</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Microplastics</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>FTIR imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Raman imaging</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TED-GC-MS</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SEC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Analysis and identification</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="628">Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik</collection>
    <collection role="literaturgattung" number="">Verlagsliteratur</collection>
    <collection role="fulltextaccess" number="">Datei im Netzwerk der BAM verfügbar ("Closed Access")</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
